Diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is currently made following clinical observation of motor symptoms. By the time these symptoms manifest, around 50% of dopamine neurons are lost in the substantia nigra pars compacta, limiting the possibility of implementing potential neuroprotective treatments that could delay the progression of the disease. Non-motor symptoms, such as vision problems, occur much earlier along the progression of the disease. If altered functioning of the retina causes these vision problems, various techniques could be implemented to detect retinal changes, therefore providing early biomarkers for PD. The aim of this project is to determine potential biomarkers for PD via the retina by using electroretinography (ERG) and pupillometry. In vivo measurements were performed on four non-human primates, before and after they were rendered parkinsonian by administration of 1-méthyl-4-phényl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), a neurotoxin that induces degeneration of dopamine neurons. Post-mortem retinal analyses were compared against the retina of four additional control monkeys. ERG results showed a significant increase in photopic b-wave implicit time and reduced oscillatory potential (OP) amplitudes in both photopic and scotopic conditions following MPTP administration. These OP amplitudes were restored following L-dopa administration. Analysis of the post-illumination pupillary response showed a consistently larger pupil diameter postMPTP. Post-mortem examination reveals a significant thinning of the outer nuclear retinal layer. A reduced number of tyrosine hydroxylase and melanopsin containing cells is also found in MPTP-intoxicated monkeys. Altogether, these results indicate that MPTP-induced degeneration of dopamine neurons leads to functional changes to the retina detectable by ERG and pupillometry, and that these changes could be attributed to cellular alterations in the retina as observed post-mortem. This study provides evidence for potential retinal biomarkers that could be used as an earlier or more accurate means of diagnosing PD.

Parkinson's disease (PD) diagnosis is currently made by clinical observation of motor symptoms when around 50% of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta are already lost. Non-motor symptoms, such as vision problems, occur earlier during disease progression and could be caused by altered retinal functioning. Various techniques exist to detect retinal alterations and, therefore, could provide biomarkers for earlier diagnosis of PD. The aim of this project is to determine potential retinal biomarkers for PD by using electroretinography (ERG) and pupillometry. In vivo measurements were performed on four non-human primates, before and after they were rendered parkinsonian by administration of 1-méthyl-4-phényl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), a neurotoxin that induces degeneration of dopamine neurons. ERG results showed a significant increase in photopic b-wave implicit time and reduced oscillatory potential (OP) amplitudes in both photopic and scotopic conditions following MPTP administration. The post-illumination pupillary response showed a consistently larger pupil diameter post-MPTP. Post-mortem examination revealed a significant thinning of the outer nuclear retinal layer. Tyrosine hydroxylase and melanopsin-containing cells were reduced in MPTP-intoxicated monkeys. Altogether, these results indicate that MPTP intoxication leads to functional retinal changes detectable by ERG and pupillometry, possibly attributed to cellular alterations.

In humans, chronic pain is associated with multisensory hypersensitivity, which can be modulated by sensorial exposure. Although cats experience chronic pain, their sensorial perception under this condition has never been investigated. Adult neutered healthy (n = 6) or osteoarthritic (n = 32) cats were assessed for functional alteration, central sensitization, and sensorial (olfactory and auditory) tolerance. The effects of specific light wavelengths were tested for neuromodulation via visual exposure. Hypersensitized cats displayed stronger unpleasant odor avoidance and lower sensitivity to repeated repulsive sounds. Odor avoidance correlated with delta and theta band proportions, inverse markers of endogenous inhibitory control. Functional alteration correlated with beta activity, a pain marker. After green light exposure, neuro-sensitization decreased for 80% of the less sensitized cats, and delta and theta band proportions increased further (no longer requiring inhibition), while beta and gamma band proportions decreased. Neuro-sensitization appears central in feline osteoarthritis pain, is associated with sensorial modifications, and is modulable by non-pharmacological approaches.

This research presents an innovative approach to evaluating indoor spaces, combining qualitative attributes with numerical architectural metrics. A hypothetical comparative visualization system is introduced, utilizing HDR visual imaging and thermal imaging in 360° field of view across multiple indoor environments. The study aims to provide architects and occupants with a user-friendly tool informing them about the primary considerations of their built spaces, with a specific focus on indoor environmental qualities in remote Arctic regions. Key inquiries delve into the efficacy of the spherical approach and the capacity of comparative visualization to offer insights into space quality. Preliminary experiments contrast indoor environments in terms of circadian lighting, thermal uniformity, and view access to outside in the 360° field of view (VAR360). The resulting visualizations hold significance in introducing an immersive approach for depicting specific non-visible environmental qualities, particularly in relation to the window characteristics of spaces. It demonstrates the integration of multiple environmental variables, both steady-state and temporal, from central points within spaces, providing a comprehensive view over their non-visible qualities. These results should be useful for researchers and practitioners within building sciences, computer vision, and photobiology, showcasing an out-of-the-box approach for categorizing indoor spaces based on standards and human-environmental qualifications.

Electroretinography has emerged as a promising tool for identifying retinal functional anomalies in major psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, such as schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and autism spectrum disorder, positioning it as a potential biomarker of monoaminergic dysfunction. However, despite its potential, electroretinography studies in Parkinson's disease (PD) over the past decades have been inconsistent, largely due to variations in research methodologies. These limitations diminish its potential and hinder the association between retinal electrophysiological responses and PD neuropathology. To address this challenge, this review examines the most relevant sources of data variability and reduced reproducibility in electroretinography studies aimed at detecting a retinal functional signature characteristic of PD. We propose the consolidation of four key protocol factors and five cohort criteria to enhance the diagnostic accuracy of electroretinography in PD biomarker research. As electroretinography protocols are adapted from their clinical origins for research purposes, we argue that careful attention must be given to electrode type and placement, as well as to factors like age, sex, disease duration and severity, medication intake, psychiatric conditions, and comorbidities in cohort selection to ensure reproducible results. Suggesting that past inconsistencies in these areas may explain the variability in reported results and contribute to the lack of consensus on which electroretinography parameters comprise a disease signature in PD, we ultimately offer recommendations to improve the utility of electroretinography techniques as early biomarkers for PD.

Depressive disorders involve disruptions in light signal processing. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) has been linked to abnormalities in phototransduction, including impaired retinal responses and sleep disturbances. Similar retinal anomalies have been observed in Major Depressive Episode (MDE) patients without seasonal pattern. However, no study has directly compared light-signaling biomarkers between SAD and non-seasonal MDE using sleep assessments and electroretinography (ERG) measures. This study aims to develop a model combining clinical and ERG markers to predict seasonality in MDE patients. Patients with MDE (N = 320) were classified based on their vulnerability to seasonality using the Global Seasonality Score (GSS) from the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ), with a threshold of ≥ 11 indicating seasonal vulnerability. This dimensional approach provides a more nuanced reflection of underlying pathophysiological mechanisms than the categorical DSM-5-TR classification of SAD. Subjective sleep, psychiatric, and ERG biomarkers were analyzed. Significant variables were entered into a Backward Stepwise Logistic Regression (N = 35, subset of participants who had all available data including ERG measures), and model performance was assessed using sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, AUC, ROC curve, and Youden’s index. The model retained six predictors: reduced bipolar cell amplitude (rods), increased cone response amplitude at 7 cd·s⁻¹·m⁻², increased daytime sleepiness, higher depression severity, younger age, and female gender. It demonstrated good discriminative power (AUC = 0.861, sensitivity = 0.905, specificity = 0.714, Youden’s index = 0.619). The model effectively distinguishes seasonal from non-seasonal MDE, explaining 30.5

This research presents combined methods based on image analysis to characterize light and color in the built environment. The descriptions used in this research could be useful to predict potential subjective outcomes on individuals generated by light sources and surface color applications in architecture. This study proposes chromatic and brightness contrast analyses to identify their effects on perceptual indicators affected by light and color applications in architecture. A novel 2D graphic integrates descriptors related to saturation and brightness properties to characterize a space and envisage potential subjective experiences. An exploratory study in an academic environment is presented using four ambiences differing in the light source and surface color configuration. Results demonstrate the method proposed in this investigation allows for characterizing an ambience and distinguishing important architectural factors that could potentially affect occupants' experiences in the built environment. The developed assessment technique offers a solution to address perceptual outcomes from light and color applications in early design stages that can enhance occupants' spatial experience in architecture.

BACKGROUND:Parkinson's disease is typically diagnosed after substantial neurodegeneration despite early non-motor symptoms manifesting decades earlier. These changes offer a promising avenue for diagnostic exploration, especially within the eye, which has been proposed as a "window to the brain." OBJECTIVE:The aim was to identify biomarkers by validating the use of electroretinography, a non-invasive technique, to detect early retinal function anomalies reflecting central dysfunction. METHODS:Homozygous M83 transgenic mice (n = 10 males, 11 females), overexpressing human A53T α-synuclein, underwent behavioral tests and electroretinography measurements. Histological evaluation was performed at four months to analyze synucleinopathies and neurodegeneration. Electroretinography was also conducted with idiopathic PD patients (mean age 63.35 ± 7.73; disease duration 4.15 ± 2.06; H&Y score 2.07 ± 0.59; n = 12 males, 8 females) and healthy age-matched controls (mean age 61.65 ± 8.39; n = 9 males, 11 females). RESULTS:Rodent electroretinography revealed reduced photopic b-wave, PhNR b-wave, and PhNR-wave amplitudes at two and four months, particularly in females, indicating bipolar and retinal ganglion cell impairment. Based on retinal histological assessment, these changes might arise from α-synuclein pathology occurring in outer retinal layers. Likewise, the scotopic b-wave and PhNR waveform were similarly impaired in female participants with Parkinson's disease. The scotopic oscillatory potentials isolated further identified an attenuated amacrine cell output in females. CONCLUSIONS:Findings from both mice and human cohorts indicate that retinal functional impairments can be detected early in the progression of Parkinson's disease, particularly among females. These tools show promise in facilitating early diagnosis, disease monitoring, therapeutic intervention, and ultimately enhancing patient outcomes.

This paper investigates the spatial attributes of the color properties and brightness characteristics of sustainable architectural strategies including daylight, electrical lighting, and surface color in architecture, which could potentially impact users’ spatial experiences. Images of 48 spaces varying in surface color configurations, type of light source, and position of the lighting strategy were evaluated. The analyses included assessments of color palettes, descriptors based on saturation and brightness properties, and brightness distribution maps. The results indicate that lighting design and types of light source influence the saturation and brightness properties of the perceived hues evaluated in the same environment, leading to variations in color descriptors or adjectives. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that variations in brightness between bright and dark zones, the creation of focal points, and perceived spatial fragmentation depend on the reflectance of the colors applied in the surfaces, the position of the lighting, and the type of light source. This study does not aim to establish best practices for enhancing users’ emotions through architecture. Instead, it explores how variations in color and light influence perceptual descriptions that have been previously associated with emotional responses. This research recognizes the impact of sustainable strategies including surface colors under daylight and electrical lighting on users’ spatial experiences.

This research has designed a 360-degree imagery-multisensor system aiming to capture and visualize environmental parameters in architecture and urban spaces. Unlike existing tools, this system enables simultaneous recording of both imagery and non-imagery environmental data, including lighting, thermal, air quality, sound, and physical space parameters, within a 360-degree field of view. Lighting conditions are captured using panoramic high dynamic range imagery, complemented by a 360-degree array of sensors measuring illuminance levels and spectral power distribution. Thermal and air quality conditions are recorded using 360-degree thermal imagery, combined with hygrometers and air particle meters. Sound levels are also monitored across the full 360-degree field. The system is built using 3D printing technologies and Raspberry Pi computers, equipped with various sensor modules. Custom Python scripts enable real-time data capture, processing, and visualization. This cost-effective, easy-to-manufacture, programmable, and customizable innovation is aimed at students and educators in design and architecture, as well as building engineers. Furthermore, integrating imagery and sensor data supports the development of immersive virtual and augmented reality applications, offering new opportunities for education and the exploration of effective design solutions.

Background Electroretinography (ERG) shows promise for identifying psychiatric biomarkers. The gold-standard approach relies on Dawson-Trick-Litzkow (DTL) electrodes and desktop equipment, but high costs and the expertise required for reliable electrode placement limit its implementation. This study evaluates a cost-effective alternative: a handheld ERG device paired with less invasive self-adhesive skin electrodes, which require minimal training. Methods ERG responses to cone and rod luminance stimuli were recorded from 49 participants: 15 controls (8 women, 7 men), 18 with bipolar disorder (12 women, 6 men), and 16 with schizophrenia (4 women, 12 men). Each participant underwent ERG testing with both electrode types. Results Skin electrodes produced significantly smaller amplitudes and shorter latencies than DTL electrodes, except for longer scotopic b-wave latency. Women showed higher amplitudes and shorter latencies than men for both electrode types, with the photopic a-wave amplitude relative difference doubling when using skin electrodes. Reproducibility between eyes was high for both electrode types, though slightly lower for photopic a-wave with skin electrodes (ICC 0.76 vs. 0.86 for DTL). Conclusion Skin electrodes paired with handheld ERG devices offer a viable, accessible alternative to traditional DTL electrodes paired with desktop equipment. This approach has the potential to expand the applicability of ERG in clinical settings by addressing barriers like cost, complexity, and invasiveness, while highlighting the need to consider sex differences in ERG assessments, particularly with skin electrodes.

This paper details an imagery dataset of interior and exterior ambiances to assess and represent photobiological outcomes of the built environment in northern territories. The images were obtained using a Raspberry Pi Camera Module (RPiCM) mounted in a holder that fixes the camera in place. This holder allows to rotate the camera by 30° and take 12 high dynamic range (HDR) images which are then combined to create a panoramic image. The HDR images enable the calculation of photobiological effects concerning photopic light intensity for vision, and the spectral dominance regarding vision and circadian stimulation. This dataset includes 13 captures in 7 interior and 6 exterior settings, each divided into 4 subfolders containing the photographic data: the sequence of low-dynamic range images (LDR), the tone-mapped images obtained from the HDR calculation, the analysis of photopic luminance and false color, and 360° panoramic images (tone-mapped HDR, false color luminance, and spectral dominance). Each space is also supplemented with photometric data presented as a .csv file containing lux and EML units obtained via a radiometer. This dataset is valuable for architects, designers, and neuroscientists to identify opportunities for enhancing human-centric lighting in existing architecture and landscape, as well as to propose solutions that promote vision and circadian stimulation in northern territories. This research was partially used in previous studies from [10]. The dataset is published and shared through a Mendeley repository [9].

Hypersomnia spectrum disorders are underdiagnosed and poorly treated due to their heterogeneity and absence of biomarkers. The electroretinography has been proposed as a proxy of central dysfunction and has proved to be valuable to differentiate certain psychiatric disorders. Hypersomnolence is a shared core feature in central hypersomnia and psychiatric disorders. We therefore aimed to identify biomarkers by studying the electroretinography profile in patients with narcolepsy type 1, idiopathic hypersomnia and in controls. Cone, rod and retinal ganglion cells electrical activity were recorded with flash-electroretinography in non-dilated eye of 31 patients with idiopathic hypersomnia (women 84%, 26.6 +/- 5.9 years), 19 patients with narcolepsy type 1 (women 63%, 36.6 +/- 12.7 years) and 43 controls (women 58%, 30.6 +/- 9.3 years). Reduced cone a-wave amplitude (p = 0.039) and prolonged cone (p = 0.022) and rod b-wave (p = 0.009) latencies were observed in patients with narcolepsy type 1 as compared with controls, while prolonged photopic negative response-wave latency (retinal ganglion cells activity) was observed in patients with idiopathic hypersomnia as compared with controls (p = 0.033). The rod and cone b-wave latency clearly distinguished narcolepsy type 1 from idiopathic hypersomnia and controls (area under the curve > 0.70), and the photopic negative response-wave latency distinguished idiopathic hypersomnia and narcolepsy type 1 from controls with an area under the curve > 0.68. This first original study shows electroretinography anomalies observed in patients with hypersomnia. Narcolepsy type 1 is associated with impaired cone and rod responses, whereas idiopathic hypersomnia is associated with impaired retinal ganglion cells response, suggesting different phototransduction alterations in both hypersomnias. Although these results need to be confirmed with a larger sample size, the electroretinography may be a promising tool for clinicians to differentiate hypersomnia subtypes.

This paper investigates occupants' photobiological responses of biophilic analogous patterns such as electrical lighting and surface colour configuration during dark periods in northern architecture. Biophilic design establishes that the integration of nature-inspired architectural strategies could positively impact occupants’ photobiological responses to enhance well-being in locations with limited daylight access. Photobiological responses are indicated on image-forming (IF) and non-image forming (NIF) effects. IF relates to visual outcomes, reflected on vision and visual tasks, and measured in photopic units. NIF relates to non-visual outcomes such as the biological process of circadian clock stimulation and measured in melanopic units. Limited research addresses the impact of electrical lighting combined with surface colour (SC) configurations to optimize minimum lighting requirements at photopic and melanopic levels in an architectural setting. This research therefore examines eight surface colour configurations tested under three different luminaire positions set at warm, warm-white, and white correlated colour temperature (CCT). The variables generated 72 scenarios, which were captured through high dynamic range images (HDRi), analyzed, and post-processed to display false colour maps and values of illuminance, melanopic-Equivalent Daylight Illuminance (melanopic-EDI) and spatial colour temperature. Results demonstrate the spatial diversification generated by electrical lighting to different visual tasks and circadian stimulation over a day. The study also proved that several coloured surfaces and luminaire settings can generate similar photopic and melanopic lighting conditions despite their perceived spatial colour temperature. This research highlights the photobiological adjustment of biophilic coloured lighting ambiances provided by electrical systems in northern latitudes compromised by extreme photoperiod.

This paper illustrates the potential of representing and reading environmental data captured for immersive visualization of indoor built environments. This study introduces methods for qualitative representation of light and heat in aligned viewing directions in immersive scenes. It employs a novel technique for capturing High Dynamic Range (HDR) and thermal images in 360-degree directions. This technique allows visualization of radiant temperature and integrative lighting variations associated with the viewing direction and time. The highlight of these visualizations is the identical viewing points in studying the indoor ambiances. The paper provides visualizations derived from hourly data captures in architectural studios through a 360-degree thermal-visual capturing device. The paper aims to present these results through various visualization formats, including architectural planar presentations, diagrams, and colour maps, showing surface temperature and Photopic and Melanopic illuminance intensities. Architectural insights gained from each of these visualizations are highlighted and discussed. Specifically, the results of this research illustrate the potential of the immersive image-based environmental assessment and visualization method for representing indoor ambiances regarding their non-visible thermal and lighting conditions through time and across all viewing directions within the space.

This paper describes three datasets which include 443 folders and approximately 4430 images. The images were obtained from the interior of a 1:50 scale model using a fisheye camera connected to a Raspberry Pi microcomputer. This dataset aims to analyze the photobiological effects (visual and non-visual) of the interplay between coloured surfaces and different types of lighting strategies. The experiments were conducted under three types of light sources: simulated daylight through a mirror-box artificial sky simulator, direct daylight, and an electric lighting system that allows for colour temperature modification. This dataset includes low dynamic range images to generate high dynamic range images, which in turn can be used to plot false colour maps concerning photopic luminance, melanopic luminance, CCT of an image, M/P ratio, and brightness distribution maps. This dataset can be useful for architects, interior designers, and building engineers to integrate lighting and colour strategies according to the visual and non-visual needs of the users. This research was partially used in the research of Espinoza-Sanhueza et al. [1,2]. The datasets are published and shared through a Mendeley repository [3].

IntroductionLight’s non-visual effects on the biological clock, cognitive performance, alertness, and mental health are getting more recognized. These are primarily driven by blue light, which triggers specific retinal cells containing melanopsin. Traditionally, research on light has relied on correlated color temperature (CCT) as a metric of its biological influence, given that bluer light corresponds to higher Kelvin values. However, CCT proves to be an inadequate proxy of light’s biological effects. A more precise metric is melanopic Equivalent Daylight Illuminance (mel-EDI), which aligns with melanopsin spectrum. Studies have reported positive cognitive impacts of blue-enriched white light. It’s unclear if the mixed results are due to different mel-EDI levels since this factor wasn’t assessed.MethodGiven recent recommendations from experts to aim for at least 250 mel-EDI exposure daily for cognitive benefits, our aim was to assess if a 50-minute exposure to LED light with 250 mel-EDI could enhance concentration and alertness, without affecting visual performance or comfort compared to conventional lighting producing around 150 mel-EDI. To ensure mel-EDI’s impact, photopic lux levels were kept constant across conditions. Conditions were counterbalanced, parameters included subjective sleepiness (KSS; Karolinska Sleepiness Scale), concentration (d2-R test), visual performance (FrACT; Freiburg Visual Acuity and Contrast Test), general appreciation (VAS; Visual Analogous Scale), preferences and comfort (modified OLS; Office Lighting Survey).ResultsThe experimental light significantly reduced sleepiness (p = 0.03, Cohen’s d = 0.42) and also decreased contrast sensitivity (p = 0.01, Cohen’s d = 0.50). The conventional light was found to be more comfortable (p = 0.002, Cohen’s d = 0.62), cheerful (p = 0.02, Cohen’s d = 0.46) and pleasant (p = 0.005, Cohen’s d = 0.55) while the experimental light was perceived as brighter (p = 0.004, Cohen’s d = 0.58) and tended to be more stimulating (p = 0.10). Notably, there was a preference for conventional lighting (p = 0.004, Cohen’s d=0.56) and concentration was equally improved in both conditions.DiscussionDespite the lack of further improvement in concentration from exposure to blue-enriched light, given the observed benefits in terms of vigilance, further research over an extended period would be justified. These findings could subsequently motivate cognitive optimization through lighting for workers that would benefit from artificial lighting such as in northern regions.

Depressive disorders are characterized by disturbances in light signal processing. More specifically, an alteration of the melanopsin response is suggested. The post-illumination pupillary response (PIPR) to blue light (post-blue PIPR) is increasingly used as a marker of the activity of intrinsically photosensitive melanopsin ganglion cells (ipRGCs). We hypothesized that individuals with Major Depressive Episode (MDE) who exhibited a higher vulnerability to season patterns showed a decreased ability to transmit light signals to the brain. We explored the correlation between the post-blue PIPR and the Global Seasonality Score (GSS) in 21 patients with MDE. The GSS was assessed using the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ). The results revealed that decreased relative and absolute post-blue PIPR, suggesting a melanopsinergic hyposensitivity, were associated independently and significantly with higher seasonality in the psychological factor including a greater seasonal variation in sleep duration, mood, energy level and social activity, but were not associated with higher seasonality in the dietary factor (including weight and appetite seasonal variations) or with the severity of anxiety, depression, or sleep disturbances. Interestingly, mediation analyses highlight independent bidirectional effects of high vulnerability to season of psychological factors and decreased ipRGC sensitivity. Post-blue PIPR could be an objective marker of seasonal changes in daylight exposure in patients with MDE. Further research could explore post-blue PIPR as a state or trait biomarker for depressive disorders and the seasonal pattern, and its potential role in predicting therapeutic response to light therapy.

This research explores the effects of light in terms of colour, surface colour configuration and finishes using simple and advanced methods in the development of biophilic lighting ambiances for remote northern architecture. Biophilic light and colour design can benefit inhabitants of subarctic regions, where drastic changes in the natural photoperiod can impact the mind and body. To predict the outcomes of light and colour, this research used reduced-scale models that replicate a north-oriented room and a specially designed mirror-box sky simulator, which emulates the lighting conditions and correlated colour temperature (CCT) of a northern sky. Physical models with distinct surface colour properties and the use of high dynamic range imagery (HDRi) techniques allow the recognition of quantitative effects and lighting attributes of main hue families such as red, green, blue and yellow. The results reveal that the colour and the surface colour configuration significantly modify the spectral properties of a lit ambiance measured in Equivalent Melanopic Lux (EML) and CCT. Surface colour configuration and finishes produce variations in the luminous attributes measured in intensity contrast. This combination of simple and innovative tools could predict light and colour effects in early design stages for responsive architecture in subarctic territories.

This paper presents a low-cost image-based immersive capturing system for visualizing surface temperature and integrative lighting conditions in remote sub-arctic indoor environments, informing decision-makers on health-supportive daylighting designs. The system captures thermal images from all directions, stitching them together through rotations to create representations of surface temperature of spaces in spherical view. Lighting conditions are captured using 360° HDR imaging, representing spectral effects. A software script developed in this research aligns spherical thermal images with the visual scene which relates to the viewing direction and human ergonomics in final visualization. Results demonstrate the system's potential in providing informative presentations through immersive environments. Accessible to building occupants in remote regions, the research highlights the advantages of this low-cost, image-based 360° thermal capturing system. The proposed system significantly supports architectural decision-making, pedagogical purposes, and environmental assessments, contributing to the advancement of health-supportive daylighting designs and improving performance assessments of built environments.