Background and Objective: Cisplatin is a drug used to treat cancer, but it causes oxidative damage to muscle tissue. Rutin has an antioxidant effect. The study aims to investigate the biochemical and histopathological effects of rutin on the oxidative damage of cisplatin in skeletal muscle tissue. Materials and Methods: Rats were divided into four groups: A control group (CG), an only cisplatin-administered group (CIS), a cisplatin and rutin 50 mg kg(-1)-administered group (R-50) and a cisplatin and rutin 100 mg kg(-1)-administered group (R-100). Analyses were performed from the hindlimb muscles of experimental animals. Analyses of malondialdehyde (MDA), Total Glutathione (tGSH), glutathione reductase (GSHRd), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were performed. Histopathologic examination was performed in all groups. The CG and the other groups were compared. Results: The CG and R-100 groups were similar in all biochemical examinations. A statistically significant difference was detected between the control group and the CIS and R-50 groups in all examinations. Histopathological examinations revealed oxidative damage of cisplatin in the CIS group and R-50 group. The findings in the R-100 group were similar to the control group. Conclusion: Cisplatin causes oxidative damage to skeletal muscle tissue. Rutin has the potential to prevent the formation of such oxidative damage.

BACKGROUND Epilepsy is a severe neurological disease that results from excessive and/or synchronized neuronal activity in the brain, and oxidative stress plays a role in its pathogenesis. Taxifolin is a flavonoid that exhibits antioxidant activity. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of taxifolin on caffeine-induced epileptic seizures in rats and reveal the role of antioxidant activity in antiepileptic therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty rats were divided into 4 groups (n = 6/group): caffeine 300 mg/kg group (CG), taxifolin 50 mg/kg + caffeine 300 mg/kg group (TCG), 2 mg/kg diazepam + 300 mg/kg caffeine group (DCG), and a healthy group (HG). Taxifolin was given to the TCG, and diazepam was given to the DCG orally. One hour later, caffeine was injected intraperitoneally into the CG, TCG and DCG rats. The time between the caffeine injection and the contractions (the latency period) was determined. Animals were euthanized 1 h after caffeine injection, and brain tissues were biochemically examined for oxidants and antioxidants. RESULTS Taxifolin and diazepam prolonged the latency period to a similar extent (p = 0.549), while taxifolin was more successful in preventing mortality. Taxifolin suppressed the caffeine-induced increase in myeloperoxidase, total oxidant status and oxidative stress index, and decreased total glutathione, superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant status more effectively than diazepam (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We showed the relationship between antioxidant activity and epilepsy treatment, and demonstrated that taxifolin may be useful for treating epilepsy.

Background and Objective: Exposure of the brain to Ischemia-Reperfusion (I/R) may cause tissue damage through oxidative stress. Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), which has a protective effect against oxidative stress, is the active metabolite of vitamin B-1. In this study, the protective effect of TPP against possible I/R damage of brain tissue was investigated. Materials and Methods: Thirty rats were randomly divided into BIR, TIR and HG groups consisting of ten rats. In the TIR group, 20 mg kgG1 TPP was injected intraperitoneally (ip). After 1 hr, clips were placed in the common carotid arteries of the BIR and TIR groups under anesthesia. Brain tissue was subjected to ischemia for 10 min. Afterward, the clips were opened and 3 hrs of reperfusion was achieved. In the HG group, only subcutaneous incisions were made and closed. Then, the brain tissues removed by euthanasia were biochemically analyzed. Results: While, I/R increased malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), Interleukin-1 beta (IL-beta) and 8-Hydroxyguanine (8-OHGua) levels in brain tissues, total caused a decrease in glutathione (tGSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPO) and glutathione reductase (GSHRd) levels (p<0.001). The TPP applied before I/R significantly prevented these changes (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of biochemical tests suggested that TPP may be beneficial in preventing possible brain damage due to I/R.

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a difference in sensitivity in the diagnosis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy and subclinical neuropathy between routine nerve conduction studies and F-waves examined with different numbers of stimuli in patients with diabetes mellitus. Material and Methods: In the study, eighty patients with diabetes mellitus (forty of them had symptoms of peripheral neuropathy) and forty healthy volunteers as control group were included. Those with peripheral neuropathy symptoms were included in the symptomatic group, and those without peripheral neuropathy symptoms were included in asymptomatic group. All participants underwent routine nerve conduction study. Results: According to the results of F minimum, F mean and F maximum which were obtained with both 10 consecutive stimuli and 30 consecutive stimuli, there was a statistically significant difference between the symptomatic group and the control group as well as between the asymptomatic group and the control group (p<0.05). In F chronodispersion studies, there was no difference between groups at 10 consecutive stimuli and 30 consecutive stimuli (p > 0.05). Discussion: F minimum, F mean, F maximum tests were more sensitive than routine nerve conduction study in detecting asymptomatic diabetic peripheral neuropathies. The results of the tests with 10 and 30 stimuli were similar. F chronodispersion was found to be insensitive in the diagnosis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy and subclinical neuropathies.

Introduction: This study aims to investigate the antibiotic resistance of the agents isolated from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of adult patients in our hospital for five years to contribute to surveillance data. Materials and Methods: 121 CSF samples were included in the study between January 2015 and January 2020. Identification of isolates and determination of antibiotic susceptibility profile was performed according to EUCAST criteria with VITEK 2 (bioMérieux, France) automated system. Results: Microorganisms (n=39) were isolated in 37 (30.6%) 121 cerebrospinal fluid cultures. The most frequently isolated agent is coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) by 30.8%. It is followed by Micrococcus spp (%15.4), Streptococcus pneumoniae (%10.3), Klebsiella pneumoniae (%10.3), Acinetobacter baumanii (%10.3), S. aureus (%5.1) and Corynebacterium spp (%5.1). 29 (74.4%) of the agents were isolated from hospitalized patients and 10 (25.6%) outpatients. Oxacillin resistance was found at 83.3% in CNS, and penicillin resistance was found at 25% in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antibiotics to which K. pneumoniae and A.baumannii isolates are most sensitive are tigecycline and amikacin, respectively. Conclusion: Different regions and patient populations might cause differences in isolated agents and antimicrobial susceptibility. Retrospective analysis of regional data will assist the clinician in treating patients diagnosed with meningitis, where empirical and agent-oriented therapy is vital.

Introduction: Essential tremor is a neurological disorder that causes involuntary shaking. The aim of this study was to examine cardiac autonomic functions in patients diagnosed with essential tremor, as previous studies have differed in their findings regarding whether cardiac autonomic functions are affected in essential tremor patients. Patients and Methods: The study included 32 patients diagnosed with essential tremor and 26 individuals without any diseases as the control group. Consensus criteria were used for the diagnosis of essential tremor. A clinical rating scale was utilized to measure the characteristics and degree of essential tremor. Based on this scale, patients were classified as having a mild, moderate, marked, or severe disability. An exercise treadmill test was performed in both the tremor and control groups. Chronotropic index values were used to evaluate the sympathetic system, and resting heart rate index values were calculated to evaluate the parasympathetic system. Heart rate recovery values were calculated at one, two, three, four, and five minutes after the exercise treadmill test. Results: The descriptive characteristics of the tremor and control groups were similar. The Chronotropic index values were statistically different between the tremor and control groups, as they were significantly decreased in the tremor group. This was evaluated as sympathetic incompetence. The resting heart rate index values did not differ significantly between the tremor and control groups at minutes one or two, but they were significantly higher in the tremor group at minutes three, four, and five. The parasympathetic activity was found to be insufficient in the later period. Conclusion: The findings suggest that cardiac autonomic functions may be affected in patients with essential tremor.

INTRODUCTION:Myofascial pain syndrome is a painful local or regional disease caused by myofascial trigger points. Trigger point injection (TPI) is a frequently used method for the treatment of myofascial pain. Major complications associated with TPI have rarely been reported in the literature.CASE REPORT:A 24-year-old woman, without medical history of any disease, was diagnosed with myofascial syndrome based on the presence of long-standing neck and right arm pain, and TPI with lidocaine was applied to the right trapezius region. During the procedure, blurred vision and loss of strength in the left arm occurred. Magnetic resonance and computed tomography imaging of the brain revealed findings that were consistent with an ischemic stroke in the right capsular interna and right occipital region.CONCLUSION:The reported patient is the first in the literature who suffered from ischemic stroke after TPI. The use of ultrasound for injections into the neck muscles could avoid serious complications.

BACKGROUND:Anastomotic leakage is the most feared complication after colonic anastomosis. The purpose of the study is to determine the effects of phenytoin applied by different application routes, on the healing process of colorectal anastomoses. METHODS:Wistar Albino rats were divided into Intraperitoneal Phenytoin Group, Oral Phenytoin Group (OAP), Rectal Phenytoin Group (RAP), and control groups. The molecular effect of phenytoin on the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), and p53 genes was evaluated at mRNA and protein level. The effects of phenytoin on anastomotic bursting pressure analysis measured as well as pathohistological examinations. RESULTS:There are statistically significant increase in anastomotic bursting pressure values between control and application groups. Inflammatory cell infiltration of all groups increased in the intestinal anastomosis region compared to control. Collagen scores were found to be significantly higher in the OAP and RAP groups compared to the control group. mRNA of TGF-ß and FGF2 expression increased in all routes of phenytoin applications. CONCLUSION:Three different administration routes show considerably increase on the bursting pressure. Regarding the results of the expression of FGF2, TGF-β, p53, and VEGF genes, there is a significant increase FGF2 and TGF-β at mRNA and protein level in most administration routes.

Aim: Anti-tumor necrosis factor-α drug treatments are widely used in many inflammatory diseases. Neurological complications have rarely been reported in these treatments. Our aim in this study was to investigate the neurological findings that occurred in our patients receiving this treatment. Methods: A case-control study conducted in (institutional information was blinded) between September 2018-September 2019. The study included 35 patients receiving tumor necrosis factor-α blocker drug, and 37 healthy control subjects with similar demographic characteristics. The disease activity scores of the patient group and physical function scores of the patient and control groups were questioned. All patients underwent a detailed physical and neurological examination. Afterward, peripheral nerves were evaluated neurophysiologically by electromyography. According to distribution Mann-Whitney U test or independent samples t-test was used when comparing groups. The relationship between Short Form-36 and age or body mass index was determined by using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. Results: The results obtained in sensory and motor nerve conduction examinations were compared between groups. Patients using anti-TNF alpha had peripheral sensory neuropathy. Examination of peripheral motor nerves was within normal limits. Conclusions: Anti-tumor necrosis factor-α drugs have good effects in inflammatory diseases. These patients should be carefully monitored for neurological findings.

IntroductionThe aim of this study is to examine the oxidative damage caused by sunitinib on skeletal muscle and whether taxifolin is effective against that oxidative damage.Material and methodsThirty albino Wistar male rats were used in the experiment. The rats were divided into 3 equal-sized groups: a sunitinib-only administered group (SUN), a sunitinib + taxifolin administered group (SUT), and a control group (CG) without treatment. Taxifolin and sunitinib were administered by oral gavage at a dose of 50 mg/kg for taxifolin and a dose of 25 mg/kg for sunitinib. Striated hind limb muscle tissue of rats was removed; malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were measured in muscle tissue; muscle tissue was examined histopathologically; creatine kinase (CK) levels were determined in the blood samples of rats; and the results were compared between the groups.ResultsIn the SUN group, MDA and CK values were statistically significantly higher than in the SUT and CG groups, but SOD and GSH values were statistically significantly lower. The SUT and CG groups were similar when compared. Histopathologically, congested blood vessels, oedema, degeneration, inflammation, and rupture of muscle fibres in muscle tissue were detected in the SUN group. However, in the SUT group it was observed that blood vessels were normal, there were no degenerative findings, and inflammation was resolved.ConclusionsSunitinib causes oxidative damage to skeletal muscle tissue. Taxifolin prevents the toxic effect of sunitinib on skeletal muscle due to its antioxidant effects.

Purpose: Acrylamide is a well-known environmental toxic compound. Taxifolin belongs to the group of flavonoids that have antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties. In this study, we investigated the effect of taxifolin on acrylamiderelated oxidative and proinflammatory brain damage. Methods: The experimental animals were divided into three groups: (1) those treated with acrylamide 20 mg/kg p.o., (2) those treated with taxifolin 50 mg/kg p.o. and acrylamide and (3) the control group. At the end of the experiment, the rat brain tissues were examined for the levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA), total glutathione (tGSH), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta). A histopathological analysis was performed to detect the morphological changes in the brain. Results: Exposure to acrylamide caused a significant increase in the levels of MDA, TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta and a decrease in the values of tGSH, which indicates the presence of oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain tissue. Taxifolin treatment significantly reduced the levels of MDA and TNF-alpha and brought the mean values of IL-1 beta and tGSH close to those of the control group. The group that received acrylamide exhibited histopathological changes, such as neuronal degeneration, edema of microglia, dilated and congestive vessels and apoptotic inclusion. The use of taxifolin significantly improved the morphological changes in the brain tissue of the acrylamideexposed rats. Conclusion: Acrylamide causes brain damage, inducing oxidative stress and inflammation. Due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, taxifolin may be one of the agents that can reduce the neurotoxic effects of acrylamide.

Background: Paclitaxel is a drug used to treat cancer, but it causes neuropathic pain and peripheral neuropathy. One of the causes of these effects of paclitaxel on nerve tissue is oxidative damage. Lutein has antioxidant effects. In this study, it was investigated the influence of lutein whether decrease oxidative damage of paclitaxel on nerve tissue or not. Methods: Pain threshold (PT) in paw of paclitaxel-only group (PC), paclitaxel+lutein group (PL), and control group (CG) rats were measured using a Basile algesimeter. The sciatic nerve tissue of experimental animals was used to conduct biochemical analyses. Analyses of malondialdehyde (MAD), total glutathione (GT), myeloperoxidase (MP), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) were performed. Histopathologic examination was performed in all groups. The CG and the other groups were compared. Results: PT was lowest in the PC group. However considerable increase in pain threshold in paw was observed in the PL group with respect to the PC group. As a result, the usage of lutein increased PT in paw. The PC group had signs of oxidative damage. With the use of lutein, paclitaxel was prevented from causing oxidative damage. Histopathological examination revealed that paclitaxel caused damage to myelin sheath and axon of sciatic nerve tissue. However, lutein was found to prevent this damage to the myelin sheath and axon. Paclitaxel causes neuropathic pain and peripheral neuropathy. One of the causes is the oxidative damage of paclitaxel in nerve tissue. Conclusion: Lutein, which has an antioxidant effect, prevents the damage of paclitaxel on nerve tissue.

Objective: White matter lesions (WMLs) are more common in migraine patients than in the normal population. Ischemia/hypoxia and oxidative stress are considered to play a role in WMLs formation. This study aimed to investigate ischemia-modified albumin (IMA), ferroxidase and thiol/disulfide homeostasis in migraineurs with and without WMLs. Patients and Methods: Sixty-two migraineurs with WML, 59 migraineurs without WML and 61 controls were included in the study. All participants underwent brain MRI. WMLs was evaluated according to the Fazekas scale. IMA, ferroxidase, total thiol, native thiol and disulfide measurements were carried out in all participants. Results: The IMA levels were higher in the migraine groups compared to the control group (p < 0.001) and in the WML group compared to non-WML (p < 0.001). The total and native thiol levels were higher in the non-WML group compared to the control and WML groups (p < 0.001 for both). The disulfide levels were similar between the control and non-WML groups, but they were significantly lower in the WML group compared to the control and non-WML groups. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of the ferroxidase levels (p = 0.092). The thiol/disulfide, IMA and ferroxidase levels were not significantly correlated with the frequency and duration of attacks, severity of pain and disability due to migraine. Conclusion: Increased serum IMA levels in migraineurs point to the role of ischemia/hypoxia, and increased total thiol and decreased disulfide levels indicate an oxidant/antioxidant imbalance in migraine. Ischemia/hypoxia may play a role in WMLs formation in migraine.

The purpose of the research is to examine the metaphors produced by students who take lessons about the concept of cultural heritage. However, the subject of study includes that university students create a perception about the concept of cultural heritage. In the research it has been said to each student the derivation a metaphor about the concept of Cultural Heritage. The data of the research, Akdeniz University Tourism Faculty in the fall semester of 2019-2020 academic year; It has been obtained from 120 students who study in Recreation, Tourism Guidance, Tourism Management Departments and Faculty of Letters, Geography Department and who take courses in their curriculum related to the concept of Cultural Heritage. However, while evaluating the collected data; 16 forms that did not specify metaphors, even if they stated metaphors, which were not explained and were meaningless were eliminated and analyzed on 104 forms. In this study, phenomenology pattern, which is one of the qualitative research methods, was used, the findings were presented with percentage and frequency values. As a result of the analysis of the data obtained from the participants, a total of 81 metaphors emerged. These metaphors are grouped in six groups according to their common characteristics. In the research, it was determined that the metaphor of "Tradition and Custom" was produced mostly to the concept of cultural heritage.

BACKGROUND:Cisplatin, used in cancer treatment, has toxic and apoptotic effects on the peripheral nervous system. Rutin, also known as vitamin P, has antioxidant and antiapoptotic activity.OBJECTIVES:The purpose of this study was to investigate the biochemical and histopathologic efficacy of rutin on neurotoxic and apoptotic effects caused by cisplatin in the peripheral nervous system.MATERIAL AND METHODS:Twenty-four albino Wistar male rats were divided into the following 4 groups: control group (CG), only cisplatin-injected group (CIS), cisplatin and rutin 50 mg/kg (RG-50)-injected group, and cisplatin and rutin 100 mg/kg (RG-100)-injected group. Analyses were performed on sciatic nerve tissue of experimental animals. Analyses of malondialdehyde (MDA), total glutathione (tGSH), glutathione reductase (GSHRd), glutathione-s-transferase (GST), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were performed. Caspase-3 expression in nerve tissue was also investigated. The analyzed groups were compared with CG.RESULTS:Biochemical investigation shows that there is a statistically significant difference between CG and only CIS and RG-50. Control group and RG-100 were found to be similar. Cisplatin-induced changes were observed in histopathological analysis of the nerve tissue. The RG-100 and CG were found to be similar. The caspase-3 expression in the neural tissue was compared between groups. Control group and CIS were found to be different. Control group and RG-100 were found to be similar.CONCLUSIONS:Antioxidant and antiapoptotic effectiveness of rutin was detected against the toxic effects caused by cisplatin in the peripheral nerve tissue.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluatethe demographic and clinical findings of patients with epilepsy in Erzincan. Materials and Methods: Five hundred forty-eight adult patients with epilepsy who were admitted to the neurology outpatient clinic between January 2016 and August 2017 were included in the study. Patients’ age, sex, duration of epilepsy, risk factors, seizure frequency and type, number of drugs used, comorbid diseases, electroencephalography (EEG), and neuroimaging results were evaluated retrospectively. Results: Two hundred eighty-three patients were men (51.6%), 265 were women (48.4%). The mean age was 40.64±17.9 years, and the mean illness duration was 11±11 years. Risk factors of epilepsy were found in 52.2% of the patients. Pathologic findings in neuroimaging were found in 46.8% of patients, and 48.2% of patients had pathologic findings in EEG. Thirteen percent of patients had more than one seizure per month, 8.9% of patients had a seizure-free period for five years. Focal-onset seizures were present in 54.8% of patients and generalized- onset seizures were present in 44.5% of patients. monotherapy was received by 58.9% of the patients, and 40.3% of the patients received polytherapy. Epilepsy was accompanied by other diseases in 27.7% of the patients. There was no significant difference between the sexes in terms of age of onset and duration, seizure frequency, number of medications used, psychiatric comorbidity, the presence of pathologic findings in EEG, and neuroimaging (p>0.05). Patients with pathological findings in neuroimaging were significantly older than 18 years of age (p=0.004). Pathologic EEG findings were detected more frequently in the same patients (p=0.001). Patients with psychiatric symptoms had longer epilepsy duration (p=0.005), and the number of antiepileptic drugs used was higher (p<0.001). Conclusion: Epilepsy does not show sex differences in terms of many features. In patients with adult-onset epilepsy, pathologic findings are common in neuroimaging and EEG. Comorbid psychiatric disorders are associated with a longer and more resistant course of epilepsy.

In essential contrast with the common assumption, Friday was not a religiously sanctioned official holiday in the pre-19th century Ottoman Empire, notwithstanding that it was an Islamic state. In the Islamic religion, there is no arrangement regarding the weekly rest day for working class. This article argues that the official holiday of Friday emerged through the bureaucratic state building process to meet the needs for resting of civil servants in the first half of the 19th century and, concomitantly, it was an essentially modern practice. Between the Second Constitutional Period and Early Republic the official holiday of Friday eventually became one of the main aspects of the nation-state building in a nationalist and secularist framework.