Airport air quality is influenced by traffic mainly. Near runway the aircrafts are the main source. The quantification of these emission sources requires remote sensing methods because the airport operations should not be disturbed. DOAS is used in open-path mode to detect continuously NO2 cross the runway during nearly one year. Those runway emission studies were performed for the first time. During the measurement campaign these findings were compared with corresponding aircraft taxiway emission measurements. The concentration measurements of CO2 which are necessary to calculate emission indices are provided by open-path FTIR spectrometry. Aircraft emission indices of CO, NO and NO2 could be determined at taxiway only. Open questions and required further developments will be discussed.

To study the impact of emissions at an airport on local air quality, a measurement campaign at the Zurich airport was performed from 30 June 2004 to 15 July 2004. Measurements of NO, NO2, CO and CO2 were conducted with open path devices to determine real in-use emission indices of aircraft during idling. Additionally, air samples were taken to analyse the mixing ratios of volatile organic compounds (VOC). Temporal variations of VOC mixing ratios on the airport were investigated, while other air samples were taken in the plume of an aircraft during engine ignition. CO concentrations in the vicinity of the terminals were found to be highly dependent on aircraft movement, whereas NO concentrations were dominated by emissions from ground support vehicles. The measured emission indices for aircraft showed a strong dependence upon engine type. Our work also revealed differences from emission indices published in the emission data base of the International Civil Aviation Organisation. Among the VOC, reactive C2–C3 alkenes were found in significant amounts in the exhaust of an engine compared to ambient levels. Also, isoprene, a VOC commonly associated with biogenic emissions, was found in the exhaust, however it was not detected in refuelling emissions. The benzene to toluene ratio was used to discriminate exhaust from refuelling emission. In refuelling emissions, a ratio well below 1 was found, while for exhaust this ratio was usually about 1.7.

To study the development of high air pollution episodes in a valley with urban areas, industry and transit traffic a highway emission study was performed in the Inn valley near Innsbruck, Austria. A DOAS consisting of a emitter/receiver unit and three retroreflectors was used for this study. One path was across the highway (120 m path length) in about 10 m altitude above highway level. Another path was set up in parallel to the highway and the third path was operated perpendicular to and away from the highway. The path across the highway was directly above the air pollution monitoring station Vomp which is only three meters away from the motorway. A measurement campaign was performed between October 2005 and February 2006 including an inter-comparison of the DOAS with in situ measurement devices for NO and NO2 during one week at a site (near Schwaz) in some distance to the main emission sources. The concentrations of NO and NO2 above the highway are clearly dominated by the traffic volume. Higher concentration values were found during week days than during the weekend. The concentrations above the highway are compared to those measured at the other DOAS paths. The daily differences in air pollution e.g. due to temporal variations of highway emissions (10 times higher during peak hours in the morning and afternoon compared to night hours) and meteorological conditions (wind directions) are investigated.

The mixing layer height is an important parameter characterising the potential of the atmospheric boundary layer to take up emitted air pollutants. During continuous measurements in Hanover, Germany, from 2001 until 2003 and around Munich, Germany, in summer and winter 2003 mixing layer heights (MLH) were determined by different remote sensing systems mainly from the thermal structure and turbulence of the air (SODAR), for some time from the aerosol layering of the air (ceilometer), and for a short period directly from the temperature profile (RASS). The temporal variations of the concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 as well as of CO and NOx simultaneously measured near the surface were investigated and correlated with the MLH derived from SODAR data. The pollution measurements were performed inside a street canyon and at an urban background station close to Hanover and at three measurement locations inside and outside of Munich complementing the available monitoring networks. The analyses show that the correlations of pollutant concentrations with MLH are smallest inside street canyons. Correlations at the urban background stations are larger in winter than in summer, and they are larger for the urban stations than for the rural stations. It turns out further that the correlation of NOx concentrations with MLH is larger than the correlation of particles concentrations. Explanations for these findings must consider the varying emission source strengths for NOx and particles and the influence of gas-to-particle conversion within air masses especially during daytime in summer.

Airport air quality is influenced by traffic mainly. These are emissions from road traffic and aircraft. A measurement campaign on the airport Budapest was performed to investigate airport air quality and to identify major sources of air pollutants and to assess air quality for this airport. At four different locations, concentration of CO, CO,, NO, NO, and PM10 as well as meteorological parameters were measured simultaneously. Measurement methodologies were classical in-situ techniques and open-path techniques (DOAS and FTIR). Highest concentrations were found during low wind speed conditions downwind of the airport. To quantify emissions on the airport, inverse dispersion modelling with a Bayesian approach was used on the basis of hourly averaged concentration measurements. Single emissions rates were highest for a car park, while for the whole campaign, aircraft emissions on the taxiway around terminal 2 are most important. Similar levels of emissions are reached for the car park and the freight area. Even though the most important source for NOx, on an airport, starting aircrafts, were not considered during this investigation, the results reveal, that dealing with air quality on airports, all sources of NOx are important, and not only aircrafts.

Air pollutants and meteorological parameters were measured continuously by in situ instruments, path-averaging techniques (up to three DOAS systems), and SODAR inside a street canyon and in the surrounding area of 1 km x 1 km (Gottinger Strasse in Hanover, Germany) from 2001 until 2003 which are available in the data bank ValiData for validation of microscale models. During three IOPs tracer experiments with a SF6 line source, sampling techniques of up to 15 sites and path-averaging FTIR spectrometry were performed. Concentration measurement results at roof level were anti-correlated with SODAR mixing layer heights, while those inside the street canyon are not. Re-circulation flow patterns inside the street canyon were studied together with corresponding wind tunnel experiments.

Air pollutant emission rates of aircrafts are determined with test bed measurements. Regulations exist for CO2, NO, NO2, CO concentrations, the content of total unburned hydrocarbons and the smoke number, a measure of soot. These emission indices are listed for each engine in a data base of the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) for four different Air pollutant emission rates of aircrafts are determined with test bed measurements. Regulations exist for CO2, NO, NO2, CO concentrations, the content of total unburned hydrocarbons and the smoke number, a measure of soot. These emission indices are listed for each engine in a data base of the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) for four different thrust levels (Idle, approach, cruise and take-off). It is a common procedure to use this data base as a starting point to estimate aircraft emissions at airports and further on to calculate the contribution of airports on local air quality. The comparison of these indices to real in use measurements therefore is a vital task to test the quality of air quality models at airports. Here a method to determine emission indices is used, where concentration measurements of CO2 together with other pollutants in the aircraft plume are needed. During intensive measurement campaigns at Zurich (ZRH) and Paris Charles De Gaulle (CDG) airports, concentrations of CO2, NO, NO2 and CO were measured. The measurement techniques were Fourier-Transform-Infrared (FTIR) spectrometry and Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS). The big advantage of these methods is that no operations on the airport are influenced during measurement times. Together with detailed observations of taxiway movements, a comparison of emission indices with real in use emissions is possible.

Summary. The discovery presented in this paper may reshape the stylistic history of Greek art. It is that the torso and limbs of the Riace Bronzes were cast from life, rather than having been previously modelled in clay.

This article argues that classical archaeologists have seriously underestimated the output of heat required to melt a large quantity of bronze and therefore have wrongly reconstructed the ancient casting process. The idea that sufficient metal for casting a bronze of monumental proportions could be heated in a crucible with a charcoal fire ventilated by bellows is not realistic. The following observations are based on solid foundry experience: Nigel Konstam, a bronze sculptor, for many years supervised the casting of monumental bronzes comparable in size to those from Riace. This article has been written by Herbert Hoffmann drawing on Konstam’s notes

The emission rates of diffuse and heterogeneous distributed sources are difficult to determine because point measurements are not representative. Therefore a method was further developed to determine gaseous emission rates by measurements of path-integrated mixing ratios with open-path spectroscopic systems in the exhaust plume (VOC, NH3, CH4, N2O, CO, CO2) and of meteorological parameters. Inverse dispersion modeling is used to quantify the emission rates afterwards with these data. The measurements are performed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) at 50 to 500 m optical path lengths about 1 to 20 m above ground level. The measurement accuracy for greenhouse gases and ammonia is about plus or minus 10% and for BTX about plus or minus 30%. The whole method was validated at a livestock building with a single exhaust chimney. The Gaussian model PAL was applied for inverse modeling to investigate limited pieces of land and isolated facilities in flat terrain. Including the accuracy of the dispersion simulations the determined emission rates have an error margin of about plus or minus 30%. Results of measurement campaigns are discussed as emission rates of ammonia from slurry spreading as well as of benzene from gas stations and a tank farm.

The six donor-acceptor spiro compounds spiro[1,3-dioxolane-2,2'-indan]-1',3'-dione (8), spiro[indan-2,2'-[1,3]oxathiolane]-1,3-dione (9), spiro[1,3-dithiolane-2,2'-indan]-1',3'-dione (10), spiro[1,3-benzodioxole-2,2'-indan]-1',3'-dione (11), 5-methylspiro[1,3-benzodithiole-2,2'-indan]-1',3'-dione (12), and spiro[indan-2,2'-naphtho[2,3-d]-1,3-dioxole]-1,3-dione (13) have been prepared. Their He(I) photoelectron spectra and their UV/Vis spectra have been investigated. A comparison between the first PE bands of the spiro compounds and the corresponding fragments indicates only a very weak interaction between both parts. The UV/Vis spectra of 11-13 show a moderate long-wavelength shift of the first band as compared to 1,3-indandione. This band is assigned to a transition from the HOMO(pi), localized at the donor fragment, to the LUMO(pi*) of the acceptor moiety (charge transfer). X-ray investigations of 8-10 and 13 show no interaction between the two perpendicularly arranged moieties.

Dulce et decorum pro patria mori (pp. 127-135) A propos de l'image décorant le col d'un rhyton à tête de bélier du Musée de Boston, on se propose de dépasser le niveau, purement iconographique, de l'identification des personnages pour en retrouver le sens global en envisageant le vase dans une perspective anthropologique. L'idéologie péricléenne de la mort glorieuse de l'hoplite pour la cité et du sacrifice paradigmatique consenti par les mères donne la clef de cette image représentant un jeune homme assis devant une femme qui lui tend ses armes.

Ambazone (1,4-benzoquinone guanylhydrazone thiosemicarbazone) was found to be active against various transplantable tumors in mice as well as rats. When administered orally for 4–9 days, the effective therapeutic dose ranged between 60 and 125 mg/kg. The antineoplastic effect of ambazone appeared to be mediated, at least in part, by the immune system. In order to characterize the drug, biophysical and biophysicochemical studies were carried out using thin-layer chromatography, absorption spectroscopy and polarographic measurements. The distribution of ambazone in an n-octanol/water system indicated low hydrophobicity, thereby excluding the possibility of a preferential contribution from hydrophobic forces to the mode of action of ambazone. Ambazone undergoes three protonation reactions with pK values at 10.69 (equilibrium between the negatively charged and neutral forms), 7.39 (equilibrium between the neutral and singly positively charged form) and 6.22 (equilibrium between the singly and doubly positively charged form). Interaction of the drug with model membrane systems was monitored by spectrophotometric and fluorescence measurements. Using the fluorescence label 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonic acid (ANS) as a probe pointed to the interaction of ambazone with the inner area of the phospholipid bilayer matrix of liposomes as being nonspecific. Ambazone induces an overall increase in the cellular cAMP content of leukemia cells and macrophages. So far, membrane interaction has provided a molecular basis for both immunological and antineoplastic activities of the drug. By performing DNA melting experiments, it was shown that neutral or singly positively charged anibazone species stabilize the secondary structure of DNA, while the doubly positively charged form binds more strongly and destabilizes the DNA. After oral administration to rats and mice, ambazone was found to be incompletely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, to an extent of about 35–50%. Absorbed ambazone binds only weakly to plasma proteins, whereas its binding to red blood cells is relatively strong. The mutagenic potential of ambazone shown in bacterial systems and human lymphocytes corresponds to its relatively weak interaction with DNA. The toxic action of ambazone on the intestine is believed to be due to inhibition by the drug of bacterial DNA, RNA and protein syntheses. It is assumed that the reported affinity of ambazone for different cellular targets, i.e., membranes, nucleic acids and proteins, contributes to the overall antibacterial effect. The weak antiviral activity of ambazone in the Sendai virus/chicken embryo fibroblast system is probably the result of the interaction with Sendai virus NH glycoprotein.