AbstractLeaves taken from eight different stalk positions of four bright-tobacco varieties were used to make 85-mm cigarettes. The cigarettes were smoked under standard conditions, and the mainstream smoke was analysed for selected toxic agents. The results demonstrate that the higher the leaf on the stalk, the less its filling power and combustibility and the greater the pH, total particulate matter, nicotine, hydrogen cyanide, volatile phenols, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons of the mainstream smoke. Carbon monoxide, acetaldehyde, and acrolein are found in the highest concentration in the smoke formed from leaves in the middle stalk positions. The concentration of CO

Abstract Leaves taken from eight different stalk positions of four bright-tobacco varieties were used to make 85-mm cigarettes. The cigarettes were smoked under standard conditions, and the mainstream smoke was analysed for selected toxic agents. The results demonstrate that the higher the leaf on the stalk, the less its filling power and combustibility and the greater the pH, total particulate matter, nicotine, hydrogen cyanide, volatile phenols, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons of the mainstream smoke. Carbon monoxide, acetaldehyde, and acrolein are found in the highest concentration in the smoke formed from leaves in the middle stalk positions. The concentration of CO2 was comparable for the smoke from the leaves of all stalk positions of a given bright-tobacco variety. These chemical-analytical data suggest that the relative potential toxicity and tumorigenicity of the smoke of bright tobacco increase with the ascending stalk position of the leaf.

AbstractSimple correlation and multiple regressions among 160 variables of leaf characteristics and smoke constituents were calculated, based on experimental cigarettes made from 4 cultivars of bright-type tobacco, each from 8 stalk positions. Smoke composition is a function of the botanical, physical, and chemical properties of leaf tobacco used to make the cigarette. Detailed simple correlation data, multiple-regression equations, and expressions of variety and stalk position as factors of TPM and BaP formation are presented.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTQuantitative determination of fluorenes in cigaret smoke and their formation by pyrosynthesisDietrich. Hoffmann and Gunter. RathkampCite this: Anal. Chem. 1972, 44, 6, 899–905Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1972Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1972https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60314a062https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60314a062research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views117Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTQuantitative determination of 1-alkylindoles in cigarette smokeDietrich. Hoffmann and Gunter. RathkampCite this: Anal. Chem. 1970, 42, 3, 366–370Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1970Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1970https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60285a023https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60285a023research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views87Altmetric-Citations33LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

AbstractEarlier studies demonstrated that polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are selectively reduced in the smoke of alkali nitrate rich tobaccos. We hypothesized, therefore, that in the burning cone of a tobacco product, the non-volatilized organic compounds are partially pyrolyzed to C,H-radicals that may combine with each other and form, among others, the thermodynamically favoured PAH. Since we have in the burning cone of nitrate rich tobaccos an excess of thermically activated nitrogen oxides, we assumed that these may react as scavengers for C,H-radicals and, with it, partially inhibit the PAH pyrosynthesis. The present study was designed to challenge our working hypothesis. For the experiments we employed cigarettes to which we had added various amounts of KNO3 (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.0 and 8.0 %). As expected, the yields of nitromethane, nitroethane, and nitrobenzene in the smoke increased with the increased of nitrate in the tobacco and the yields of phenanthrene, benz[a]anthracene, and benz[a]pyrene decreased. The concentration of naphthalene was only to a minor degree reduced with the increase of nitrates in the tobacco. One explanation for this observation could be that naphthalenes are primarily formed from specific tobacco terpenes, as suggested in the literature. As was expected, the smoke yields of N-unsubstituted and N-alkylated indoles was relatively little affected by the increase in the nitrate content, since these agents are predominantly formed from tryptophan. It was our objective to contribute to the understanding of the pyrosynthesis of carcinogenic PAH and the selective reduction of PAH in the smoke of nitrate rich tobacco. With the increase of our knowledge in this area we may also find an explanation for the reduced tumorigenicity of condensates from nitrate rich tobaccos

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTQuantitative determination of 9-methylcarbazoles in cigarette smokeDietrich. Hoffmann, Gunter. Rathkamp, and Stephen. NesnowCite this: Anal. Chem. 1969, 41, 10, 1256–1259Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1969Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1969https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60279a026https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60279a026research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views82Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

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An analytical method for the isolation and identification of nitroalkanes in cigarette smoke was developed. The analytical procedure includes water steam-distillation of cigarette smoke condensate and several extraction steps. The final concentrate of the nitroparaffins is separated into individual components by gas chromatography on 5 % Apiezon N and 5 % Armeen SD on fire brick. Utilizing a flame ionization detector system for the final analysis, 200 cigarettes had to be smoked. When an electron detector system was utilized the smoking of 20 cigarettes sufficed for the analysis of six nitroalkanes. These were identified by relative retention times and volumes, and the fragmentation patterns of the individual nitroalkanes. The presence of a seventh nitroalkane was ascertained and it was tentatively identified as a nitropentane. The smoke of one 85 mm blended United States cigarette without filter tip contained 0.53 µg nitromethane, 1.1 µg nitroethane, 1.1 µg 2-nitropropane, 0.73 µg 1-nitropropane, 0.71 µg 1-nitro-n-butane and 0.22 µg 1-nitro-n-pentane. The analysis of the smoke of 10 different cigarettes demonstrated a correlated increased yield of six nitroparaffins with increased nitrate content of the cigarette tobacco. This result supports our working hypothesis that nitrogen oxides formed during the pyrolysis of alkali nitrate in tobaccos react as scavengers with organic radicals in the hot zones of burning cigarettes and tend to inhibit the synthesis of aromatic hydrocarbons, including those with known carcinogenic effects to experimental animals.

An analytical method was developed for the qualitative and quantitative determination of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides in tobacco products. It is based on three consecutive distributions, followed by column chromatography on deactivated alumina. This procedure leads to a degree of enrichment which allows the direct assessment of the insecticides by gas chromatography. For the isolation and identification of the individual components the column chromatography endfractions are separated by gas chromatography and collected from the effluent of the column. These materials are used for mass spectrometric analyses. For the quantitative analyses DDT-C14 is used as internal standard and the amount of insecticides is determined with the aid of a gas chromatograph with electron capture detector. In 1.0 g cigarette tobacco were found 11.7 µg 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane [DDD]; 4.8 µg 1,1-dichloro2-(o-chlorophenyl)-2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethane [o,p-DDD]; 1,1 µg 1-chloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene [DDM]; 7.8 µg 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane [DDT] and 3.6 µg of an admixture of 1,1,1-trichloro-2-(o-chlorophenyl)2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethane [o,p-DDT] and 1,1-dichloro-2-(m-chlorophenyl)2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethane [m,p-DDD]. The mainstream smoke of an 85 mm U.S. blended cigarette without filter tip contained 1.75 µg DDD, 0.45 µg o,p-DDD, 0.81 µg DDM, 0.77 µg DDT, 0.70 µg o,p-DDT plus m,p-DDD, 0.21 µg 1,1-dichloro-2-2bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene and 1.52 µg trans-4,4'-dichlorostilbene. Endrin was detected neither in cigarette smoke nor in U.S. tobaccos of Winter 1967-68. The transfer rates for unchanged chlorinated insecticides from cigarette tobacco into mainstream smoke amounted to 18 % for DDD, 11.6 % for o,p-DDD and 12.4 % for DDT. The findings of this study are compared with earlier publications and are briefly discussed in respect to formation of some of the chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons and the possible, though rather unlikely, contribution of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides to experimental tobacco carcinogenesis.

With the increasingly stringent standards for limiting sulfide content in liquid fuels, oxidative desulfurization (ODS) has become a promising ultra-deep desulfurization process in fuel desulfurization. TS-1 zeolites show great potential as catalysts for ODS reactions, due to its remarkable oxidation activity at low temperatures and pressure. However, the inherent microporous structure of conventional TS-1 zeolites restricts the mass transportation and renders the active sites in the microporous space of TS-1 zeolites inaccessible for bulky aromatic organosulfur compounds. Fabrication of hierarchical TS-1 zeolites by incorporating meso-/macropores into microporous TS-1 zeolites is an effective strategy to improve mass transportability. In recent years, abundant efforts have been dedicated to developing synthetic strategies of hierarchical TS-1 zeolite, thereby improving its catalytic performance in the ODS process. This mini-review addresses the synthetic methods of hierarchical TS-1 catalysts and their catalytic performance in the ODS reactions. In addition, some current problems and prospects of synthesis routes for constructing hierarchical TS-1 catalysts have also been revised. We expect this mini-review to shed light on the more efficient preparation strategies of hierarchical TS-1 zeolites for the ODS process.

Abstract Smoke of a plain 85 mm cigarette, 2 types of cigars, a pipe with standard pipe tobacco, a pipe filled with cigarette tobacco, and a Syrian water pipe was analysed for the mainstream particulate matter, nicotine, benzo[a]pyrene, and phenols. On the basis of equal weights of tobacco consumed, cigarettes gave the highest yields of both nicotine and particulate materials, with lesser amounts, in decreasing order, obtained from an American-type pipe, cigars, and an oriental water pipe. The highest value from 100 g tobacco for benzo[a]pyrene, 27.0 µg, and phenol, 68.7 mg, was found in the smoke of a pipe filled with standard pipe tobacco. A pipe filled with cigarette tobacco yielded benzo[a]pyrene, 10.5 µg, phenol, 21.2 mg; cigarette smoke, benzo[a]pyrene, 7.8 µg, phenol, 25.4 mg; cigar smoke, benzo[a]pyrene, 4.0 and 5.1 µg, phenol, 7.4 and 10.7 mg, with the lowest values for the smoke from an oriental water pipe, benzo[a]pyrene 1.7 µg, phenol, 1.8 mg. The water-filled oriental pipe retained about 90 percent of the phenol of the original smoke. Particulate matter, nicotine, and benzo[a]pyrene were retained to a lesser degree by the water (about 50 %). Increased puff frequency resulted in higher yields of all 4 groups of compounds in the mainstream smoke. Values at 2 puffs per minute frequency ranged from 50 to 120% higher than those at 1 puff per minute when the other smoking factors were held constant. Since biological tests and comparisons of the carcinogenicity of the condensates of cigarettes, cigars, and pipes have previously been carried out on equal weights of condensate, the analytical results of this study were compared in the same manner. One g of the smoke condensates from 85 mm plain cigarettes, 2 types of cigars, and a standard pipe contain 1.25, 3.6, 3.9 and 6.0 µg benzo[a]pyrene, respectively. The corresponding phenol values were 4.1, 6.7, 8.2 and 15.0 mg per 1 g smoke condensate