Bu araştırmanın amacı; toplam karma rasyon (Kontrol, K), fermente olmuş toplam karma rasyon (Kontrol Fermente, KF) ve yan ürünlerle hazırlanmış fermente besi yeminin (Yan ürün Fermente, YF) Brangus ırkı erkek danalarında besi performansı üzerindeki etkilerini incelemektir. Araştırmada toplam 114 Brangus ırkı besi danası kullanılmış ve 3 ana gruba ayrılmış ve her bir ana grubun altında 5 adet alt grup oluşturulmuştur. Bütün danalar besi başlangıcında ve daha sonra aylık olarak tartılmış, kuru madde tüketimleri, günlük canlı ağırlık artışları ve yemden yararlanma oranları hesaplanmıştır. Hayvanların başlangıç ve bitiş canlı ağırlıklarında gruplar arasında istatistiki bir farklılık saptanmamıştır (P>0.05). Danaların günlük canlı ağırlık artışları yaklaşık 1.50 kg bandında tespit edilmiş ve gruplar arasında istatistiki bir fark bulunmamıştır (P>0.05). Diğer taraftan günlük kuru madde tüketimlerinde ise K, KF ve YF gruplarında sırasıyla 10.68, 11.66 ve 10.64 kg/gün olarak tespit edilmiş olup gruplar arasında bir eğilim saptanmıştır (P=0.08). Aynı şekilde yemden yararlanma oranlarında da K, KF ve YF gruplarında sırasıyla 6.93, 7.52 ve 7.09 olarak tespit edilmiş olup gruplara arasında bir eğilim saptanmıştır (P=0.08). Diğer yandan YF grubu ile beslenen danalar; K ile beslenen gruba göre aynı canlı ağırlığa aynı günlerde ulaşabilmekte ve günlük hayvan başına 2.81 TL daha ucuza beslenmektedirler. Sonuç olarak bu araştırmadan; yan ürünlerin fermente edilip Brangus besi danalarına verilmesi durumunda besi performansında diğer gruplara göre farklılık yaratmadığı ancak ekonomik olarak büyük fayda sağladığı sonucu çıkarılabilmektedir.

This study conducted to determine effect of the rumen-protected choline and methionine supplementation to peripartum dairy cattle on metabolic profile, metabolic disorders and some reproductive parameters.For this, 3-6 year-old, multiparous, healthy and pregnant 32 high-yield Holstein dairy cows were divided into 4 different groups during trial as: a control (CON) group with no supplementation to the ration; a 75 gr/day rumen-protected choline chloride (CHOL) supplemented group, 42 gr/ day methionine (MET) supplemented group, 75 gr/ day choline chloride and 42 gr/ day methionine (MET + CHOL) supplemented group were during three weeks before and after parturation.Blood samples were taken at wk -3, calving, wk 3 and wk 10 and were analyzed.Health problems and reproductive data were recorded during treatment.Statistically significant differences were detected in non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), glucose, total protein, albumin, direct bilirubin, total cholesterol and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL).Results of this study suggested that rumen-protected choline and methionine supplementation to the rations of dairy cattle affected some metabolic profile parameters.The statistical differences in metabolic profile tests did not affect metabolic diseases and reproductive parameters.

The objective of this trial was to determine the effect of exogenous amylase during the transition period in dairy cows on dry matter intake and lactation performance. The effect of exogenous amylase supplementation on lactation diets with low starch concentration (19.5% of dry matter) and dry period diets with moderate starch concentration (15.5% of dry matter) was evaluated. A total of 30 multiparus Holstein cows were randomly assigned to two groups fed diets with (n=15) or without amylase (n=15). Treatments were granular amylase (0.5 g of Ronozyme RumiStar per kg of total mixed ration dry matter) or control. The research was conducted starting at 21 d prepartum until 84 d postpartum. Starch and neutral detergent fiber concentrations averaged 15.5±0.5% and 15.7±0.9%, 42.6±1.1% and 43.4±1.2% in close up diets and 19.8±2.9% and 19.4±0.5%, 33.6±0.8% and 34.2±0.6% in lactation diets for control and amylase, respectively. Dry matter intake, milk yield and composition were evaluated for differences between treatments. Postpartum intakes of dry matter (DMI) and organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), crude protein (CP), and starch intake were unaffected by treatment. Milk yield was not influenced by treatment, but numerically greater by 2.0 kg/d for cows fed amylase compared with control diet. The percentages of milk fat, protein and lactose were not impressed by treatment, however fat-, solid-, and energy-corrected milk were 2 kg/d greater for cows fed amylase diet than for cows fed control diet. Fat-, solid-, and energy-corrected milk feed conversions (kg/kg DMI) were 5 to 6% greater for cows fed amylase diet than for cows fed control diet (P<0.01). It was concluded that inclusion of amylase improved the feed efficiency of lactating cows fed a low starch diet, may offer for potential to increase milk yield; but the enzyme did not affect DMI.

The objective of this trial was to determine the effect of exogenous amylase during the transition period on total tract digestibility, rumen pH and blood urea nitrogen in lactating dairy cows. The effect of exogenous dietary amylase supplementation on lactation diets with low starch concentration (19.5% of dry matter) and dry period diets with moderate starch concentration was evaluated (15.5% of dry matter). A total of 30 multiparus Holstein cows were randomly assigned to two groups with amylase (n=15) or control (n=15). Three cows from each group were randomly selected and ruminally cannulated for digestibility trials. The research was conducted starting at 21 d prepartum until 84 d postpartum. Digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, starch, and crude protein remained unaffected by treatment in postpartum. Average pre- and postpartum rumen pH concentrations were 6.25 and 6.15, respectively, and did not differ between treatments. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations were lower in cows fed amylase supplemented diet compared to those fed diet without amylase in both pre- and postpartum periods (P<0.001). In conclusion, the dietary supplementation of amylase did may not affect the digestibility of nutrients, however, it may decrease the BUN concentration in pre- and postpartum period for cows fed amylase. Therefore, it may offer potential for improving nitrogen efficiency in dairy cows.

The objective of this trial was to determine the effect of exogenous amylase during the transition period in dairy cows on dry matter intake and lactation performance. The effect of exogenous amylase supplementation on lactation diets with low starch concentration (19.5% of dry matter) and dry period diets with moderate starch concentration (15.5% of dry matter) was evaluated. A total of 30 multiparus Holstein cows were randomly assigned to two groups fed diets with (n=15) or without amylase (n=15). Treatments were granular amylase (0.5 g of Ronozyme RumiStar per kg of total mixed ration dry matter) or control. The research was conducted starting at 21 d prepartum until 84 d postpartum. Starch and neutral detergent fiber concentrations averaged 15.5 +/- 0.5% and 15.7 +/- 0.9%, 42.6 +/- 1.1% and 43.4 +/- 1.2% in close up diets and 19.8 +/- 2.9% and 19.4 +/- 0.5%, 33.6 +/- 0.8% and 34.2 +/- 0.6% in lactation diets for control and amylase, respectively. Dry matter intake, milk yield and composition were evaluated for differences between treatments. Postpartum intakes of dry matter (DMI) and organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), crude protein (CP), and starch intake were unaffected by treatment. Milk yield was not influenced by treatment, but numerically greater by 2.0 kg/d for cows fed amylase compared with control diet. The percentages of milk fat, protein and lactose were not impressed by treatment, however fat-, solid-, and energy-corrected milk were 2 kg/d greater for cows fed amylase diet than for cows fed control diet. Fat-, solid-, and energy-corrected milk feed conversions (kg/kg DMI) were 5 to 6% greater for cows fed amylase diet than for cows fed control diet (P< 0.01). It was concluded that inclusion of amylase improved the feed efficiency of lactating cows fed a low starch diet, may offer for potential to increase milk yield; but the enzyme did not affect DMI.

The objective of this study was to investigate the usefulness of leptin measurements for predicting back fat thickness and the amount of carcase fat in lambs with varying body weights (BWs). Blood samples were taken from 20 male Awassi lambs at 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40kg BW. Tail, omental, dissected, and total fat were measured at slaughter (40kg BW). Ultrasound fat thickness (UFT) increased with BW (p<.05) whereas leptin concentration tended to increase (p=.09). Serum leptin concentration was correlated with BW for 25, 30, 35, and 40kg BW (r=0.53, 0.52, 0.51 and 0.61, respectively; p<.05) and with UFT for 30, 35, and 40kg BW (r=0.50, 0.51 and 0.59, respectively; p<.05); therefore it appears that leptin concentration is not a suitable predictor for BW and UFT in low BW lambs. In addition, similar correlations were found for leptin concentration and hot carcase, omental, dissected, and total fat weights (r=0.62, 0.64, 0.66 and 0.76, respectively; p<.05) but not for tail fat (p>.05 for 40kg BW). The introduction of UFT and BW as independent variables in addition to leptin in the multiple regression equations improved the predictions for carcase fat only (57.6%, p<.05; 57.8%, p<.05 and 60.7%, p>.05 for leptin, leptin+UFT and leptin+BW, respectively). Leptin was a single predictor for omentum and dissected fat (41.4%, p<.05 and 43.5%, p<.05 respectively) whereas no improvement was observed for tail fat (p>.05). The other variables (UFT and BW) were not a predictor (p>.05) except for total fat (p>.05). These results indicate that serum leptin concentration in association with BW and UFT could be used to estimate total fat (tail, omental and dissectible carcase fat) in male Awassi lambs.

Seventeen nonlactating Holstein cows were superovulated in a Latin-square designed experiment to determine the effects of increased propylene glycol (PROP) and luteinizing hormone (LH) during antral follicle development on ovarian function, fertilization, and early embryo quality. PROP was orally drenched every 4 h for 7 days to induce hyperinsulinemia and associated metabolic changes. LH concentrations were altered by increasing LH (3-fold) during last 2 days of superovulation. Treatment groups were as follows: (1) control-oral drenching with water plus low-LH preparation; (2) high LH(HLH)-water plus HLH preparation; (3) PROP-drenching with PROP plus low LH; (4) PROP/HLH-PROP plus HLH. PROP increased glucose (P < 0.05) and insulin (P < 0.02) concentrations at all time points analyzed. Neither PROP nor LH affected numbers of follicles > 9 mm at time of gonadotropin-releasing hormone-induced LH surge, although percentage of these follicles that ovulated was decreased by both PROP (P = 0.002) and LH (P = 0.048). In addition, PROP tended (P = 0.056) to decrease total number of ovulations. PROP reduced (P = 0.028) fertilization rate, while LH tended (P = 0.092) to increase fertilization rate. There was no effect of either PROP or LH on any measure of embryo quality including percentage of embryos that were degenerate, quality 1, or quality 1 and 2 of total structures collected or fertilized structures. These results indicate that acute elevation in insulin during the preovulatory follicular wave can decrease percentage of large follicles that ovulate, particularly when combined with increased LH, and reduce fertilization of ovulated oocytes.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of initial fattening age on carcass and meat quality of Simmental bulls imported from Austria to Turkey.These animals were allocated to two initial ages of fattening groups, namely young (n = 74) and old group (n = 61) at 5.5 and 7.5 months old, respectively.After reaching the target final weights, the animals were slaughtered and the carcass characteristics, area and circumference of the longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) muscle, marbling score, and meat quality, including cooking loss, water-holding capacity (WHC), shear force (WBSF), and colour parameters were evaluated in six animals per group.A comparison of hot and cold carcass weights and dressing percentages, LTL circumference, fat thickness values and marbling score indicated no significant differences between young and old groups.However, the LTL area was significantly affected by the initial age.There were no significant differences between groups in WHC, cooking loss, and WBSF values and meat colour parameters.The results of this study showed that the initial fattening age of bulls showed no significant effect on carcass and meat quality parameters, except the LTL area.The LTL area was significantly higher in young group than the old group.Further studies are needed to improve carcass and meat quality of imported Simmental bulls through modifying the initial fattening age.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of three different dietary starch levels on postpartum milk yield, blood metabolites, and reproductive traits in cows. A total of 23 primiparous Holstein-Friesian cows were fed three different diets including different starch levels on a dry matter basis from parturition until day 80. Cows were randomly assigned into the three groups according to the starch levels: low (LS, 16%, n = 7), medium (MS, 20%, n = 8), and high (HS, 24%, n = 8). Milk yields were recorded daily, and body condition score (BCS) was determined every week. Transrectal ultrasonography was performed, and blood samples were taken three times each week to determine reproductive traits and blood metabolites. Although the milk yield was greater in the LS group compared to the other groups, BCS and blood metabolites did not differ among the groups. The postpartum follicular patterns, times of first postpartum ovulation, and involution processes did not differ among the groups. In addition, the ovulatory follicle and corpus luteum sizes and the progesterone levels after induced estrus were numerically greater in HS than other groups. Thus, there were no effects of starch levels on postpartum reproductive traits.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a short-term supplementation with liquid oligofructose-enriched inulin on faecal characteristics and selected serum metabolites of healthy Saanen kids. Twenty-four kids (44 days of age) were allotted to a control (CG) or an experimental (EG) group. Each group consisted of 12 kids. Each kid in EG was supplemented with 0.8 and 1.6 g/d of oligofructose-enriched inulin from day 1 to 5 and from day 6 to 15, respectively. Liquid oligofructose-enriched inulin supplementation did not affect faecal score and pH (P > 0.05). Faecal acetate, propionate and total SCFA concentrations did not differ (P > 0.05) between CG and EG, whereas faecal butyrate concentration was higher (P< 0.05) in kids supplemented with liquid oligofructose-enriched inulin. Due to trophic and antiinflammatory effects of butyrate, we hypothesize that oligofructose-enriched inulin supplementation may be useful to help tissue repair and regeneration, particularly during an intestinal infection. Faecal Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Clostridium perfringens concentrations were not affected by oligofructose-enriched inulin supplementation (P > 0.05). Daily dose of oligofructose-enriched inulin tended to increase serum glucose concentrations (P < 0.09, P < 0.08). Serum urea and albumin concentrations were similar between groups (P > 0.05). Serum total protein and globulin levels were lower in EG compared with CG (P < 0.05). During the experimental period lasting for 15 days, there were no differences in growth performance parameters between groups (P > 0.05).

The objective of this report was to describe peracute urea poisoning deaths in 84 Ile de France and Merinos breed sheep due to following the consumption of new packages of grain barley on July 30, 2014 in Ivrindi, Balıkesir, Turkey. The owner of the sheep and a local veterinarian reported that in the farm there were in total 800 sheep, and 325 of animals were fed with new packages of grain barleys and 84 of which were observed dead after feeding in three-four hours. Clinical signs in all affected animals prior to death were uneasiness and ataxia, incoordination, grinding teeth, salivation, severe struggling and bellowing, abdominal bloat, lateral re-cumbence, convulsions, and deaths occurred in one and half hour after first clinical signs. The presences of white urea particles were intensive especially at the bottom of the packages of barley. Urea, crude protein, nitrate and nitrite analysis were performed in barley samples. Analysed barley samples had quite high urea concentration (8.76%) and crude protein (27.81%). Anamnesis, clinical signs and laboratory analysis indicated peracute urea poisoning in sheep. p.p1 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px 'Times New Roman'; min-height: 15.0px} p.p2 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 10.0px 'Times New Roman'} span.s1 {font: 12.0px 'Times New Roman'}

Twenty Holstein calves were used to investigate the effects of mannanoligosaccharides (MOS) supplementation in the whole milk on growth performance, faecal score, faecal pH, selected faecal bacterial populations and health during the preweaning period. Healthy calves selected by clinical examination were allocated to one of the two groups (control [ CG] and experimental [ EG]) at 5 days old. Each group consisted of 5 male and 5 female calves. Each calf in EG was supplemented with 7 g/d of a MOS product (Celmanax) from 5 days to 56 days of age. MOS supplement was mixed with the whole milk once in the morning and administered to the calves in EG via nipple bottle, whereas the calves in CG were fed the whole milk without MOS. Calves were weaned at 56 days of age. The final body weight, average daily weight gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) were statistically similar (p>0.05) but were higher by 3.70%, 6.66%, and 10.97%, respectively, in MOS than in control calves. Feed efficiency (ADG/ADFI) was also similar in two calves group. While faecal scores did not differ on day 5, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 49, and 56 between groups, EG had a higher faecal score (p=0.05) than CG on day 35. Faecal concentration of Lactobacillus was lower (p<0.05) in EG compared with CG. No differences (p>0.05) in faecal concentrations of Bifidobacterium, Clostridium perfringens, and Escherichia coli were found between groups. Although there were no significant differences (p>0.05) in the incidence of diarrhoea, treatment days for diarrhoea and the costs associated with diarrhoea treatments between groups, collectively, the observed reductions in treatment days and the cost of diarrhoea treatments accompanying increases in final body weight, ADG and ADFI for EG may indicate potential benefit of MOS in treatment of diarrhoea.

The effect of administration of butaphosphan and cyanocobalamin on the prophylaxis of pregnancy toxaemia in ewe was investigated. Moreover, the effects of these compounds on body weight gain and biochemical metabolism of pregnant ewe was assessed. A total of 59 pregnant Kivircik crossbred ewes were used in this study. Group I (n: 15) was administered butaphosphan and cyanocobalamin three times before delivery at 1-week intervals. Group II (n: 15) was administered butaphosphan and cyanocobalamin three times before delivery at 3-day intervals. Group III (n: 15) was administered 0.9% NaCl three times before delivery at 1-week intervals. Group IV (n: 14) was administered 0.9%NaCI three times before delivery at 3-day intervals. Six blood samples Were taken from each ewe four times before delivery and two times after delivery. Haematological and biochemical analyses were performed.The levels of BHB and NEFA in groups administered butaphosphan and cyanocobalamin were noticeably lower but there were no statistically significance. Elevated BHB (>0.8 mmol/L), subclinical pregnancies toxaemia were identified in 56.66% in test groups and 72.41% in control groups in all ewes and this was higher in the ewes bearing multiple pregnancies 71.42 in test groups and 82.35% in control groups. Subclinical pregnancy toxaemia in pregnant ewes with twins or triplets is lower than the levels for the control groups, despite the greater lamb counts and weights of the ewes in test groups.Based on our results, it was concluded that the butaphosphan and cyanocobalamin combination could be used as an alternative treatment for the prevention of pregnancy toxaemia. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The objective of this trial was to evaluate the effects of feed restriction (FR) on serum glucose, nonesterified fatty acids, progesterone (P4), insulin, and milk production in dairy cows. Eight multiparous Holstein cows, 114±14 d pregnant and 685±39kg of body weight, were randomly assigned to a replicated 4×4 Latin square design with 14-d periods. During the first 8 d of each period, cows in all treatments were fed for ad libitum feed intake. Beginning on d 9 of each period, cows received 1 of 4 treatments: ad libitum (AL), 25% feed restriction (25FR), 50% feed restriction (50FR), and 50% of TMR replaced with wheat straw (50ST). Daily feed allowance was divided into 3 equal portions allocated every 8h with jugular blood samples collected immediately before each feeding through d 14. In addition, on d 12 of each period, blood samples were collected before and at 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360, 420, and 480min after morning feeding. The conventional total mixed ration and total mixed ration with straw averaged 15.1 and 10.8%, 32.1 and 50.5%, and 26.8 and 17.0% for concentrations of crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and starch, respectively. Cows that were feed and energy restricted had reduced dry matter intake, net energy for lactation intake, circulating glucose concentrations, and milk production, but greater body weight and body condition score losses than AL cows. Circulating concentrations of insulin were lower for cows fed 50FR (8.27μIU/mL) and 50ST (6.24μIU/mL) compared with cows fed AL (16.65μIU/mL) and 25FR (11.16μIU/mL). Furthermore, the greatest plasma nonesterified fatty acids concentration was observed for 50ST (647.7μEq/L), followed by 50FR (357.5μEq/L), 25FR (225.3μEq/L), and AL (156.3μEq/L). In addition, serum P4 concentration was lower for cows fed AL than cows fed 50ST and 25FR. Thus, FR reduced circulating glucose and insulin but increased P4 concentration, changes that may be positive in reproductive management programs.

The aim of the study was to determine the effects of dietary organic acid blend (OAB) and oregano essential oil (OEO) combination (Lunacompacid Herbex Dry) on the performance and Cp count in the ileum of broiler chickens, and establish connections between performance and Cp proliferation. A total of 200 one day-old Avian Farm male broiler chicks were randomly divided into 2 equal groups (not supplemented control and birds receiving dietary addition of Lunacompacid Herbex Dry (2g/kg of food) for 6 weeks. Body weights, body weight gains, food intake and food efficiency were weekly evaluated in the present study. Hot carcass weight and yield, and the ileum Ph and Cp count in the ileum content of broiler chickens were determined at the end of the experiment. In the present study, the combination of dietary OAB and OEO significantly decreased ileum pH (P<0.05) and Cp count (P<0.001) in the ileum content, but did not influence growth and carcass performance of broiler chickens. It was concluded that the lack of significant effects on broiler performance could be related to ideal rearing condition of our experiment. It is possible that the use of OAB and OEO combination in diets of broiler housed under suboptimal conditions may keep down Cp proliferation in the chicken gut and therefore may improve performance in this way.