The conventional chemical bleaching of pulp generates substantial environmental burdens due to toxic effluents and high chemical consumption. This study explores a sustainable alternative through the enzymatic biobleaching of pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) pulp using crude laccase extracted from Paramarasmius palmivorus, a white-rot fungus. The effects of enzyme dosage (1–10 U/g pulp) and reaction time (2–10 h) on pulp quality were systematically optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Key pulp properties, including Kappa number, brightness, and intrinsic viscosity, were evaluated and compared to chemical bleaching using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Results showed that laccase treatment reduced the Kappa number by up to 57

The conventional chemical bleaching of pulp generates substantial environmental burdens due to toxic effluents and high chemical consumption. This study explores a sustainable alternative through the enzymatic biobleaching of pineapple leaf fibre (PALF) pulp using crude laccase extracted from Marasmiellus palmivorus , a white-rot fungus. The effects of enzyme dosage (1–10 U g⁻¹ pulp) and reaction time (2–10 h) on pulp quality were systematically optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Key pulp properties, including Kappa number, brightness, and intrinsic viscosity, were evaluated and compared to chemical bleaching using hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). Results showed that laccase treatment reduced the Kappa number by up to 57% (to 3.91) and enhanced brightness by 29.5% ISO, achieving comparable delignification to H₂O₂ treatment (Kappa = 4.07). Although the effect of dosage and time on brightness and viscosity was not statistically significant (p > 0.05), enzyme dosage had a pronounced influence on lignin removal (p < 0.05). Enzymatic bleaching preserved cellulose integrity with only 22.5% viscosity loss, markedly lower than the 34% loss observed under chemical bleaching. Optimization predicted optimal conditions at 9.8 U g⁻¹ pulp and 2.1 h, balancing high delignification and minimal cellulose degradation. These findings demonstrate the potential of M. palmivorus laccase as an eco-friendly and efficient biocatalyst for partial or total replacement of chemicals in non-wood pulp bleaching, supporting the transition toward greener pulp industries.

The research on valorization of agricultural wastes is a breakthrough in combining agricultural waste treatment with the production of bio-based chemical substitutes. Agricultural wastes such as corncob, wheat straw, and bagasse are available as cheap and natural carbon sources for enzyme production. The pulp and paper industry has started to phase out chemical bleaching agents with enzymes such as cellulases, xylanases, and laccases, specifically for the pre-bleaching step and the delignification step. Using enzymes will not only be beneficial economically, but also environmentally as the process contributes to less toxic waste. Multiple studies have conducted research on producing cellulase, xylanase, or laccase in varying production methods. This chapter aims to highlight the potential of agricultural wastes with high lignocellulosic content for enzyme production, explain the usage of bio-bleaching enzymes, and analyze the techno-economical aspect through a case study on enzyme production from the submerged fermentation of wheat chaff by the fungi Trichoderma reesei QM 9414. The challenges and future research outlooks of waste valorization for enzyme production were also discussed.

Biodeinking of Old Newspaper using Crude Laccase from Marasmiellus palmivorus Abstract Enzymatic deinking is receiving growing attention due to the negative environmental impact caused by chemical deinking. Old newspaper (ONP) is one of the materials that can be used in paper recycling. The use of the crude laccase from Marasmiellus palmivorus in biodeinking is due to its capability to remove the ink. The objective of this research was to determine the potential use of laccase in enzymatic deinking to increase the brightness value and reduce ERIC (Effective Residual Ink Concentration) value on old newspapers. Laccase was produced from M. palmivorus by using cultivation in a static Solid State Fermentation (SSF) reactor with lignocellulosic as substrate. The methodology involves the production of crude laccase extract, laccase optimization using variations of dosage, temperatures, and times. The highest laccase activity is 1,142.86 U/L (16 U/mg). Optimization of laccase crude extract enzyme in biodeinking can increase brightness values by 15.22% (54.27 %ISO) to 25.03% (58.89 %ISO) compared to controls (47.09% ISO) and reduce ERIC values by 46.12% (452.1 ppm) to 68.26% (266.4 ppm) compared to control (839.2 ppm). Keywords: biodeinking, Marasmiellus palmivorus, laccase, old newspaper Abstrak Deinking enzimatis semakin mendapat perhatian karena dampak negatif terhadap lingkungan yang disebabkan oleh deinking secara kimia. Kertas koran bekas merupakan salah satu bahan yang dapat didaur ulang. Pemanfaatan ekstrak kasar lakase dari Marasmiellus palmivorus digunakan dalam biodeinking karena memiliki kemampuan untuk menyisihkan tinta. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi ekstrak kasar lakase untuk meningkatkan nilai brightness (derajat cerah) dan menurunkan nilai Effective Residual Ink Concentration (ERIC) dalam proses biodeinking kertas koran bekas. Produksi ekstrak kasar lakase dilakukan dalam reaktor statis Solid State Fermentation (SSF) dengan substrat material lignoselulosik. Produksi ekstrak kasar lakase menghasilkan aktivitas tertinggi 1.142,86 U/L (8,33 U/mg). Perlakuan biodeinking dengan enzim ekstrak kasar lakase dapat meningkatkan nilai derajat cerah 15,22% (54,27 %ISO) sampai 25,03% (58,89 %ISO) dibandingkan dengan kontrol (47,10 %ISO) dan menurunkan nilai ERIC 46,12% (452,1 ppm) sampai 68,26% (266,4 ppm) dibandingkan dengan kontrol (839,2 ppm). Kata kunci: biodeinking, Marasmiellus palmivorus, lakase, kertas koran bekas

Crude laccase was produced by using the fermentation method of solid state fermentation and employed fungus Marasmius sp and rice straw as support media. The kinetics of laccase was investigated by using the substrate of 2,2’-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS). Laccase exhibits the maximum activity (Vm) of 1.45 mM/min and Michaelis-Menten (Km) constant value of 4.11 mM. The effect of pH and temperature has also been evaluated. The results showed that this enzyme had an optimum pH of 4.6 and temperature of 60 °C. Decreased stability of laccases is found to be faster when stored at room temperature than cold temperatures.

Ramie solid waste as chips can be used as raw material for pulp. Ligninolytic enzymes of laccase widely used for pretreatment of the pulping process of ramie chips by biodelignification using laccase produced byPenicilliumsp. LX/08 has been done. This study aims to obtain optimal concentrations of lignin and CuSO4as enzyme inducers to increase laccase production fromPenicilliumsp. LX/08 during biodelignification process and its effect on the quality of ramie pulp. The biodelignification process of ramie chips was carried out by solid state fermentation (SSF) method with six days incubation time. Two inducer type treatment factors (CuSO4and lignin), and variations in the concentration of each lignin (0.25 g/L, 0.5 g/L, 0.75 g/L) and CuSO4(0.25 mM, 0.5 mM, 0.75 mM) were investigated in this study. The pulping process was carried out by the soda process in a digester under conditions: 12% active alkaline, temperature of 165°C for 3.5 hours. The results showed that 0.75 mM and 0.5 g/L of lignin were the optimal concentrations which could increase the laccase activity ofPenicilliumsp. LX/08 by 343 U/L and 25,8 U/L, respectively. The quality of ramie pulp showed a decrease in Kappa Number of 9,34% with an increase in pulp yield to 55,43%. Based on these results, the pretreatment method using laccase produced byPenicilliumsp. LX/08 can assist the pulping process of ramie.

Refining merupakan proses untuk memodifikasi serat dengan tujuan meningkatkan ikatan serat dan mengembangkan kekuatan kertas. Penelitian yang telah dilakukan meliputi penentuan kondisi refining dengan PFI Mill dan penentuan kondisi perlakuan awal lakase yang selanjutnya akan diterapkan pada proses biorefining. Jumlah putaran 2500 dari PFI mill merupakan jumlah yang optimum untuk menghasilkan kekuatan pulp Acacia crassicarpa. Sedangkan hasil penelitian kondisi optimum lakase menunjukkan bahwa lakase memiliki laju reaksi yang paling tinggi (0,0018 mM/s) pada suhu 50°C. Pada proses refining, freeness awal pulp adalah sekitar 550 mL CSF, dan ketika dikenakan perlakuan lakase turun menjadi 515 (LMS1) dan 520 (LMS2). Refining pulp tanpa perlakuan enzim menghasilkan indeks tarik, retak dan sobek berturut-turut adalah 6,4.10-2 kNm/g, 5,18 kPa.m2/g, dan 5,96 mN.m2/g. Indeks sobek tidak mengalami perubahan signifikan pada semua perlakuan. Perlakuan LMS1 meningkatkan indeks tarik menjadi 6,83 kNm/g dan indeks sobek menjadi 7,53 mN.m2/g. Indeks tarik dan sobek pada LMS2 menurun dibandingkan LMS1, namun masih lebih tinggi dibandingkan tanpa perlakuan. Dengan demikian perlakuan lakase pada proses refining dapat meningkatkan indeks tarik dan indeks sobek lembaran.Laccase Application in Pulp Refining Process AbstractRefining is a process to modify fibers with the aim of increasing fiber bonds and developing paper strength. The research that has been done includes determining the refining conditions with PFI Mill and determining the conditions of pretreatment of laccase which will then be applied to the biorefining process. The PFI mill revolutions of 2500 is the optimum to produce the strength of the Acacia crassicarpa pulp. Whereas the results of the study showed that optimum laccase conditions showed that laccase had the highest reaction rate (0.0018 mM/s) at 50oC. In the refining process, the initial freeness of the pulp is around 550 mL CSF, and when subjected to laccase treatment it drops to 515 (LMS1) and 520 (LMS2). Refining the pulp without enzyme treatment produced tensile, bursting and tearing indexes of 6.4.10-2 kNm/g, 5.18 kPa.m2/g, and 5.96 mN.m2/g, respectively. The tear index did not change significantly in all treatments. The LMS1 treatment increased the tensile index to 6.83 kNm/g and the tear index to 7.53 mN.m2/g. The tensile and tear index in LMS2 decreased compared to LMS1, but it was still higher than without treatment. Thus, laccase treatment in the refining process can increase the tensile index and tear indexof the sheet.

Lakase merupakan salah satu enzim ligninolitik yang memiliki kemampuan mendegradasi lignin. Lakase telah diproduksi menggunakan jamur pelapuk putih Marasmius sp. dalam Fermentasi Kultur Padat (FKP) menggunakan jerami padi sebagai media pertumbuhan. Pengaruh sumber karbon yaitu glukosa, gliserol, dan molase dalam medium produksi lakase digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Konsentrasi 0,5%; 1,0%; dan 2,0% digunakan untuk tiap jenis sumber karbon. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas tertinggi lakase diperoleh pada kultivasi hari ke 6-10 dengan masing-masing aktivitas (872,0 U/L (hari ke-6), 1516,67 U/L (hari ke-9) dan 1270,69 U/L (hari ke-10). Aktivitas lakase tertinggi diperoleh pada penggunaan medium gliserol dan molase masing-masing adalah 1422,36 U/L (pada konsentrasi 1%, hari ke-7) dan 113,19 U/L (pada konsentrasi 2%, hari ke-8). Aktivitas tertinggi tersebut sebanding dengan penggunaan medium glukosa. Oleh karena itu, gliserol dan molase dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif sumber karbon untuk produksi lakase dengan fermentasi kultur padat.Kata kunci: glukosa, gliserol, lakase, molase, Marasmius sp., fermentasi kultur padat Influence of Carbon Sources on Laccase Production by White Rot Fungus Marasmius sp. in Solid State FermentationAbstractLaccase is an one of the ligninolytic enzymes that capable to degrade lignin in biomass. Laccase has been produced by white rot fungus Marasmius sp. in Solid State Fermentation (SSF) using rice straw as the solid support media. The influence of carbon sources, i.e. glucose, glycerol and molasses in medium of laccase production were studied in this paper. The concentration of 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0% were used for each carbon sources. The results showed that the highest lacase activity was obtained within 6-10 days of cultivation. Glucose concentration of 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0% gave the highest laccase activity were 872.0 U/L (day 6), 1516.67 U/L (day 9) and 1270.69 U/L (day 10) respectively. The highest laccase activity on using glycerol and molasses was 1422.36 U/L (at concentration of 1 % on day 7th) and 1113.19 U/L (at concentration of 2% on day 8th), respectively. This activity was comparable to that of glucose substrate. Therefore, glycerol and molasses gave a potential chance as carbon sources for the strategy on low cost laccase production in solid state fermentation.Keywords: glucose, glycerol, laccase, molasses, Marasmius sp., solid state fermentation.

Bambu masa tanamnya lebih singkat dibandingkan dengan kayu, namun sampai saat ini serat dan pulp bambu belum dimanfaatkan secara optimal sebagai pengganti kayu pada pembuatan komposit oleh industri manufactured wood , misalnya papan serat. Oleh karenanya dilakukan penelitian pembuatan papan serat dengan menggunakan serat dan pulp dari bambu tali ( G.apus ). Dari hasil uji diketahui bahwa bambu tersebut mengandung alpha selulosa, hemiselulosa dan lignin, yang merupakan komponen penting dalam serat selulosa, seperti halnya serat dan pulp bambu. Potongan bambu yang dimasak dengan proses soda memiliki panjang serat dan kandungan lignin yang lebih tinggi dibanding serpih bambu hasil pemasakan dengan proses soda dan Kraft. Pembuatan komposit papan serat dilakukan dengan menggunakan matriks resin epoksi, karena epoksi memiliki sifat mekanik yang sangat baik. Kondisi optimal diperoleh dengan menggunakan serat bambu hasil pemasakan potongan bambu dengan proses soda, yang akan menghasilkan komposit dengan kerapatan tinggi. Adapun kandungan air, penyerapan, perubahan panjang dan pengembangan tebal, keteguhan tarik dan lenturnya sesuai dengan standar yang berlaku.

This study was focused on production and utilisation of laccase in pulp bleaching process. Laccase was produced by white-rot fungi of Marasmius sp which was immobilised in luffa sponge in a modified immersion bioreactor. The Experiment was conducted to study the effect of variation of immersion periods in the production of laccase. The immersion periods applied in this study were 15 minutes, 12 hours and 24 hour respectively. Lacase was then utilised in pre-treatment of pulp bleaching of Accacia mangium unbleached-pulp. The bleaching process were conducted with and without addition mediator of 2,2'-azinobis 3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) which has ability to enhance the delignification process. The results showed that immersion period of 12 hours exhibited the highest maximum laccase activity. Maximum level of laccase attained from culture with 12 hours immersion period was 457.6 U/L. When the immersion period be double ( 24 hours), the level of laccase, however, becoming lower i.e. 281.9 U/L. A 15 minutes immersion period has resulted in a level of laccase of 384.4 U/L. Utilisation of crude enzymes by addition of ABTS mediator with enzyme exposure time 6 hours at temperature of 45 o C has increased brightness for 2.8 points. Pretreatment in similar conditions with no ABTS has added showed an increase in brightness for 0.7 point. It demonstrated that the addition of ABTS has improved biobleaching process. The pulp exposed to crude enzymes for 6 days at room temperature has increased the brightness of pulp to 5.3 points. These results indicate that laccase has a potential ability in pulp bleaching process. Keywords : a modified temporary immersion bioreactor, bleaching, brightness\, crude enzyme, laccase, luffa, Marasmius sp., white-rot fungi. INTISARI Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk memproduksi lakase dan menggunakannya dalam proses pemutihan pulp. Produksi lakase dilakukan dengan menggunakan jamur pelapuk putih Marasmius sp. yang diimobilisasi pada bulustru. Bioreaktor yang digunakan adalah bioreaktor imersi berkala termodifikasi. Penelitian produksi lakase dilakukan dengan variasi waktu imersi 15 menit, 12 jam dan 24 jam. Produk berupa ekstrak kasar lakase digunakan sebagai perlakuan awal proses pemutihan pulp Acasia mangium. Pemutihan pulp dilaksanakan dengan dan tanpa mediator 2,2'-azinobis 3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) yang berfungsi untuk meningkatkan proses delignifikasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa waktu immersi 12 jam menghasilkan lakase dengan aktivitas paling tinggi yaitu mencapai 457,6 U/L, lebih tinggi dibandingkan waktu immersi 15 menit (348,4 U/L) dan waktu imersi 24 jam (281,9 U/L). Pemutihan pulp menggunakan ekstrak kasar lakase dengan bantuan ABTS selama 6 jam dan suhu 45 o C dapat meningkatkan derajat putih sebesar 2,8 poin. Sedangkan pada kondisi yang sama namun tanpa penambahan ABTS hanya dapat meningkatkan derajat putih 0,7 poin. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan ABTS dapat meningkatkan proses pemutihan. Sementara penggunaan ekstrak kasar lakase selama enam hari dapat meningkatkan derajat putih sebesar 5,3 poin. Dengan demikian, lakase memiliki potensi untuk peningkatan derajat putih proses pemutihan pulp yang diharapkan dapat mengurangi kebutuhan bahan kimia pemutih dan mengurangi limbah berbahaya proses pemutihan. Kata kunci : bioreaktor imersi berkala termodifikasi, pemutihan, derajat putih, ekstrak kasar, lakase, bulustru, Marasmus sp., jamur pelapuk putih.

The research of white rot fungi application in biopulping ramie has been done to obtain the effective fungus. The study was conducted in 3 stages: biopulping, cooking, and manufacture of pulp handsheets. The biopulping of ramie was done by varying four species of fungi which were Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Marasmius sp., Trametes hirsuta, and Trametes versicolor, with temperature of ± 28°C for 7 days. The cooking was done on ramie from selected biopulping treatment and compared with untreated one. The experiments was carried out by soda cooking in a rotating digester at 12% active alkaline, ratio of the solid to liquid 1: 5, temperature of 165 °C, time of 3.5 hours. Next step was the manufacture of pulp handsheets. The observations were conducted on percent lignin removal, Kappa number, burst and tear index. The results showed that Marasmius sp. with the laccase activity of 0.1638 U/mL was the best with 40.4% of lignin removal degree. The ramie cooking process with Marasmius sp. treatment produced unbleached pulp with 7.2% lower Kappa number compared to the untreated one. The pulp that has been treated with Marasmius sp. produced better quality unbleached pulp with the physical properties of burst and tear index of 10.52 mNm2 /g and 1.24 kN/g, respectively. ABSTRAKPenelitian aplikasi jamur pelapuk putih pada biopulping rami telah dilakukan dengan tujuan mendapatkan jenis jamur yang efektif. Penelitian dilakukan dalam 3 tahap : biopulping, pemasakan, dan pembuatan lembaran pulp. Biopulping rami dilakukan dengan variasi 4 spesies jamur, yaitu Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Marasmius sp., Trametes hirsuta, dan Trametes versicolor, pada kondisi suhu ±28 °C selama 7 hari. Pemasakan dilakukan terhadap rami dari perlakuan biopulping terpilih dan dibandingkan dengan rami tanpa perlakuan jamur. Percobaan pemasakan dilakukan dengan proses soda dalam digester berputar pada kondisi alkali aktif 12%, rasio padatan terhadap cairan pemasak 1:5, suhu 165°C, waktu 3,5 jam. Selanjutnya, dilakukan pembuatan lembaran pulp rami. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap persentase penyisihan lignin, bilangan Kappa, indek sobek, dan indeks retak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Marasmius sp. dengan aktivitas lakase 0,1638 U/mL merupakan yang terbaik dengan derajat penyisihan lignin 40,4%. Proses pemasakan rami dengan perlakuan Marasmius sp. menghasilkan pulp belum putih dengan bilangan Kappa lebih rendah 7,2% dibandingkan tanpa perlakuan jamur. Kualitas pulp yang telah diberi perlakuan jamur Marasmius sp. menghasilkan pulp belum putih yang lebih baik, dengan sifat fisik indeks retak dan indeks sobek berturut-turut 10,52 mNm2 /g dan 1,24 kN/g.Kata kunci: rami, biopulping, penyisihan lignin, jamur pelapuk putih

Recent years, there is an increased rate of non-wood fibers for pulp and paper industry. The non-wood fibers usually used for papermaking because of their fine paper making qualities, and in some countries the non-wood fibers are used to overcome the shortage of wood fibers. In Indonesia, one of the abundant sources of non-wood for pulp and papermaking is Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB) that come from the palm oil mills. EFB are the major biomass byproduct and they are the fibrous residue remaining after the palm fruits are separated in the mills. Characteristics of EFB as raw material for pulp and paper can be predicted from the properties of the fiber morphology and chemical composition. Furthermore, this paper will focus on the conversion of biomass waste of EFB into the pulp and paper products.

White rot fungi of Marasmius sp. is a fungus which produce laccase in high activity. Laccase is one of the ligninolityc enzymes that capable to degrade lignin. This ability can be used for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials in the bioethanol production. Laccase was produced in flask by batch process using Solid State Fermentation (SSF). The optimisation was conducted by statistically of full factorial design. The particle size, moisture content, and Cu concentration were investigated in this study. Rice straw was used as solid substrate and the glycerol was used as the carbon sources in modified Kirk medium. The results showed that particle size of rice straw did not affect significantly to the enzyme activity. The highest laccase activity of 4.45 IU/g dry weight was obtained at the moisture content of 61% and Cu concentration of 0.1 mM.Keywords: laccase, Marasmius sp., optimisation, rice straw, solid state fermentation ABSTRAKJamur pelapuk putih, Marasmius sp. merupakan jamur yang menghasilkan enzim lakase dengan aktivitas tinggi. Lakase merupakan enzim ligninolitik yang dapat mendegradasi lignin. Kemampuan ini dapat digunakan untuk proses pengolahan awal bahan lignoselulosa pada pembuatan bioetanol. Produksi lakase dilakukan dalam labu dengan modus batch menggunakan fermentasi kultur padat. Optimisasi produksi enzim lakase dengan metode fermentasi padat dilakukan dengan rancangan percobaan faktorial penuh. Pengaruh ukuran partikel, kelembapan, dan konsentrasi Cu diuji dengan medium penyangga jerami dengan menambahkan gliserol dalam medium Kirk termodifikasi sebagai sumber karbon. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ukuran jerami tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap aktivitas enzim. Aktivitas enzim lakase maksimum terjadi pada saat kelembapan 61% dan konsentrasi Cu 0,1 mM dengan aktivitas enzim lakase/berat kering tertinggi mencapai 4,45 IU/g.Kata kunci: lakase, Marasmius sp., optimisasi, jerami, fermentasi kultur padat

Natural fiber-reinforced composites can reduce the use of synthetic fibers and resins, making them more environmentally friendly. Bamboo fiber is a long fiber from non woody plant with a shorter growing season than wood. A study has been conducted to investigate the potential of bamboos, which are endemic in West Java, namely Tali bamboo (G. apus), Temen bamboo (G. pseudoarundinacea) and Haur bamboo/Green ampel (B. vulgaris v. Green), as sound absorber composite materials. Bamboo contains 21% - 22 % lignin, 44% - 53% alpha cellulose, 21% - 23% hemicelluloses, which makes it a potential pulp feedstock. Because of the adhesive nature of lignin, it is necessary to produce a pulp with a Kappa number of about 30 (+ 5% lignin). In accordance with bamboo characteristics, Tali bamboo requires less amount of cooking chemicals due to its lower contents of extractive substances and lignin, whereas Temen bamboo and especially Haur bamboo require more chemicals. Therefore, tali bamboo was chosen to produce pulp by Kraft cooking process. Subsequently, bamboo fiber was prepared by soda cooking process at the same conditions. Later on, some trial experiments with epoxy resin were performed to make sound absorber composites. The results show that at the reference frequency (5000 Hz) the pulp and bamboo fiber composites provide the maximum sound absorption coefficients (α) of 0.28 and 0.77, respectively. Hence, the composite meets the minimum standard of sound absorption coefficient of ISO 11654:1997 (α = 0.25). Moreover, the composite of epoxy and bamboo fiber is light (specific gravity <1) with an ability to reduce 97% of the sound at 2500 Hz.Keywords : fiber and pulp bamboo, nonwood, sound absorber composite, sound absorption coefficien ABSTRAK Komposit berpenguat serat alam, dapat mengurangi pemakaian serat sintetis dan resin, sehingga lebih ramah lingkungan. Serat bambu termasuk serat panjang non kayu dengan masa tanam lebih singkat dibanding kayu. Penelitian terhadap bambu endemik Jawa Barat, yaitu bambu Tali (G. apus), Temen (G. pseudoarundinacea) dan Haur/Ampel hijau (B. vulgaris v. green), dilakukan untuk mengetahui potensinya sebagai komposit peredam suara. Dari hasil uji diketahui bahwa bambu tersebut mengandung lignin 21% - 22%, selulosa alfa 44% - 53% dan hemiselulosa 21% - 23%, serta merupakan serat panjang yang berpotensi untuk menghasilkan pulp yang baik. Lignin pada pulp untuk bahan komposit masih diperlukan, sehubungan dengan sifatnya sebagai perekat, sehingga dilakukan penelitian untuk menghasilkan pulp bambu dengan bilangan Kappa sekitar 30 (lignin + 5%). Atas dasar karakteristiknya, pemasakan bambu Tali akan memerlukan zat kimia yang terendah karena kandungan zat ekstraktif dan lignin yang lebih rendah, sedangkan bambu Temen dan terutama Haur sebaliknya memerlukan zat kimia yang lebih tinggi. Oleh karenanya dipilih bambu Tali untuk dilanjutkan pada pembuatan pulp dengan pemasakan proses Kraft dan untuk mendapatkan seratnya dilakukan pemasakan dengan proses soda pada kondisi sama, yang kemudian dilakukan uji coba pembuatan komposit peredam suara dengan resin epoksi. Dari hasil uji diketahui bahwa pada frekuensi acuan (5000 Hz) komposit pulp dan serat bambu memberikan koefisien serap bunyi maksimum (α) sebesar 0,28 dan 0,77, berarti dapat memenuhi standar minimal koefisien serap bunyi sesuai ISO 11654:1997 (α = 0,25), terutama komposit epoksi/serat bambu, karena mampu meredam suara sampai 97% pada frekuensi 2500 Hz, dan lebih ringan (berat jenisnya < 1).Kata kunci: serat dan pulp bambu, non kayu, komposit peredam suara, koefisien serap bunyi

Laccase is one of the promising enzymes in the production process of pulpmaking especially for the delignification process. This enzyme is belonging to the oxidative enzymes that can be produce mainly by white rot fungi. A large scale production of this enzyme is necessary for its availability. Production system for this enzyme has been studied both by submerged fermentation and solid state fermentation. For the applications, a pulping and a bleaching process can utilize this enzyme that can reduce the chemical consumption and pollution loading to the environment without reduce the properties of pulp produced.

The increasing use of recycled paper by the paper industry to support the Green Industry in the Indonesian Pulp and Paper Industry. But technically, there are some disadvantages of recycled fiber usage such as low drainage rate in which boosted the high energy consumption on drying process. As already known, the drying process consumes the highest energy in papermaking. To overcome this problem, the research using the concentrate of endoglucanase Egl-II has done. The steps of research included production of endoglucanase Egl-II; concentration by ultrafiltration method, modification of recycled paper fibers using endoglucanase Egl-II; characterization of paper sheet; and evaluation of energy consumption in drying the sheet of paper. The results showed that endoglucanase Egl-II had increase drainage rate of recycled fiber stock, which indicate by the freeness number. The number had increased by 80ml CSF (Canadian Standard Freeness) from 190ml CSF to 270ml CSF, and fiber retention increased by 0,63% from 99,31% to 99,94%. The dissolved cellobiose test results of recycled fiber stock by the enzyme treatment at low dosage showed that no degradation of cellulose, no change into soluble sugars. Characterization of sheet of paper that has been modified with endoglucanase Egl-II based FTIR spectra showed no change in functional group, SEM results showed on the fiber surface fibrils grow more, and the results of the XRD analysis showed area reduction of amorphous regions is about 6%. The potential for energy efficiency is calculated through thermodynamic approach is about 15%.

White rot fungi have an ability to degrade lignin by employing lignin-degrading enzymes i.e Lignin Peroxidase, Manganese Peroxidase and Laccase. Therefore, the fungi can be utilized on the pretreatment of biomass in pulp making (biopulping) and biobleaching. In this study, the pretreatment using White Rot Fungi of Marasmius sp. has been conducted on the the Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (EFBs). Marasmius sp. has been grown on EFBs for 30 days. The results showed that the lignin content could be removed by 35.94%. However, cellulose and hemicelluloses relatively did not show any changes in the EFBs. From the pulping process, the pretreatment exhibited the Kappa Number of 31.10. Compared to no pretreatment of white rot fungi, the Kappa Number obtained was 38.63. This result demonstrated a promising process for a green pulp making.

Ramie is a fast growing species and contains long fiber that suitable for pulpmaking. The objective of this study was to investigate the white rot fungi that can be used as a biological agent on biopulping process. A four species white rot fungi namely Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Marasmius sp., Trametes hirsuta and Trametes versicolor have been used for the pretreatment on biopulping. Each fungus was grown on ramie fiber at room temperature (±28°C) for 7 days. Lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose were observed to study the efficacy of each fungus. The result showed that Marasmius sp. could remove lignin at highest level (40.7%) than others and produced laccase at highest activity of 163,82 U/L. Cellulose and hemicellulose were insignificantly removed by fungi. At the pulping process, Kappa number of treated ramie by Marasmius sp. was lower than untreated.