Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) fabricated via green approaches have emerged as attractive candidates for multifunctional biomedical applications. In the present work, an environmentally benign method was employed to synthesize AgNPs using Prunus avium L. stem extract (AgNPs@PAS), followed by detailed physicochemical characterization with different techniques. Structural analyses verified the formation of predominantly spherical AgNPs@PAS with particle sizes mainly ranging from 10 to 35 nm, while FT-IR spectra confirmed the presence of phytochemical compounds acting as surface-capping agents. Biological investigations revealed broad-spectrum antibacterial properties, with the highest efficacy observed against Escherichia coli (MBC= 140 mu g/mL), as well as considerable antifungal activity against Candida albicans (MIC= 17.5 mu g/mL). The synthesized AgNPs@PAS also displayed strong antioxidant performance, achieving 93 % DPPH radical scavenging at a concentration of 140 mu g/mL. Furthermore, in vivo burn wound experiments illustrated a significant enhancement in wound closure following treatment with AgNPs@PAS. Cytotoxicity assessment indicated notable anticancer property on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line, with an IC50 value of 78.8 mu g/mL. Collectively, these results suggest that AgNPs@PAS represent a promising multifunctional nanoplatform for biomedical applications, particularly in burn wound healing.

Carrageenan is currently being explored for synthesizing scaffolds due to its excellent biological properties. This research focuses on the fabrication and characterization of kappa-carrageenan/chitosan/gelatin and kappa-carrageenan/ chitosan scaffolds, examining both variants with and without Lawsone. Also, their antibacterial effectiveness against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) were tested. The scaffolds were prepared with 1 % and 1.5 % kappa-carrageenan and cross-linked with glutaraldehyde. Characterization was performed by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and water contact angle. The scaffolds were loaded with Lawsone, and their antibacterial properties against E. coli and S. aureus were investigated using the disk diffusion method. The result was that all scaffolds had a sponge-like structure, a desirable porosity of 50-80 %, and a pore size of 30-260 mu m. The degradation rate over 35 days was less than 30 %, which was satisfactory, and the scaffolds containing 1.5 % kappa-carrageenan showed better hydrophilicity than others. The antibacterial results showed the high inhibitory potential of the scaffolds loaded with Lawsone simultaneously during the synthesis process against both bacteria. The scaffold with 1 % kappa-carrageenan, chitosan, and gelatin (KCG1%) had the highest antibacterial effect on S. aureus with a normalized width of halo 1.9. Overall, the results underline the promising potential of these polymeric scaffolds for antibacterial applications. The materials used in this scaffold are possibly applicable in tissue engineering. Given their suitable physicochemical and antibacterial characteristics, these scaffolds may serve as a tool for restoring infected tissues, which necessitates further research.

Ferroptosis has shown potential therapeutic effects in tumor therapy as an iron-dependent programmed cell death. The induction of ferroptosis is based on lipid peroxidation, the accumulation of iron and reactive oxygen species, and the depletion of glutathione. Nowadays, various nanoparticles are reported for ferroptosis-based therapy. Among them, engineered liposomes have received more attention due to their biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and flexibility in chemical and structural modifications. The present review focuses on the mechanisms of ferroptosis and its induction by engineered liposomes to improve tumor therapy. It also highlights the fascinating outcome of liposome-mediated ferroptosis in overcoming the obstacles to cancer therapy, along with the limitations and possible future directions.

Since wound healing is one of the most important medical challenges and common dressings have not been able to manage this challenge well today, efforts have been increased to achieve an advanced dressing. Mesenchymal stem cells and exosomes derived from them have shown high potential in healing and regenerating wounds due to their immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and high regenerative capacities. However, challenges such as the short life of these cells, the low durability of these cells in the wound area, and the low stability of exosomes derived from them have resulted in limitations in their use for wound healing. Nowadays, different scaffolds are considered suitable biomaterials for wound healing. These scaffolds are made of natural or synthetic polymers and have shown promising potential for an ideal dressing that does not have the disadvantages of common dressings. One of the strategies that has attracted much attention today is using these scaffolds for seeding and delivering MSCs and their exosomes. This combined strategy has shown a high potential in enhancing the shelf life of cells and increasing the stability of exosomes. In this review, the combination of different scaffolds with different MSCs or their exosomes for wound healing has been comprehensively discussed.

Carrageenan-based biomaterials have attracted considerable attention in recent years due to their unique biological properties, including their biodegradability, compatibility, and lack of adverse effects. These biomaterials exhibit a variety of beneficial properties, such as antiviral, antitumor, and immunomodulatory effects, which set them apart from other polysaccharides. Stimuli-responsive carrageenan-based biomaterials have attracted particular attention due to their unique properties such as reducing systemic toxicity and controlling drug release. In this review, a comprehensive investigation of stimuli-responsive carrageenan-based biomaterials was conducted under the influence of various stimuli such as pH, electric field, magnetic field, temperature, light, and ions. These structures exhibited good stimulus-responsive properties and involved corresponding physical and chemical changes, such as changes in swelling ratio and gelling power, etc. The biomedical application of carrageenan-based stimuli-responsive biomaterials in the field of tissue engineering, anticancer, antibacterial, and food monitoring has been investigated, showing the great potential of these structures. Although there are promising developments in the design and use of stimuli-responsive carrageenan-based biomaterials, further research is advisable to further investigate their potential applications, particularly in animal models. Extensive studies are needed to investigate the benefits and limitations of these materials to ensure their safety and effective use in biomedical applications.

Today, camel milk consumption in the Middle East is trendy because it is believed that it reduces the risk of cancer. Recently, studies have discovered that most of milk's beneficial effects are because of its nanoparticles, especially exosomes. The objective of the present research was to investigate the anti-cancer effects of camel milk exosomes (CMEXOs) in the murine colorectal cancer cell line (CT-26). Our findings verified the existence of exosomes measuring approximately 114.1±3.4 nm in diameter. Through MTT and migration assays, we established that CMEXOs exhibit dose-dependent anti-proliferative and anti-migration effects on the CT-26 cell line. Furthermore, our study showed that treatment with CMEXOs led to a reduction in TNF-α and IL-6 gene expression in CT-26 cells. While additional in vivo studies are required, our data demonstrate that CMEXOs have anti-proliferative and anti-migration effects on CT-26, possibly by influencing crucial genes within the inflammation pathway.

Background: Amniotic fluid in the uterus is beneficial for the fetus growth and protection due to its nutritional elements as well as its antibacterial and anti-inflammato-ry properties. Today, body membranes are increasingly being used in multiple fields. The purpose of the current study was evaluation of the antibacterial effects of amniotic fluid and comparison of its effects on pathogenic and probiotic bacteria. Methods: This experimental study was conducted on amniotic fluid obtained from 43 healthy mothers who gave birth by selective cesarean section. Then, antibacterial effects of amniotic fluids were investigated on 8 standard bacterial strains, including Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexneri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus cereus, and Lactobacillus plantarum by agar well-diffusion method. Data analysis was performed by SPSS software, vs. 22 (IBM, US). Results: Amniotic fluid revealed an inhibitory effect on the growth of bacterial strains. Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes strains showed growth inhibition in 39% and 17% of samples, respectively. In other bacterial strains, there was growth inhibition in less than 5% of the samples. Also, the zone of growth inhibition for Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes was significantly higher than the other strains. Amniotic fluid samples had an antibacterial effect on all pathogen strains in general, but not on the Lactobacillus plantarum probiotic strain. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the antibacterial effect of amniotic fluid on pathogenic bacteria is significantly higher than the Lactobacillus plantarum as a probiotic one. Overall, the findings support the use of natural substances as alternative therapeutic agents to combat antibiotic resistance.

Cadmium sulfide nanoparticles (CdS NPs) have been employed in various fields of nanobiotechnology due to their proven biomedical properties. They are unique in their properties due to their size and shape, and they are popular in the area of biosensors, bioimaging, and antibacterial and anticancer applications. Most CdS NPs are generally synthesized through chemical, physical, or biological methods. Among these methods, biogenic synthesis has attracted more attention due to its high efficiency, environmental friendliness, and biocompatibility features. The green approach was found to be superior to other methods in terms of maintaining the structural characteristics needed for optimal biomedical applications. The size and coating components of CdS NPs play a crucial role in their biomedical activities, such as anticancer, antibacterial, bioimaging, and biosensing applications. CdS NPs have gained significant interest in bioimaging due to their desirable properties, including good dispersion, cell integrity preservation, and efficient light scattering. Despite these, further studies are necessary, particularly in vivo studies to reduce NPs’ toxicity. This review discusses the different methods of synthesis, how CdS NPs are characterized, and their applications in the biomedical field.

Liquid biopsy, including both circulating tumor cells and circulating tumor DNA, is becoming more popular as a diagnostic tool in the clinical management of breast cancer. Elevated concentrations of these biomarkers during cancer treatment may be used as markers for cancer progression as well as to understand the mechanisms underlying metastasis and treatment resistance. Thus, these circulating markers serve as tools for cancer assessing and monitoring through a simple, non-invasive blood draw. However, despite several study results currently noting a potential clinical impact of ctDNA mutation tracking, the method is not used clinically in cancer diagnosis among patients and more studies are required to confirm it. This review focuses on understanding circulating tumor biomarkers, especially in breast cancer.

Self-assembly is a growth mechanism in nature to apply local interactions forming a minimum energy structure. Currently, self-assembled materials are considered for biomedical applications due to their pleasant features, including scalability, versatility, simplicity, and inexpensiveness. Self-assembled peptides can be applied to design and fabricate different structures, such as micelles, hydrogels, and vesicles, by diverse physical interactions between specific building blocks. Among them, bioactivity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability of peptide hydrogels have introduced them as versatile platforms in biomedical applications, such as drug delivery, tissue engineering, biosensing, and treating different diseases. Moreover, peptides are capable of mimicking the microenvironment of natural tissues and responding to internal and external stimuli for triggered drug release. In the current review, the unique characteristics of peptide hydrogels and recent advances in their design, fabrication, as well as chemical, physical, and biological properties are presented. Additionally, recent developments of these biomaterials are discussed with a particular focus on their biomedical applications in targeted drug delivery and gene delivery, stem cell therapy, cancer therapy and immune regulation, bioimaging, and regenerative medicine.

Organophosphate compounds (OPCs) are a diverse class of chemicals utilized in both industrial and agricultural settings. The exact molecular pathways that OPCs-induced toxicity is caused by are still being investigated, despite the fact that studies on this topic have been ongoing for a long time. As a result, it's important to identify innovative strategies to uncover these processes and further the understanding of the pathways involved in OPCs-induced toxicity. In this context, determining the role of microRNAs (miRs) in the toxicity caused by OPCs should be taken into consideration. Recent research on the regulation function of miRs presents key discoveries to identify any gaps in the toxicity mechanisms of OPCs. As diagnostic indicators for toxicity in people exposed to OPCs, various expression miRs can also be used. The results of experimental and human studies into the expression profiles of miRs in OPCs-induced toxicity have been compiled in this article.

Unhealthy lifestyles have given rise to a growing epidemic of metabolic liver diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NAFLD often occurs as a consequence of obesity, and currently, there is no FDA-approved drug for its treatment. However, therapeutic oligonucleotides, such as RNA interference (RNAi), represent a promising class of pharmacotherapy that can target previously untreatable conditions. The potential significance of RNAi in maintaining physiological homeostasis, understanding pathogenesis, and improving metabolic liver diseases, including NAFLD, is discussed in this article. We explore why NAFLD/NASH is an ideal target for therapeutic oligonucleotides and provide insights into the delivery platforms of RNAi and its therapeutic role in addressing NAFLD/NASH.

Breast cancer is recognized as the most common cause of cancer deaths in women. So far, no definite treatment has been identified there is no certain cure for breast cancer. The Ooverexpression of interleukin-8 is associated with increased tumor growth and breast cancer metastasis. Hesperetin is a flavonone sub-group of flavonoids that is abundantly found in citrus fruits, including lemons and oranges. Considering the anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory role of hesperetin, as also, well as the role of interleukin-8 in cancer metastasis and progression, in this studythe present study aimed to assess , the effect of hesperetin on the expression of the interleukin-8 gene in MCF-7 cell line has been investigated. The relative expression level of interleukin-8 gene in MCF-7 cell line at concentrations of 0, 25, 50, 100, and 200 µM hesperetin and durations of 6, 24, and 48 hours (with the concentration of 100 µM) was performed using the A real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR)Real-time method PCR was performed. The obtained Our results pointed out showed that the level of interleukin-8 gene expression decreases with an increase in by increasing the concentration of hesperetin (up to 100 µM), the level of interleukin-8 gene expression decreases. Furthermore, Also, the level of interleukin-8 gene expression in the 48-hour treatment was lower than that in the 24- and 6-hour treatments. Considering its various properties, including anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties, hesperetin could be effective in reducing the risk of metastasis and progression of breast cancer by reducing the expression of the interleukin-8 gene.

Background: Wound healing remains a challenge that has not yet been solved. Researchers are more interested in gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) than other nanoparticles because of their size-related chemical, electrical, and magnetic properties that may be useful in biological applications. Due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial qualities, and their capacity to destroy free radicals, AuNPs are also advantageous in lowering inflammation and promoting quicker wound healing. Method: In this study, we analyzed all pertinent papers up to April 2021 to study the impact of AuNPs on the wound healing process in animal experiments based on scientific data, as wound healing is still one of the most significant medical difficulties. Based on the keywords "Gold, Nanoparticles, and wound healing," we carried out a systematic evaluation of the literature in PubMed, Ovid Medline, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Result: This analysis shows that in all 13 studies reviewed, AuNPs significantly accelerated wound healing, decreased wound size, and produced complete epithelialization. Discussion: AuNPs reduced inflammatory factors at the location of the lesion. Additionally, groups exposed to AuNPs showed an increase in connective tissue as well as an increase in the deposition of collagen in the wound. Different events such as the production of hair follicles, angiogenesis, antioxidant, and antibacterial actions of AuNPs have also been observed in the healing process of wounds. AuNPs are auspicious substances that may offer a therapeutic option for treating wounds. Conclusion: To validate these results, however, an additional large sample of experimental human research is required.