Context: Honey contains phenolic constituents and minerals that contribute to measurable in vitro antioxidant capacity, which may vary with botanical and geographic origin. Aims: To evaluate physicochemical parameters, total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), mineral composition, and in vitro antioxidant capacity in artisanal honey samples collected from coastal and Andean regions of Peru. Methods: Eleven coded honey samples were analyzed in triplicate (analytical replicates). TPC was determined by the Folin–Ciocalteu assay and TFC by an AlCl₃-based colorimetric assay. Antioxidant capacity was assessed using DPPH and FRAP assays. Minerals were quantified by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry after incineration and acid digestion. Results: TPC and TFC differed across samples, and DPPH/FRAP responses varied by sample. A significant correlation was observed between TPC and TFC, and between DPPH and FRAP; however, no significant monotonic association between antioxidant capacity and TPC/TFC was detected in this dataset. Conclusions: Peruvian artisanal honey samples showed acceptable physicochemical indices and variable in vitro antioxidant capacity. Botanical authentication and compound-level profiling are required to strengthen floral-origin conclusions and to clarify the determinants of antioxidant capacity.

The CYP1A1 isoenzyme is responsible for the biotransformation of procarcinogens, such as Benzo(a)pyrene, into reactive metabolites. Meanwhile, GSTM1 facilitates the detoxification of these metabolites by conjugating them with glutathione. The presence of the CYP1A1*2A genetic variant intensifies the production of these reactive metabolites, and the deletion of the GSTM1 gene (GSTM1*0) impairs their detoxification. This enzymatic imbalance leads to the formation of DNA adducts, which are known to contribute to cancer and other diseases. Given the importance of studying these genes within the framework of 4P medicine (predictive, preventive, personalized, and participatory), the primary objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of GSTM1*0 and CYP1A1*2A in the central Peruvian coastal Population as genetic biomarkers. The study included 131 individual residents of the Peruvian towns of Ica and Lima. The results showed a frequency of 0.47 for GSTM1*0 and an allele frequency of 0.68 for CYP1A1*2A. The genotype frequencies of CYP1A1*2A were 6% *1A/*1A, 53% *1A/*2A, and 41% *2A/*2A. Notably, the population sample is not in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (χ2 = 5.324) for CYP1A1. The reported frequencies of GSTM1*0 and CYP1A1*2A in this study differ from those previously documented for other Latin American and tricontinental populations, potentially reflecting the unique natural evolution and genetic admixture of the Peruvian population. The high prevalence of GSTM1*0 and CYP1A1*2A identified in populations from Ica and Lima suggests a potentially elevated risk of exposure to procarcinogens such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This finding underscores the need for further research on a larger scale to validate and expand upon these results. Graphical abstract:

Schizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric disorder caused by neurochemical alterations, non-genetic, genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors. Pharmacoepigenetics studies the relationship between epigenetic variability and response to drugs. The objective was to realize a descriptive review of the current state of knowledge on epigenetic molecular mechanisms in pharmacogenes encoding metabolizing enzymes of second-generation antipsychotics drugs used in schizophrenia and their clinical implications. A brief description of the pharmacogenes CYP2D6, CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4, enzymes and metabolism of second-generation antipsychotic drugs (SGAs) such as clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, paliperidone and quetiapine was made. The central review was on the epigenetic molecular mechanisms of DNA methylation, histone methylation and acetylation of pharmacogenes, likewise, epigenetic changes due to enzyme-inducing drugs and SGAs, and their clinical implications, were described. Despite the limited scientific literature published on the epigenetics that regulate pharmacogenes, it has been shown that DNA methylation and histone trimethylation and acetylation are the main epigenetic mechanisms in pharmacogenes, alike, some enzyme-inducing drugs would promote epigenetic changes. This review has clinical implications for the medical-clinical care and treatment of schizophrenia.

Aloysia triphylla is widely used in traditional medicine from Peru for its sedative, digestive and anti-inflammatory properties. However, comprehensive studies on the biological activities of its essential oil (EO), particularly from Peruvian sources, remain limited. This study aimed to analyze the chemical composition and enantiomeric profile of A. triphylla EO and evaluate its antibacterial, antioxidant, anticholinesterase, and cytotoxic activities. The EO was obtained by steam distillation and analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 62 compounds were identified, with (E)-caryophyllene (16.80%), β-pinene (9.96%), and germacrene D (10.00%) being the major components. Enantiomeric analysis revealed specific chiral signatures, including (−)-α-pinene, (+)-limonene, and (R)-(−)-linalool. The EO exhibited significant antibacterial activity, particularly against Bacillus subtilis (MIC = 5 µg/mL), and weak antioxidant activity (IC50 = 7720 and 4648 µg/mL for DPPH and ABTS, respectively). Additionally, the EO demonstrated moderate acetylcholinesterase inhibition (IC50 = 87.8 µg/mL) and cytotoxicity in the Artemia salina assay (LC50 = 964 µg/mL). These findings suggest that A. triphylla EO possesses promising bioactivities with potential applications in pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields.

Context: Acute inflammation due to persistent stimulation of noxes evolves into chronic inflammation that contributes to the pathogenesis of asthma, arthritis, atherosclerosis, diabetes, aging, and cancer; therefore, it is justified to study plants with anti-inflammatory activity and fewer adverse effects. Aims: To evaluate the potential anti-inflammatory effect of the total flavonoid content of the hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves of Senna alata (L.) Roxb (HELSA) in an experimental model of acute inflammation induced by carrageenan in rats. Methods: The total flavonoid content (TFC) was determined by spectrophotometry at 510 nm, total polyphenolic content (TPC) by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and antioxidant activity by two in vitro methods. The oral median lethal dose (LD50) was determined by the logarithmic method, and acute inflammation was induced by 1% carrageenan in rats. Results: The TFC was 1.63 ± 0.02 mg QE/100 mg and TPC was 22.90 ± 0.05 mg GAE/100 mg. Antioxidant capacity: DPPH IC50 2.89 ± 0.04 µg/µL; ABTS 11.67 ± 0.03 mM TEAC/100 mg dry extract. Correlation relationship TFC/DPPH (r = -0.9941; R2 = 0.9884), TFC/ABTS (r = 0.9971; R2 = 0.9944), TPC/DPPH (r = 0.5694; R2 = 0.3243) and TPC/ABTS (r = -0.5960; R2 = 0.3553). The LD50 was 9602 mg/kg. A significant decrease in rat paw edema (p<0.05) was evident from the first hour, in contrast to the negative control. The highest percentage of anti-inflammatory inhibition (75.75%) was at 7 hours with a dose of 500 mg/kg of HELSA, being higher than the effect of ibuprofen (39.40%) and lower than dexamethasone (87.87%). Conclusions: The total flavonoid content and polyphenols of the hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves of S. alata exhibit potential anti-inflammatory activity in a model of acute inflammation that should be examined with other experimental models to initiate clinical trials in humans.

Context: Cancer is a global health problem with a growing incidence year after year, and it is projected that by 2040, there will be more than 2.4 million cases in Latin America and the Caribbean, being the second cause of death in these countries. The variability of serum levels, efficacy and safety of paclitaxel and docetaxel have been associated with allelic variants of transporter and metabolizing proteins. Aims: To review the most updated and available scientific evidence on allelic variants of CYP3A4*20, CYP3A4*22, CYP2C8*3, and SLCO1B1 as genetic biomarkers to predict peripheral neuropathy induced by paclitaxel and docetaxel. Methods: PRISMA was used, and a standardized search was followed in Medline/PubMed and Google Scholar with the terms: CYP3A4, CYP2C8, SLCO1B1, genetic biomarker of neuropathy and neuropathy due to paclitaxel and docetaxel. Data extraction was performed using Excel, and relevant information on allelic variants was collected as genetic biomarkers to predict peripheral neuropathy induced by paclitaxel and docetaxel. Results: Eight studies indicate an association between the allelic variants of the study with peripheral neuropathy: CYP2C8*3 (HR: 1.93; 95% CI: 1.05-3.55; p=0.006), CYP3A4*22 (p=0.043), CYP3A4*20, CYP3A4*8 and CYP3A4*27 (p=5.9 × 10-5), CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 (p=1.8 × 10-6), SLCO1B1 (HR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.46-0.97; p=0.02), SLCO1B3 (OR: 9.44), CYP3A4 (OR: 2.259; 95% CI: 1.033-4.941; p=0.038), CYP3A4*22 (RR: 6.92; 95% CI: 0.47-99.8; p=0.0766) and CYP2C8*3/*4 (RR: 1.28; 95% CI: 0.96-1.67; p=0.0898). No pharmacogenetic studies were found in cancer patients in Peruvian populations. Conclusions: Based on the review of the published scientific evidence, it is concluded that the allelic variants CYP3A4*22, CYP3A4*20 and CYP2C8*3 are associated with a modest risk of peripheral neuropathy induced by paclitaxel and docetaxel, while SLCO1B1 has less evidence.

Epilepsy is the second most common neurological condition worldwide, characterized by recurrent, unprovoked, self-limiting seizures of genetic, acquired, or unknown origin. The objective was to describe the pharmacogenomic markers associated with hypersensitivity reactions induced by aromatic antiseizure medications. This review explored the pharmacokinetics, pharmacogenomics of CYP2C9 and HLA associated with hypersensitivity reactions, immunopathogenesis and its clinical implications. The included studies applied odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (95% CI) and p value, as association statistics between severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs) including Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). An association study was found between CYP2C19*2 and SCARs induced by carbamazepine, phenytoin and phenobarbital. Five studies of CYP2C9*3 associated with phenytoin-induced SCARs, four studies of CYP2C9*3, HLA-B*13:01, HLA-B*15:02, HLA-B*51:01 and HLA-B*55:01 HLA-B*46:01 and HLA-B*56:02/04 associated with phenytoin-induced SCARs. Likewise, six studies found an association between HLA-B*15:02 and carbamazepine-induced SJS/TEN, four studies associated HLA-A*02:07, HLA-A*24:02, HLA-A*33:03, HLA-B*15:02, HLA-B*44:03 with lamotrigine-induced SCARs, one study associated HLA-A*02:01, HLA-B*35:01, HLA-C*04:01, and HLA-C*08:01 with lamotrigine- and phenytoin-induced SCARs. Three association studies between HLA-A*02:01, HLA-A*11:01, HLA-A*24:02, HLA-B*15:02, HLA-B*38:01, HLA-B*40:02 and HLA-DRB1*03:01 with SCARs induced by carbamazepine, lamotrigine and phenytoin. Published scientific evidence demonstrates that CYP2C9*3 and various HLA alleles are associated with severe cutaneous adverse reactions such as toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Neurologists should consider these allelic variants as predictive and preventive genetic biomarkers of severe adverse reactions to carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, and lamotrigine, especially in Asian populations.

Background/Objectives: Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent, unprovoked, self-limiting seizures of genetic, acquired, or unknown origin. It affects more than 50 million people worldwide. The prevalence in Peru is 11.9–32.1 per 1000 people. Our objective was to describe the association between CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 genetic polymorphisms and adverse reactions induced by antiseizure medications among Peruvian patients with epilepsy. Methods: A descriptive observational study was conducted on Peruvian patients with epilepsy. Non-probability, non-randomized, purposive sampling was carried out through consecutive inclusion. Genomic DNA was obtained from venous blood samples. Genotypes were determined by real-time PCR using specific TaqMan probes to identify the alleles of interest. Results: In total, 89 Peruvian patients with epilepsy were recruited at the Alberto Sabogal Sologuren National Hospital-ESSALUD: 45 were male (23.6 ± 10.0 years) and 44 were female (24.0 ± 12.4 years). The observed frequencies for CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3, CYP2C19*2, CYP2C19*3, and CYP2C19*17 were 0.034 (T allele), 0.034 (C allele), 0.14 (A allele), 0.00 (A allele), and 0.03 (T allele), respectively. Patients with intermediate and poor metabolic phenotypes of CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 had a significantly higher risk of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) (OR = 3.75; 95%CI: 1.32–10.69; p = 0.013), compared with normal metabolizers. Polytherapy was a predictor increasing the likelihood of ADRs (OR = 4.33; 95% CI: 1.46–12.80; p = 0.008). Conclusions: In this cohort of Peruvian patients with epilepsy, the reduced-function alleles CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3, and CYP2C19*2, associated with decreased metabolic activity, were significantly linked to an increased risk of adverse drug reactions induced by antiseizure medications. Polytherapy further heightened this risk. Collectively, these findings highlight the clinical relevance of CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 genotyping to enhance the safety of antiseizure pharmacotherapy in Latin American settings, where pharmacogenomic evidence remains limited.

Introduction: Innovative and similar branded medications are expensive and are not accessible in the poorest sectors of Peru, hence the importance of having bioequivalent generic medications. This study aims to evaluate the in vitro biopharmaceutical quality of risperidone 2-mg tablets and their impact on public health. Methods: Four brands of risperidone from the local market were studied (two generic [G1T, G2A], one similar [M1], and one reference [R1]). An analytical and experimental study was conducted using a spectrophotometric method for the dissolution profile in a United States Pharmacopeia (USP) apparatus 2 at 50 rpm with 500 mL of dissolution medium at pH 1.2, 4.5, and 6.8, at 37 +/- 0.5 degrees C. Weight, hardness, and friability were also evaluated. Similarity factor (f(2)), dissolution efficiency, and mean dissolution time were used as statistical indicators of biopharmaceutical quality control. Results: At pH 1.2 and 4.5, the generic (G1T, G2A) and similar (M1) products did not release more than 85% of the drug within 15-30 min. API release at pH 1.2 was 73.53-74.99% and 75.82-76.64% at 15 and 30 min, respectively. At pH 4.5, API release was 54.92-66.25% and 57.50-75.25% at 15 and 30 min, respectively. In the basic dissolution medium (pH 6.8), the dissolution percentages were 81.99-105.43% at 15 min and 88.32-107.24% at 30 min. When compared to the reference brand, the f(2) values in pH 1.2, 4.5, and 6.8 were 55.42, 47.21, and 58.75 for G1T, respectively; 47.51, 28.63, and 24.33 for G2A; and 47.16, 31.51, and 27.68 for M1. The dissolution profiles for G2A and M1 presented differences of 15% at pH 1.2 and more than 20% at pH 6.8. Dissolution efficiency at pH 1.2 and 6.8 was greater than 77%, and mean dissolution time was less than less than 25.29 min. All formulations met the quality control attributes of the biopharmaceutical phase (weight, hardness, and friability). Conclusion: Only one of three generic medicines (G1T) was considered biopharmaceutically equivalent to the reference brand in vitro in both acidic and basic dissolution medium.

The presence of CYP1A1 allelic variants and deletion of the glutathione S-transferase GSTM1 gene, and their imbalance, have been suggested as risk factors for inducing colorectal cancer (CRCa). The objective was to identify CYP1A1 and GSTM1 and evaluate the association with the risk of developing colorectal cancer in a sample of cases and controls from Lima, Peru. This was a case-control study of CYP1A1 and GSTM1 genes in 50 samples from patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer and 50 samples from controls without cancer, using the PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism method. A significant risk of developing CRCa was found in the following groups: GSTM1*0 carriers with no history of smoking or family history of cancer (OR = 3.56, 95% CI 1.43–8.88, p = 0.0060); GSTM1*0 with family history of cancer without smoking (OR = 2.81, 95% CI 0.35–22.49, p = 0.3280); GSTM1 *0 exacerbated by smoking (OR = 1.41, 95% CI 0.11–17.11, p = 0.7880); CYP1A1*2A/*2A carriers with family history and smoking (OR = 1.50, 95% CI 0.13–16.54, p = 0.7410). An association of wild genotypes exacerbated by non-genetic factors with risk of developing CRCa was also found: CYP1A1 *1A/*1A with family history of cancer but no history of smoking (OR = 2.94, 95% CI 0.11–35.80, p = 0.6380); GSTM1 (+) with history of smoking but no family history of cancer (OR = 5.63, 95% CI 0.46–68.46, p = 0.1750); GSTM1 (+) associated with family history and smoking (OR = 9.86, 95% CI 1.77–54.89, p = 0.0090). According to univariate statistical analysis, carriers of CYP1A1 *2A and GSTM1 *0 without association with family history of cancer and smoking would not be related to the risk of CRCa. An association was established between GSTM1*0 and CYPA1*2A/*2A with colorectal cancer exacerbated by family history and smoking. The risk is higher with wild-type genotypes of CYP1A1 *1A/*1A and GSTM1 (+) induced by family history and smoking, respectively.

Pharmacogenes are specific genes that determine how an individual will respond to medication. Some of these genes have been linked to adverse reactions caused by second-generation antipsychotics. A literature search was conducted using relevant terms across the PubMed, CTG Studies, and Scopus databases. The included articles examined pharmacogenes associated with adverse reactions induced by second-generation antipsychotics. The articles were published between 2015 and 2025. A total of 12 observational studies were included. The review protocol is registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251035803). The studies demonstrated an association of CYP1A2 with adverse reactions induced by aripiprazole (p < 0.035), clozapine (p = 0.009, p = 0.042, and p = 0.046), and olanzapine (p < 0.05). CYP2C19 was associated with clozapine-induced metabolic syndrome (p < 0.01). CYP3A4 was associated with clozapine-induced hyperglycemia (χ² = 0.1), and CYP3A5 was associated with quetiapine (p < 0.007). CYP2D6 was linked to adverse reactions induced by clozapine (p = 0.039), olanzapine (p = 0.047), risperidone (p = 0.021 and p = 0.02), and quetiapine (p = 0.003). This review shows that certain allelic variants of pharmacogenes are associated with adverse reactions to second-generation antipsychotics. This finding applies to patients with impaired metabolism. We recommend conducting longitudinal multicenter studies before promoting allelic variants of pharmacogenes as predictive biomarkers.

The major production of artisanal and industrial wines is elaborate in the Ica Valley, Peru. The objective was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of polyphenols and permissible values of glyphosate in artisanal wines from the Pisco Routes of the Ica Valley, Peru. Samples: six coded artisanal wines and two commercial brands as references (60088 and 60089). Total polyphenol content (TPC) was found between 107.90 ± 0.30 (60091) and 234.73 ± 0.61 mg GAE/100 mL (60084); total flavonoid content (TFC) was between 9.70 ± 0.30 (60091) and 16.83 ± 0.25 mg QE/100 mL (60084). Antioxidant activity: DPPH between 34.9 ± 0.44 (60091) and 55.6 ± 0.30 mM TEAC/100 mL (60085). FRAP between 42.50 ± 0.36 (60091) and 117.3 ± 0.44 (60085). Correlation relationship: TPC/DPPH (mM TEAC/100 mL) for 60086 (r = 0.7302, R2 = 0.5332), 60091 (r = 0.8029, R2 = 0.6447), 60085 (r = -0.9820, R2 = 0.9643), and for the reference 60089 (r = -0.9960, R2 = 0.9932). TPC/FRAP (mM TEAC/100 mL) for 60086 (r = 0.8096, R2 = 0.6554); reference 60088 presents an inverse and strong correlation with a 100% relationship at a linear level of both variables. TFC/DPPH for 60085 (r = -1.0, R2 = 1.0), 60084 (r = -0.9934, R2 = 0.9868), and 60090 (r = 0.9586, R2 = 0.9190). TFC/FRAP for 60087 (r = -0.9798, R2 = 0.9601) and 60090 (r = 0.9750, R2 = 0.9506) is higher compared to the reference wines 60088 and 60089. It is concluded that the samples of artisanal wines have the same antioxidant activity that would be due to their polyphenolic and flavonoid compounds, and the glyphosate content is below the maximum permissible limit values (0.1 mg/L).

Clinopodium bolivianum (Benth.) Kuntze, commonly known as muña, inca muña or koa, has traditionally been used for its medicinal properties in digestive disorders. Some studies have revealed its antioxidant potential and antibacterial activity. This study determined the volatile components, evaluated the antioxidant capacity of C. bolivianum essential oil and its incorporation into three hair cosmetic formulations: shampoo, combing cream, and capillary lotion. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) confirmed pulegone as the main component, accounting for 66.85% of the essential oil. The antioxidant activity was assessed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays, with Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid) as a reference compound. The essential oil exhibited significant radical scavenging activity, with IC50 values of 1344.0 ± 12.23 µg/mL for DPPH and 40.125 ± 1.25 µg/mL for ABTS. Among the formulated cosmetic products, the combing cream containing 0.5% of the essential oil demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity, with IC50 values of 0.72 µg/mL (DPPH) and 0.068 µg/mL (ABTS). In contrast, the shampoo and capillary lotion showed lower antioxidant potential. The stability evaluation confirmed that all formulations maintained their physicochemical properties under accelerated conditions. These findings highlight the potential application of C. bolivianum essential oil as a natural antioxidant in cosmetic formulations, contributing to its protective and functional properties.

Heliotropium arborescens (Galán de Mera et al. 2022) is a herbaceous plant that contains various biophenolic compounds that exhibit antibacterial property and antioxidant activity that could prevent diseases caused by free radicals. The objective was to study the biophenolic compounds and metal ions associated with the in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activity of the ethanolic extract of Heliotropium arborescens L. leaves from the Andean region of Ayacucho-Peru. The total polyphenolic content (TPC) was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method; Total flavonoid content (TFC) was determined by spectrophotometry at 510 nm, TFC was expressed in mg quercetin/g sample (mg QE/g). Antioxidant activity by three in vitro methods; determination of metals by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS) and antibacterial activity by agar diffusion method. The values ​​obtained from the TPC were 306.80±0.05 mg GAE/g, TFC 111.53±0.25 mg QE/g. Antioxidant activity: DPPH IC50 37.55±0.04 µL and 65.64±0.10 µL, at 0.47 and 0.93 mg/mL extract, respectively; ABTS 0.20±0.01 mM TEAC/g (0.41 mg/mL extract) and 0.47±0.01 (0.82 mg/mL extract); FRAP 0.24±0.01 mM TEAC/g (0.94 mg/mL extract) and 0.46±0.02 mM TEAC/g (1.88 mg/mL extract). Correlation relationship TFC/DPPH (r=0.9994; R2 0.9989), TFC/ABTS (r = 0.9572; R2 0.9998) and TFC/FRAP (r = 09933; R2 0.9868). Calcium 1.22±0.04, copper 0.77±0.05, magnesium 851.7±3.06 and zinc 20.63±1.19 mg/100 g were found in all cases. Antibacterial activity on Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) > 400 μg/mL. It is concluded that the total biophenolic components and metals of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of H. arborescens L. show potential antioxidant activity, and moderate antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus.Graphical abstract:

Context: In 14 districts of the valley of Ica-Peru, Vitis vinifera L. plants are cultivated that produce grapes for consumption as table grapes and raisins (dried grapes); at the same time, for the production of wines and Piscos. Aims: To determine the levels of abamectin and emamectin in grapes of Vitis vinifera L from a district of the Valley of Ica-Peru. Methods: 30 lots (30 kg) of Moscatel grape variety V. vinifera L. were collected from six countryside (artisanal and organic cultivation) of the San Juan Bautista district. The extraction of abamectin (ABM) and emamectin benzoate (EMB) from the grapes was carried out with acetonitrile; it was quantified by means of Liquid Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS). The maximum permissible limit values (MRL) were established at 0.010 ppm for both insecticides. Results: The determined levels of abamectin and emamectin in grapes were 0.0012-0.015 ppm and 0.0013-0.013 ppm, respectively. Values higher than the maximum permissible limits of abamectin were found in batches A2 (0.0102 ppm), C1 (0.015 ppm), C5 (0.0113 ppm), and F2 (0.012 ppm); emamectin benzoate in lots B1 (0.0113 ppm), B4 (0.013 ppm) and C4 (0.012 ppm). Using the Shapiro-Wilk, Anderson Darling and Student’s t tests, it was found that the global means of the values of the two insecticides in grapes are lower than the MRL. According to the global analysis of variance, the means of the concentrations of both insecticides were not different between the six sampling zones (countryside). Conclusions: The insecticides abamectin and emamectin are below the maximum permissible limit values (0.010 ppm) in Moscatel grapes of Vitis vinifera L., so the residual effect would not have implications for human health.

Precision medicine seeks to individualize the dose from the beginning of pharmacological therapy based on the characteristics of each patient, genes involved in the metabolic phenotype, ethnicity or miscegenation, with the purpose to minimize adverse effects and optimize drug efficacy. The objective was to review studies that describe the association of the CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genes with the tricontinental and Latin American ancestry of Peruvians. A bibliographic search was carried out in PubMed/Medline and SciELO, with various descriptors in Spanish and English. : The results of this review confirm that the ethnic origin of Peruvians is tricontinental due to European (mainly Spanish), African and Asian migration, in addition to Latin American migration, being 60.2% mixed, 25.8% Amerindian, 5.9% white, 3.6% African descent, 1.2% Chinese and Japanese descent, and 3.3% unspecified. Studies on CYP2C19*3, CYP2D6*2, *3 and *6 have been reported in Peruvians, and the frequency is similar to that studied in Ecuadorians and Colombians. The CYP2C19*3, CYP2D6*3, and CYP2D6*6 alleles found in Peruvians are common in Europeans, Africans, and Asians; while CYP2D6*4 in Africans and CYP2D6*2 related to Asians. In some studies, the ethnic/gene association has not been demonstrated; while others have shown a significant association, which is why further investigation is warranted. It is concluded that the studies on CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genes associated with the tricontinental and Latin American ancestry of Peruvians are little, and according to what has been investigated, the CYP2C19*3, CYP2D6*2, *3, *4 and *6 alleles have more related to their ancestry.

Piper acutifolium Ruiz & Pav is known as “matico” and belongs to the Piperaceae family, and in Peru it is traditionally used as an infusion or decoction to ameliorate wound healings or ulcers. In this study, the aim was to investigate the volatile components, the antioxidant profile, and the phytotoxic activity of the essential oil (EO) of P. acutifolium from Peru. To identify the phytoconstituents, the EO was injected into a Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to obtain the chemical profile of the volatile components, followed by the antioxidant activity carried out by the reaction with three organic radicals (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH); 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6- sulfonic acid (ABTS); ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP)). Finally, the phytotoxic capabilities of the EO were tested on two model plants, Lactuca sativa seeds and Allium cepa bulbs. As a result, the analysis identified α-phellandrene as its main volatile chemical at 38.18%, followed by β-myrcene (29.48%) and β-phellandrene (21.88%). Regarding the antioxidant profile, the half inhibitory concentration (IC50) in DPPH was 160.12 ± 0.30 µg/mL, for ABTS it was 138.10 ± 0.06 µg/mL and finally in FRAP it was 450.10 ± 0.05 µg/mL. The phytotoxic activity demonstrated that the EO had high activity at 5% and 10% against L. sativa seed germination, the inhibition of root length, and hypocotyl length. Additionally, in A. cepa bulbs, the inhibition root length was obtained at 10%, both comparable to glyphosate, which was used as a positive control. The molecular docking on 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) revealed that α-phellandrene had −5.8 kcal/mol, being near to glyphosate at −6.3 kcal/mol. The conclusion shows that the EO of P. acutifolium presented antioxidant and phytotoxic activity and might be useful as a bioherbicide in the future.

Epilepsy is the most common neurological disorder with a worldwide incidence of 20% and a treatment failure rate of 25–30%. The fluctuation in serum levels, efficacy and safety of antiepileptic drugs can be attributed to single nucleotide polymorphisms of genes encoding their respective proteins involved in drug metabolism. The present study attempted to evaluate the pharmacogenetic variants of CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 associated with adverse reactions induced by antiepileptic drugs used in Peru. Few studies were found to significantly associate the CYP2C9*2 , CYP2C9*3 , CYP2C19*2 , and CYP2C19*3 single nucleotide polymorphisms with elevated serum levels of valproic acid and carbamazepine, and valproic acid induction of hyperammonemia, and adverse reactions cutaneous for carbamazepine. There is further evidence of a significant association of CYP2C9*2/CYP2C9*3 with severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs) such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and epidermal necrolysis (TEN) phenytoin-induced. CYP2C9*3 may be a pharmacogenetic biomarker for such a drug. It is proposed to reduce the dose of drugs for intermediate and poor metabolizers. No pharmacogenetic studies were found in patients with epilepsy in Peruvian populations. It is concluded that this review could help physicians in the prediction and prevention of adverse reactions induced by antiepileptic drugs, as well as to improve their pharmacotherapeutic results. It could also be used as scientific evidence to carry out pharmacogenetic and precision medicine studies in Peruvian patients with epilepsy, due to their tricontinental and Latin American ancestry.