For contemporary IT services, Wireless communication, facilitated by mobile phones, is a fundamental infrastructure. 5G comprises RAN (Radio Access Network) and Mobile Core (5GC) technologies. Specifically, 5GC handles communication from smartphones and IoT devices, enabling communication tailored to each use case, thereby solidifying its position as the Mobile Core system within the 5G network. With the recent proliferation of smartphones and IoT devices, along with advancements such as digital twins, there has been a substantial increase in traffic demand on 5GC. This surge has compelled telecom companies to invest heavily in equipment upgrades and operational maintenance to ensure stable 5GC communication. To address the challenges in the Mobile Core, our research has aimed at reimagining the 5GC architecture. We introduced Cloud5GC, a groundbreaking solution that transitions away from traditional function-based systematization towards a more cohesive micro Mobile core architecture. Implementing Cloud5GC on a public cloud platform demonstrated its flexibility, resilience, and fault-tolerance. Our findings underscore the architectural excellence of Cloud5GC, representing a significant advancement in 5G communications.

In standard Mobile Core Network (CN), a single Network Function (NF) serves a large number of User Equipments (UEs), and the context of a UE is kept across multiple NFs. This architecture has a large impact range when a problem or operation occurs in a NF, which may cause a major outage. In this paper, we propose novel 5G Core Network (5GC) architecture named Procedure-based 5GC (Proc5GC) that provides reactive and stateless procedural processing for each UE. This paper describes a proof-of-concept implementation of a minimum system of Proc5GC and confirms that it works.