We have recently developed a novel PEG-lipid-modified antibody to enhance the induction of apoptosis by the agonistic antibody. The chemically modified TRA-8 antibody [anti-death receptor 5 (DR5) antibody] with PEG-lipid (DSPE-PEG) demonstrated significant cytotoxic activity in vitro without the need for crosslinking with a secondary antibody, which is typically required. We investigated the correlation between the PEG-lipid structure and the cytotoxic activity of the modified antibodies by varying the PEG length or lipid structure. However, when the DSPE-PEG-modified TRA-8 antibody was incubated with plasma, it lost its cytotoxic activity, likely due to degradation in the DSPE-PEG component. Nevertheless, by designing new PEG-lipids that are intended to be resistant to enzymatic degradation, we were able to prevent this degradation and restore the cytotoxic activity of the modified antibody. These findings provide valuable insights for the design of PEG-lipid-modified antibodies and suggest their potential effectiveness in enhancing cancer therapy

Proactive health behavior change and maintenance are essential for preventing obesity and other lifestyle diseases. Few studies have examined the relationship between eating behavior and physical condition among multiethnic samples. In this study, ethnic differences were examined to obtain basic data on health education for improvement of obesity in Hawai'i. The intake of fruits and vegetables and exercise habits in each of the transtheoretical model stages of change were evaluated in the 4 most populous ethnic groups in Hawai'i in terms of how the participants' health behaviors were associated with obesity. The participants comprised 2795 white, Native Hawaiian, Filipino, and Japanese adults (age range, 18-55 years). There are 4 main findings of this study. First, there were differences in fruit and vegetable intake and exercise habits in each transtheoretical model stage among the ethnic groups. Second, there were differences in attitudes regarding nutrition and healthy food intake and self-efficacy regarding exercise in each ethnic group. Third, items that have the potential to improve obesity in the theory of planned behavior differed, particularly among men, in the 4 ethnic groups. Finally, a low percentage of participants recognized that the recommended number of servings of fruits and vegetables was 5 or more. Education for men may be particularly important. The findings indicate that modified health education approaches may be needed in accordance with the ethnicity of the population.

We have developed a technology for efficiently enhancing the anticancer apoptosis-inducing activity of agonistic antibodies against the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily by the formation of immunoliposomes. To induce apoptosis in cancer cells, agonistic antibodies to the TNFR superfamily normally need cross-linking by internal immune effector cells via the Fc region after binding to receptors on the cell membrane. To develop apoptosis-inducing antibodies that do not require the support of cross-linking by immune cells, we prepared immunoliposomes conjugated with TRA-8, an agonistic antibody against death receptor 5 (DR5), with various densities of antibody on the liposome surface, and evaluated their activities. The TRA-8 immunoliposomes exhibited apoptosis-inducing activity against various DR5-positive human carcinoma cells at a significantly lower concentration without cross-linking than that of the original TRA-8 and its natural ligand (TRAIL). The activity of the immunoliposomes was correlated with the density of antibodies on the surface. As the antibody component, not only the full-length antibody but also the Fab' fragment could be used, and the TRA-8 Fab' immunoliposomes also showed exceedingly high activity compared with the parental antibody, namely, TRA-8. Moreover, cytotoxicity of the TRA-8 full-length or Fab' immunoliposome against normal cells, such as human primary hepatocytes, was lower than that for TRAIL. Enhanced activity was also observed for immunoliposomes conjugated with other apoptosis-inducing antibodies against other receptors of the TNFR superfamily, such as death receptor 4 (DR4) and Fas. Thus, immunoliposomes are promising as a new modality that could exhibit significant activity at a low dose, for cost-effective application of an antibody fragment and with stable efficacy independent of the intratumoral environment of patients as a TNF superfamily agonistic therapy.

A life cycle assessment (LCA) was performed on five commonly applied sewage sludge treatment practices: dewatering of mixed sludge (DMS), lime stabilisation of dewatered sludge (LIMS), anaerobic digestion of mixed sludge (ADS), dewatering of anaerobically-digested sludge (DADS) and incineration of dewatered anaerobically-digested sludge (INC). In the first four scenarios, the sludge residues were applied on agricultural land, while in the fifth scenario ash from sludge incineration was landfilled. It was found that the sludge treatment technology influenced in which processes carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) emissions happened. In general, the INC scenario performed better than or comparably to the scenarios with land application of the sludge. Human toxicity (non-carcinogenic) and eco-toxicity showed the highest normalised impact potentials for all the scenarios with land application. In both categories, impacts were dominated by the application of zinc and copper to agricultural soil. For the eutrophication potentials, different scenarios appeared beneficial depending on the receiving compartment in focus. The fate of phosphorus (P) dominated freshwater eutrophication, while the fate of N had a profound effect on all non-toxic impact categories other than freshwater eutrophication. The sensitivity analysis showed that the results were sensitive to soil and precipitation conditions. The ranking of scenarios was affected by local conditions for marine eutrophication. Overall, the present study highlighted the importance of including all sludge treatment stages and conducting a detailed N flow analysis, since the emission of reactive N into the environment is the major driver for almost all non-toxic impact categories.

The amount of waste which is being recycled is increasing in Europe. Garden waste is increasingly composted and land applied. However, composting to full maturity requires resources in terms of space, equipment and labour. Alternatives could include a simple shredding, or composting for a shorter time. Finally, an option could be to remove trunks and large branches which are not easy to compost and incinerate them to recover energy. In order to assess these options and the associated environmental impacts, it is necessary to have good estimates of emissions and other inventory factors during the different steps of the life cycle of the compost products. Especially, the impacts occurring after land application are difficult to estimate. The objective of the current paper is to estimate environmental inventory factors for land application of four garden waste products: shredded garden waste, shredded garden waste after removal of the woody fraction, immature garden waste compost and mature garden waste compost. Soil incubations of the materials were conducted in order to assess the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics occurring after incorporation in soil. Subsequently, the results were used to calibrate the mineralisation kinetics of the materials in the agroecosystem model Daisy. Subsequently, the model was used to simulate C and N dynamics under different environmental conditions and emissions to the environment and used to derive inventory factors. Nine soil and climate combinations were included in the simulation study to cover local conditions commonly found in Northern Europe. The degradability of the garden waste products increased when the woody fraction of garden waste was removed and generally the degradability of the product was decreased by composting. All four products showed initial immobilisation of N in soil, but it was clear that removal of the woody fraction and composting reduced the length and severity of the immobilisation phase. The approach taken in the current paper using soil incubations to estimate decomposition parameters for the materials and subsequently an agroecosystem model to extrapolate the observations proved efficient at estimating inventory factors under various environmental conditions and fertilisation levels. Under low N availability conditions, the harvest factor, which estimates the fraction of N harvested in response to application of an amount of compost ranged between 0.10 and 0.18 for a sandy loam soil and medium precipitation conditions for Northern European while it ranged from negative values to 0.12 under conditions of ample N supply. These results were also clearly reflected in the emission factors for N leaching to the groundwater and losses to surface water, which were higher under high N availability than under low. The harvest factor, emission factors for ammonia, N leaching to ground water and loss to surface water proved to be very dependent on the local conditions like the soil type, precipitation regime and general fertilisation level, whereas the biochemical composition of the materials was of less importance for these factors. In contrast, the C sequestration factor was almost unaffected by the environmental conditions but depended to a large extent on the degradability of the added material.

Land application of sewage sludge has a number of advantages over other alternatives, but is also associated with environmental impacts. To make proper assessments of different sludge treatments, it is crucial to have reliable estimates of emissions after the application of different sludge types. However, because of the complexity of the agricultural production system, it is difficult to estimate emissions consistently under different conditions. In the current paper, a mechanistic agro-ecosystem model was calibrated to be able to simulate different sludge types stabilized using different techniques. Subsequently, 100 year model simulations were used to provide emission factors as well as harvest and carbon sequestration factors (collectively called environmental inventory factors) under a variety of environmental conditions. Environmental inventory factors were calculated under both high crop response conditions (i.e. when nitrogen was limiting) and low crop response conditions (i.e. when nitrogen was not limiting). The average high response nitrogen harvest factor over the tested environmental conditions was ranging from 0.06 to 0.30 for the different sludge types included. This means that if an additional 1 kg of nitrogen is applied with sludge, between 0.06 and 030 kg additional nitrogen is harvested. This is considerably lower than for mineral fertilizer with an average value of 0.63. The low response harvest factors were considerably lower, ranging from 0.03 to 0.13. The emission factor for nitrous oxide nitrogen was ranging from 0.024 to 0.034, consistently being higher under high response conditions. For nitrogen leaching to the groundwater, the high response emission factor ranged from 0.20 to 0.50 for the different sludge types while the low response were slightly higher ranging from 0.18 to 0.55. The average carbon sequestration factor across the different environmental conditions ranged from 0.03 to 0.05 for the different sludge types. In conclusion, the approach using an agro-ecosystem model to estimate inventory factors associated with land application of sludge under varying conditions proved very powerful and would have been virtually impossible by experimental means. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

To search for bulk motions of the intracluster medium, we analyzed the X-ray spectra taken with the Suzaku satellite and measured the Doppler shift of Fe-K line emission from eight nearby clusters of galaxies with various X-ray morphologies. In the cores of the Centaurus and Perseus clusters, the gas bulk velocity does not exceed the sound velocity, which confirms the results of previous research. For the Cen45 subcluster, we found that the radial velocity relative to the Centaurus core, <780 km s^-1, is significantly smaller than that reported in the optical band at the 3.9 sigma level, which suggests an offset between the gas and galaxy distributions along the line of sight due to the subcluster merger. In A2199, A2142, A3667, and A133, no significant bulk motion was detected, indicating an upper limit on the radial velocity of 3000-4000 km s^-1. A sign of large bulk velocity in excess of the instrumental calibration uncertainty was found near the center of cool-core cluster A2029 and in the subcluster of the merging cluster A2255, suggesting that the nonthermal pressure support is not negligible in estimating the total gravitational mass of not only merging clusters but also relaxed clusters as predicted by numerical simulations. To improve the significance of the detection, however, a further examination by follow-up observations is required. The present study provides a pilot survey prior to the future high-resolution spectroscopy with ASTRO-H, which is expected to play a critical role in revealing the dynamical evolutions of clusters.

Cervico-isthmic pregnancies (CIP) are often complicated by massive hemorrhage due to placenta previa and adhesion. Herein, we present a case of CIP without placenta previa, complicated by cervical incompetency. A 39-year-old multiparous woman was diagnosed with CIP at 8 weeks. The placenta was located on the normal site, and no significant ultrasonographic findings were noted after 14 weeks. At 20 weeks, a cervical incompetency was complicated. A healthy infant was delivered by a cesarean hysterectomy at term. Histopathological examination confirmed CIP with placenta increta. In cases with CIP without placenta previa, the diagnosis during early gestation and careful evaluation of uterine cervix is essential to avoid severe complications.

Application of sewage sludge on agricultural land becomes more and more common in many parts of the world in order to recycle the nutrients from the sludge. A range of sewage sludge stabilization techniques are available to make the sludge more stable prior to storage, transportation, and application. These stabilization techniques include dewatering, drying, anaerobic digestion, composting, and reed bed sludge treatment. However, very few studies have investigated the effect of these techniques after the sludge has been applied to agricultural land. The objective of the current study was therefore to investigate the effect of sewage sludge stabilization techniques on the C and N mineralization and gaseous emissions from soil. A soil incubation was conducted to determine the rate of C and N mineralization and N2O and CH4 emissions of sewage sludge stabilized using different techniques. Unstabilized sludge released up to 90% of their C content as CO2, part of which could be caused by release of CO2 from carbonates. Compared with this, sludge stabilization including anaerobic digestion and drying resulted in a reduction of the C mineralization rate of about 40%. Liming reduced C mineralization with around 29%, while treatment in a reed bed system reduced it by 74%. The current study thus clearly demonstrated that stabilization techniques resulted in sludge that was more stable once they were applied to agricultural land. Stabilization also reduced the N immobilization phase, potentially improving the value of the sludge as a fertilizer. Emissions of CH4 were also reduced through sludge stabilization and mainly occurred after application of easily degradable sludge types, which is likely to have enhanced the creation of anaerobic microsites. The stabilization processes also decreased emissions of N2O. The results for both CH4 and N2O indicate that the stabilization tends to reduce the chance of developing conditions where these gases could be produced.

The agro-ecosystem model Daisy was used to explore the long-term fate of nitrogen (N) after land application of compost and digestate (based on source separated organic municipal solid waste (MSW)). The cumulative crop N yield response and emissions for mineral fertilizer (MF), anaerobically digested organic waste (MSW-D), and composted organic waste (MSW-C) were derived by fitting a linear mixed model to the outcomes of the simulations. The non-linearity of crop N yield responses and emission responses to increasing N fertilizer application was addressed by dividing these responses into high and low crop response conditions. The crop N yield response and five emission pathways (NO3 − leaching to groundwater, NO3 − and NH4 + loss to surface water, and NH3 and N2O emissions into the atmosphere) were quantified as environmental inventory factors, which were calculated for both high and low response conditions. The crop N yield response cumulated over time from the application of N fertilizer almost levelled out for MF within 3 to 5 years after application, while it increased over a time period of 100 years for MSW-C. In addition, MSW-D showed features of both MF and MSW-C, a steep rise in crop N yield response due to high inorganic N content and a gradual increase thereafter, due to the slow mineralization of organic N. Overall, 52–69 % of N applied as MF was up-taken by plant biomass, while plant uptakes of 15–28 % by MSW-D and 19–29 % by MSW-C were measured under high response conditions. When the N fertilizer application rate exceeded the rate of plant uptake, the rate of N utilization dropped by 80–90 % for MF, albeit to lesser degree for MSW-D and MSW-C. The simulations showed that emissions to the environment from organic fertilizers took place over a longer time and omission of the longs-term effects could result in underestimation of potential impacts to the environment. As well as the time scope of assessment, local conditions were determining the N emissions. For the N2O emission, there were very small differences between high and low response conditions for organic fertilizer. The N2O emission factors varied for 1.8–3.0 % for MSW-D and 1.7–5.1 % for MSW-C. For NO3 − leaching to groundwater, there were large differences between high and low response conditions. For high response conditions, the emission factors varied from 6 to 39, 17 to 68, and 9 to 59 of input N from the application of MF, MSW-D, and MSW-C, respectively. Under low response conditions, much higher leaching emission factors were estimated ranging from 21 to 61 % for MF, 20 to 73 % for MSW-D, and 11 to 66 % for MSW-C.

Differences in dietary intake, obesity and life-style related diseases have been shown in multiethnic cohorts. However, there is little data on Asian/Pacific Islanders' nutrition-related psychological constructs and obesity. We assessed four major ethnic groups in Hawaii: whites, native Hawaiians, Filipinos, and Japanese, on how their dietary-related behaviors and psychological constructs are associated with obesity. Data were obtained by random-digit-dial telephone surveys of 2,795 adults ages 18-55 living in Hawaii from one of the four main ethnic groups. Participants were asked questions about their dietary behaviors (fiber, refined grains, fruit and vegetable consumption) and items based on the Theory of Planned Behavior for fruit and vegetables consumption including attitudes, perceived behavioral control and self-efficacy. We examined how these variables were associated with obesity across ethnic groups. We compared differences for BMI and health behaviors by Turkey multiple comparisons, and conducted multivariable logistic regression models. BMI among native Hawaiians was significantly higher than other ethnic groups. Whites had lower obesity rates than in other groups and scored higher on psychosocial scales. All of the psychosocial constructs had low levels of endorsement in Filipinos and Japanese. Perceived behavioral control in Filipinos were significantly lower than other ethnic groups. Self-efficacy in native Hawaiians was higher than Filipinos and Japanese. Logistic regression results showed that dietary behaviors independently lowered the obesity odds ratio. However, for men, logistic regressions showed different psychosocial predictors for each ethnic group. We examined the association between health behaviors and obesity in a multiethnic sample in Hawaii. Endorsement of psychosocial variables and predictors of obesity differed across ethnic groups.

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) contribute to anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Due to its spatial and temporal variation in emissions, whole plant characterization of GHG emissions from WWTPs face a number of obstacles. In this study, a tracer dispersion method was applied to quantify plant-integrated, real-time emissions of methane and nitrous oxides. Two mobile cavity ring-down spectroscopy sampling devices were used to record downwind gas concentrations emitted from a municipal WWTP situated in Copenhagen, Denmark. This plant is equipped to remove biological nitrogen and employs anaerobic digestion for sludge stabilization. Over the course of nine measurement campaigns, a wide range of emissions were detected: methane from 4.99 kg h(-1) up to 92.3 kg h(-1) and nitrous oxide from below the detection limit (0.37 kg h(-1)) up to 10.5 kg h(-1). High emissions were observed during periods experiencing operational problems, such as during foaming events in anaerobic digesters and during sub-optimal operation of biological nitrogen removal in the secondary treatment of wastewater. Methane emissions detected during measurement campaigns corresponded to 2.07-32.7% of the methane generated in the plant. As high as 4.27% of nitrogen entering the WWTP was emitted as nitrous oxide under the sub-optimal operation of biological treatment processes. The study shows that the unit process configuration, as well as the operation of the WWTP, determines the rate of GHG emission. The applied plant-integrated emission measurement method could be used to ease the burden of quantifying GHG emissions from WWTPs for reporting purposes and could contribute to the development of more accurate depictions of environmental performance of WWTPs. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

As of today, several technologies are available for thickening waste activated sludge. Presently gravity belt thickeners (GBTs) tend to be the most commonly installed for waste activated sludge thickening applications (Water Environment Federation, 2012). However, new advancements in thickening centrifuges give reason to believe that the centrifuge may be economically competitive with GBTs and other thickening technologies moving forward, creating a need to compare the economic favorability of each process. In addition, little research has presently been completed in assessing the environmental impact of thickening technologies. Thus, the objective of this study was to compare GBTs with a novel centrifugal thickening technology and compare them on the basis of performance, economy, and environmental impact. GBTs were found to utilize less power than the centrifugal thickener however reduction in the amount of polymer consumed gave a large advantage to the centrifugal thickening technology over the GBT, specifically for larger sized plants.

A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was conducted to illustrate the effect of an emission inventory data collection scheme on the outcomes of an environmental impact assessment. Due to their burden in respect to data collection, LCAs often rely heavily on existing emission and operational data, which are gathered under either compulsory monitoring or reporting requirements under law. In this study, an LCA was conducted using three input data sources: Information compiled under compulsory disclosure requirements (the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Registry), compliance with national discharge limits, and a state-of-the-art emission data collection scheme conducted at the same WWTP. Parameter uncertainty for each collection scheme was assessed through Monte Carlo simulation. The comparison of the results confirmed that LCA results depend heavily on input data coverage. Due to the threshold on reporting value, the E-PRTR did not capture the impact for particulate matter emission, terrestrial acidification, or terrestrial eutrophication. While the current practice can capture more than 90% of non-carcinogenic human toxicity and marine eutrophication, an LCA based on the data collection scheme underestimates impact potential due to limitations of substance coverage. Besides differences between data collection schemes, the results showed that 3–13,500% of the impacts came from background systems, such as from the provisioning of fuel, electricity, and chemicals, which do not need to be disclosed currently under E-PRTR. The incidental release of pollutants was also assessed by employing a scenario-based approach, the results of which demonstrated that these non-routine emissions could increase overall WWTP greenhouse gas emissions by between 113 and 210%. Overall, current data collection schemes have the potential to provide standardized data collection and form the basis for a sound environmental impact assessment, but several improvements are recommended, including the additional collection of energy and chemical usage data, the elimination of a reporting threshold, the expansion of substance coverage, and the inclusion of non-point fugitive gas emissions.

The fate of total organic carbon, 32 elements (Al, Ag, As, Ba, Be, Br, Ca, Cd, Cl, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, N, Na, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sb, Se, Sn, Sr, Ti, V, and Zn) and 4 groups of organic pollutants (linear alkylbenzene sulfonates, bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, polychlorinated biphenyl and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) in a conventional wastewater treatment plant were assessed. Mass balances showed reasonable closures for most of the elements. However, gaseous emissions were accompanied by large uncertainties and show the limitation of mass balance based substance flow analysis. Based on the assessment, it is evident that both inorganic and organic elements accumulated in the sewage sludge, with the exception of elements that are highly soluble or degradable by wastewater and sludge treatment processes. The majority of metals and metalloids were further accumulated in the incineration ash, while the organic pollutants were effectively destroyed by both biological and thermal processes. Side streams from the sludge treatment process (dewatering and incineration) back to the wastewater treatment represented less than 1% of the total volume entering the wastewater treatment processes, but represented significant substance flows, In contrast, the contribution by spent water from the flue gas treatment process was almost negligible. Screening of human and eco-toxicity by applying the consensus-based environmental impact assessment method USEtox addressing 15 inorganic constituents showed that removal of inorganic constituents by the wastewater treatment plant reduced the toxic impact potential by 87-92%. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

This chapter identifies the possible phosphorus flows that might be intercepted in recovery and reuse efforts. It examines current practices of phosphorus intercepting from landfills, waterways, and non-arable lands. It explores possibilities of retrofitting or reinventing physical infrastructure to enhance interception and recovery of phosphorus from waste streams of humans and livestock. It also considers the allied benefits and trade-offs obtained with phosphorus recovery and reuse projects.

In this article, 35 published studies on life cycle assessment (LCA) of sewage sludge were reviewed for their methodological and technological assumptions. Overall, LCA has been providing a flexible framework to quantify environmental impacts of wastewater and sewage sludge treatment and disposal processes for multiple scales, ranging from process selection to policy evaluation. The results of LCA are, in principle, unique to the goal and scope of each study, reflecting its local conditions and comparison between different LCAs is not intended. Furthermore, the assessments are limited by the methodological development of the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) and the advancement of research in quantifying environmental emissions associated with wastewater and sewage sludge treatment processes. Thus, large discrepancies were found in the selection of the environmental emissions to be included and how they were estimated in the analysis. In order to reduce these choice uncertainties, consolidation of the modelling approach in the following area are recommended: quantification of fugitive gas emissions and modelling of disposal practices. Besides harmonization of the key technical assumptions, clear documentation of the modelling approach and the uncertainties associating with each assumption is encouraged so as to improve the integrity and robustness of assessment.

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission analysis was performed for current and proposed organic waste management practices in the City of Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America (USA). Aiming for the long-term goal of zero waste, the City of Madison has been looking into an opportunity to divert its organic waste from its landfill. Previous studies suggested that organic waste diversion could result in a GHG emission reduction: Alternative treatment of organic waste would reduce GHG emissions through avoidance of landfill methane emission, nutrient replacement, and energy recovery when anaerobic digestion technologies are employed. However, organic waste diversion requires modification of collection practices and additions to the collection fleet. This would increase the GHG emissions and there is a need to balance emission reductions and the additional costs associated with a new organic waste diversion program. Collection practices are also important for the success of such a project, as it accounts for 83% of current operational cost for managing organic waste. The GHG emissions were quantified using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach. The current practice of composting of yard waste and direct disposal of other fractions of organic waste into the landfill were estimated to emit 224kgCO2-eq./ton of GHG. In contrast with the current practice, four alternatives were assessed in this study: windrow composting, high-solids anaerobic digestion, co-digestion at a large scale industrial waste anaerobic digester facility, and co-digestion at the local wastewater treatment plant. The results show that the co-digestion of source-separated organic waste would achieve the highest GHG emission reduction among the alternatives considered. The results were as follows: 81.5kgCO2-eq./ton for windrow composting; −46.0kgCO2-eq./ton for a high solids anaerobic digester; −156kgCO2-eq./ton for co-digestion with industrial waste; and −189kgCO2-eq./ton for co-digestion with sewage sludge. Co-digestion was favored as it shows the highest GHG emission reduction capacity while saving capital cost by almost half. However, the results of the GHG emission analysis were also affected by several factors external to the technologies chosen, including public participation, collection efficiency of organic waste, and types of waste collected. Based on the findings of this work, the party in charge of the organic waste diversion project should seek opportunities to partner with regional anaerobic digestion projects and local utilities, while continuing with its community outreach efforts.

A phosphorus (P) budget was estimated for the watershed of Lake Mendota, Wisconsin, to assess the effects of nutrient management on P accumulation in the watershed soils. We estimated how nutrient management programs and legislation have affected the budget by comparing the budget for 2007 to a budget calculated for 1995, prior to implementation of the programs. Since 1995, inputs decreased from 1,310,000 to 853,000 kg P/yr (35% reduction) and accumulation decreased from 575,000 to 279,000 kg P/yr (51% reduction). Changes in P input and accumulation were attributed primarily to enhanced agricultural nutrient management, reduction in dairy cattle feed supplements and an urban P fertilizer ban. Four scenarios were investigated to determine potential impacts of additional nutrient management tactics on the watershed P budget and P loading to Lake Mendota. Elimination of chemical P fertilizer input has the greatest potential to reduce watershed P accumulation and establishment of riparian buffers has the greatest potential to prevent P loading to Lake Mendota.