In the U.S., there are > 8 million visits for SSSIs annually, the vast majority of which are managed in the outpatient setting. However, safety and efficacy of doxycycline in comparison to other oral antibiotics for suppurative uncomplicated SSSIs (uSSSIs) remains unclear. We performed a double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial of adults and children > 8 years of age with suppurative uSSSIs managed in the outpatient setting at 3 sites, two in California and one in Missouri. All participants were required to have adequate source control of uSSSI and were randomized to doxycycline 100 mg po or 1 double strength (DS) tablet of TMP-SMX twice daily. Doses of study medication were modified for children < 40 kg. Primary outcome was early clinical response (ECR) at 48-72 hours in the intent to treat population. Secondary outcomes included clinical response at end of treatment (EOT), clinical response at one month (1M) and adverse effects. Among the 269 participants, 248 (92%) were adults and 21 (8%) were children; 132 (50%) were Hispanic, 93 (35%) African American, 33 (12%) white, 5 (2%) Asian, 1 (0.4%) Am. Indian/Alaskan Native, and 4 (1%) were other race/ethnicity. At the primary endpoint, ECR, cure rate was not significantly different between the two groups with a clinical response in 89/134 (66%) in the doxycycline arm in vs. 86/135 (64%) in the TMP-SMX arm (p=0.64). At the EOT visit, response was seen in 104 (78%) in the doxycycline arm and 104 (77%) in the TMP-SMX arm (p=0.91). Finally, at the 1M visit, clinical response was seen in 101 (75%) in the doxycycline arm in and 95 (70%) in the TMP-SMX arm (p=0.59). Adverse events were similar in the two groups with nausea (15 (11%) in the doxycycline arm vs. 10 (7%) in the TMP-SMX), headache (10 (7%) vs. 12 (9%)) and diarrhea (12 (9%) vs. 8 (6%)) being the most common. (Table) In our multi-center randomized trial of outpatient treatment of suppurative uSSSI performed in a diverse population, we found no significant differences in clinical response between doxycycline and TMP-SMX. Safety and tolerability were also similar between groups. For adults and children with suppurative uSSSIs undergoing source control, doxycycline appears to be a safe and efficacious alternative to TMP/SMX. Loren G. Miller, MD MPH, Armata: Grant/Research Support|GSK: Grant/Research Support|Merck: Grant/Research Support|Paratek: Grant/Research Support Gregory J. Moran, MD, FACEP, AbVacc: Grant/Research Support Mark Munekata, MD,MPH, Intuitive Surgical: Stocks/Bonds (Public Company)

The largest natural gas disaster in the US occurred when the gas storage well at the Aliso Canyon natural gas storage facility ruptured on 10/23/2015 and released about 109,000 metric tons of airborne pollutants until 2/18/2016 when the well was capped.We used the California emergency department (ED) visit data to examine whether exposure to pollutants increased the rate of visits. We measured ED visits per 1,000 residents of the affected community living downwind of the well and a comparison group of residents with similar demographic and environmental characteristics (524,508). We further measured ED visits for the primary diagnosis for conditions and symptoms that are associated with such exposure. We examined visits during 10/2013 to 4/2014 or “before”, 10/2015 to 4/2016 or “during”, and 10/2016 to 4/2017 or “after” the blowout. We used the quasi-experimental design to examine the impact of the blowout on ED visits from before to during and after the blowout. We developed ordinary least square regression models controlling for demographics and insurance coverage.We found that the affected community had 26 (confidence interval: 18.5, 33.5) more ED visits per 1,000 from before to during the blowout than the comparison community and this rate remained elevated after the blowout. We also found more ED visits for acute respiratory infections (3.4, CI:1.4, 5.5), anxiety and stress-related disorders (1.3, CI: 0.5, 2.1), respiratory-related symptoms (2.7, CI:1.6, 3.9), and gastrointestinal-related symptoms (5.4, CI: 3.6, 7.2) and these rates also remained elevated. Our findings highlight the importance of understanding all possible public health and societal risks of continued reliance on natural gas and its contribution to climate change.

A pillar in the effort to end the HIV epidemic, the “Undetectable equals Untransmittable” (U = U) campaign has led to reduced HIV stigma and empowered people living with HIV (PLWH). Viral suppression, which eliminates risk of sexual HIV transmission, highlights the crucial role of adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART). Strategies to enhance adherence have primarily focused on pill-taking reminders, often without real-time monitoring or interventions to address social and behavioral determinants of health (SBDOH). Suboptimal adherence to antiretroviral therapy often requires interventions from multidisciplinary teams, including nurses, social workers, and case managers to address SBDOH. These interventions often only occur weeks to months after adherence problems are identified, leading to delays in addressing patient needs and adherence to ART. In this protocol paper, we describe the design and procedures for a National Institutes of Health-funded randomized controlled trial that tests an innovative, integrated intervention combining the latest pill ingestible sensor system (the ID-Cap from etectRx) and strategies to address SBDOH. The intervention will trigger real-time actions to rapidly address SBDOH-related barriers when pre-specified patterns of poor adherence are detected (antiretroviral doses missed on three days within a five-day period). A cohort of 110 PLWH who have, or are at high risk for, sub-optimal adherence will be recruited from an HIV clinic in Los Angeles County. Participants will be randomized into the ingestible sensor intervention arm or the usual care arm. The intervention will run for 16 weeks, followed by a 12-week post-intervention period to evaluate sustainability. The primary outcomes are acceptability of the integrated intervention, frequency and timeliness of SBDOH intervention, level of challenges of SBDOH in HIV treatment, adherence to ART measured by ID-Cap system, and self-reported medication adherence. Secondary outcomes are plasma HIV viral load and high risk sexual activity, Real-time monitoring of adherence will enable multidisciplinary teams to promptly address difficulties of SBDOH with tailored content to fit each individual’s unique challenges and needs. When completed, this trial will define the potential role of ingestible sensor system in a comprehensive program to address barriers to adherence and improve control of the HIV epidemic. NCT06480578. Date registration: June 28, 2024.

Regular dental visits are essential for oral health, yet disparities between regions exist due to socioeconomic and geographic factors. While national surveys provide valuable data on dental care utilization, they generally lack sufficient sample sizes at the local level to generate reliable county-level estimates. Small area estimation techniques, such as multilevel regression and post-stratification (MRP), can help address this gap by producing robust estimates for smaller geographic areas. However, the MRP approach relies on detailed population data in the form of joint distributions and cannot be applied when only marginal distributions are available. This paper introduces a hybrid approach combining multilevel modeling with the raking procedure. We used individual-level data from the 2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) and census data from American Community Survey to estimate county-level dental care utilization among adults in California. The county-level dental care utilization in California ranged from 52.5 to 73.1

BACKGROUND:Oral health is vital for children's overall well-being. Parents play a critical role in shaping children's oral health through preventive care behaviors and treatment adherence. Although prior studies have focused on parents as reliable proxies for reporting their children's oral health, notable discrepancies between parental reports and children's perspectives reveal gaps in knowledge, attitudes, and practices. These differences are often shaped by parental sociodemographic factors, including age, gender, education, income, and ethnicity. This study aimed to evaluate child-parent agreement on self-reported oral health measures across four key domains: professional care, hygiene practices, periodontal health, and aesthetic concerns, and inform interventions to enhance communication and pediatric oral health. METHODS:This cross-sectional study included 306 child-parent dyads from 12 Los Angeles County schools. Surveys were adapted using the NIH PROMIS (Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System) framework, and included seven shared questions to assess alignment in perceptions and behaviors. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were conducted to analyze the associations between child-parent agreement and parental age, gender, income, education, and ethnicity. Machine learning models (Random Forest, XGBoost) were applied to evaluate the predictive performance of these variables. RESULTS:Child-parent agreement on oral health behaviours and perceptions was significantly associated with sociodemographic factors. In multivariate analysis, non-Hispanic parents showed higher agreement with their children regarding cavity history (p = 0.003). Parents from households with an annual income over $80 000 showed higher agreement on cavity presence (p = 0.022), brushing before sleep (p = 0.007), and gum bleeding while brushing (p = 0.048), but lower agreement on flossing (p = 0.009). Female parents exhibited greater agreement with children on brushing behaviour (p = 0.046) and gum bleeding while brushing (p = 0.001). Parents with completed college education had significantly lower agreement regarding gum bleeding while flossing (p = 0.002), whereas high school graduates showed lower agreement across several behaviours. Machine learning models (Random Forest and XGBoost) demonstrated similar predictive performance in modelling agreement (accuracy range: 0.417-0.738; CI: 0.29-0.83), with DENTIST and TEETH2 yielding the highest predictive accuracies. CONCLUSIONS:Parent sociodemographic factors are significantly associated with child-parent agreement on self-reported child oral health. Tailored interventions, culturally sensitive strategies, and improved survey tools are essential for enhancing the accuracy of outcome reporting.

PURPOSE:Between October 2015-February 2016, the Aliso Canyon gas well in Los Angeles County leaked more than 100,000 metric tons of methane and ethane gas into the atmosphere, the largest uncontrolled release from a single underground gas storage facility in United States history. This event was an 'invisible disaster' both in terms of the physical nature of exposure (aerosolized natural gas) and collective recognition. This qualitative study aimed to identify and articulate the multiple 'invisible' dimensions of the Aliso Canyon blowout as a framework for understanding the disaster's long-term psychological, social, and community impacts. METHODS:Using a purposive, age-stratified sampling approach, we conducted six virtual focus groups in spring 2024 with young (18-34), middle-aged (35-64), and older adult (65+) residents living within a 5-mile radius of the gas leak wellhead. Transcripts were inductively coded using the Framework Method. RESULTS:Thematic analysis identified four dimensions of disaster invisibility: 1) Invisible Risks: delayed and conflicting communication left participants to assess and manage their own risk. 2) Invisible Harms: unknown toxic exposure levels facilitated health anxiety. 3) Invisible Community: persistent anger at a lack of corporate accountability and government response to concerns. 4) Invisible Changes: a loss of comfort, safety, and altered life plans, exacerbated by uncertain future health status. CONCLUSIONS:The Disaster Invisibility Framework is a novel approach to assessing psychological, social, and community impacts following disaster exposure. The themes reported in this paper underscore that addressing invisibility should be a key component of future efforts to support disaster recovery.

OBJECTIVES:A National Academies Consensus Study report concluded that the evidence did not support an assessment that fluoride is a neurodevelopmental hazard. However, some researchers have undertaken benchmark dose modelling to determine a safe fluoride concentration level in water. Therefore, the suitability of the data for modelling fluoride concentration in urine and water and cognition response using standard criteria was assessed. METHODS:Data quality was evaluated using a standard tool. A random-effects meta-analysis of standardised mean difference (SMD) and regression coefficients was conducted to assess effect sizes and heterogeneity. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) benchmark dose modelling was utilised to determine the association between fluoride concentrations and cognition scores. RESULTS:All four maternal urinary fluoride (MUF) studies did not meet the standards for acceptable quality, as identified by the EPA data quality criteria, which are necessary for combining data from different studies for dose-response analysis. The pooled estimate was not statistically significant (βMUF = -1.06, 95% CI: -3.63, 1.50; p = 0.42; I2 = 62%). A meta-analysis of five studies conducted in fluoridated areas showed a pooled SMD effect size of 0.04 (95% CI: -0.06, 0.14; p = 0.42; I2 = 0%), favoring higher fluoride. The benchmark dose models did not reveal a functional relationship between MUF or water fluoride concentration and cognitive outcomes (Goodness-of-fit p < 0.1). CONCLUSIONS:The data quality assessment revealed serious flaws that render the maternal urinary studies unacceptable for hazard assessment and benchmark dose modelling. Therefore, more appropriate studies in endemic fluorosis areas are needed to accurately determine whether fluoride is associated with adverse cognitive outcomes in populations with meaningful exposure.

On 23 October 2015, operators at the Aliso Canyon Natural Gas Storage field in Northern Los Angeles reported an uncontrolled natural gas leak. The blowout persisted for 112 days, releasing ~109,000 metric tons of methane into the atmosphere. Elevated air toxics and fine particle pollutant levels were also measured in nearby communities. We used California’s birth records and a quasiexperimental design to assess whether pregnant women living in affected communities during the disaster experienced more adverse birth outcomes than expected. Overall, the prevalence of low birthweight and term low birthweight were 45 to 100% higher than expected among women living in the affected communities whose late pregnancy overlapped with the blowout. The strongest effects were observed among women living directly south and southwest of the facility. Furthermore, we observed a dose-response effect, where the odds of low birthweight were highest among women living closest to the well and attenuated out.

Background: African American women are disproportionately at risk for HIV infection. To increase women's readiness to consider taking pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), we conducted a pilot study of Women Prepping for PrEP Plus (WP3+). Adapted from an evidence-based HIV risk reduction intervention for African American couples who are HIVserodiscordant, WP3+ is a group-based culturally congruent program designed for African American women without HIV. Methods: Women were screened for eligibility; if eligible, they were invited to participate in the four-session WP3+ group. Participants completed surveys at baseline (n = 47) and post-implementation (n = 28); surveys assessed demographics, HIV and PrEP knowledge, depression and posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms, substance use, sexual risk behaviors, health care-related discrimination, and social support. In a process evaluation, a subset of women completed qualitative interviews at baseline (n = 35) and post-implementation (n = 18); the interviews were designed to converge with (e.g., on HIV and PrEP knowledge) and expand upon (e.g., unmeasured perceived impacts of WP3+) quantitative measures. To triangulate with the quantitative data, deductive qualitative analysis concentrated on women's knowledge and awareness of PrEP and HIV, their relationship dynamics and challenges, and their considerations (e.g., barriers, facilitators) related to taking PrEP; inductive analysis focused on women's experiences in the intervention. Results: Participants in the WP3+ intervention reported: improved proportion of condom use in the past 90 days (p < .01) and in a typical week (p < .05); reduced PTS symptoms (p < .05); increased HIV knowledge (p < .0001) and awareness of PrEP (p < .001); and greater consideration of using PrEP (p < .001). In interviews, participants expressed not only increased knowledge but also appreciation for learning how to protect themselves against HIV, communicate with their partners, and take charge of their health, and they expressed greater receptiveness to using PrEP as a result of the knowledge and skills they gained. Conclusions: The WP3+ pilot study demonstrated preliminary efficacy and acceptability as an HIV-prevention program for African American women. A controlled trial is needed to confirm its efficacy for increasing PrEP use among African American women. (c) 2023 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Jacobs Institute of Women's Health, George Washington University.

OBJECTIVES:Surveys can assist in screening oral diseases in populations to enhance the early detection of disease and intervention strategies for children in need. This paper aims to develop short forms of child-report and proxy-report survey screening instruments for active dental caries and urgent treatment needs in school-age children. METHODS:This cross-sectional study recruited 497 distinct dyads of children aged 8-17 and their parents between 2015 to 2019 from 14 dental clinics and private practices in Los Angeles County. We evaluated responses to 88 child-reported and 64 proxy-reported oral health questions to select and calibrate short forms using Item Response Theory. Seven classical Machine Learning algorithms were employed to predict children's active caries and urgent treatment needs using the short forms together with family demographic variables. The candidate algorithms include CatBoost, Logistic Regression, K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Naïve Bayes, Neural Network, Random Forest, and Support Vector Machine. Predictive performance was assessed using repeated 5-fold nested cross-validations. RESULTS:We developed and calibrated four ten-item short forms. Naïve Bayes outperformed other algorithms with the highest median of cross-validated area under the ROC curve. The means of best testing sensitivities and specificities using both child-reported and proxy-reported responses were 0.84 and 0.30 for active caries, and 0.81 and 0.31 for urgent treatment needs respectively. Models incorporating both response types showed a slightly higher predictive accuracy than those relying on either child-reported or proxy-reported responses. CONCLUSIONS:The combination of Item Response Theory and Machine Learning algorithms yielded potentially useful screening instruments for both active caries and urgent treatment needs of children. The survey screening approach is relatively cost-effective and convenient when dealing with oral health assessment in large populations. Future studies are needed to further leverage the customize and refine the instruments based on the estimated item characteristics for specific subgroups of the populations to enhance predictive accuracy.

BACKGROUND:Before SARS-CoV-2 vaccination availability, medical center employees were at high risk of COVID-19. However, risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection in medical center employees, both healthcare and non-healthcare workers, are poorly understood. METHODS:From September-December 2020, free IgG antibody testing was offered to all employees at a large urban medical center. Participants were asked to complete a questionnaire on work and non-work related risk factors for COVID-19 infection. RESULTS:SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity was found in 4.7%. Seropositivity was associated with close contact with COVID-19 cases with or without the use of adequate personal protective equipment (PPE), (OR 3.1 [95% CI 1.4-6.9] and OR 4.7 [95% CI 2.0-11.0] respectively), never wearing a mask outside of work (OR 10.1 [95% CI 1.9-57]), and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander race (OR 6.3 95% CI (1.6-25)]. CONCLUSIONS:Among workers in a large urban medical center, SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity was associated with work-related COVID-19 close contacts and low mask use outside of work, suggesting that non-workplace close contacts are also relevant routes of COVID-19 spread among healthcare workers.

This study highlights a unique association between weight status and difficulty with dental caries among US adolescents. Being underweight was significantly associated with dental caries in adolescents aged 10-17.

Abstract Background Infectious disease clinical trials treatment outcomes have almost exclusively been dichotomized into cure and failure. The novel Desirability of Outcome Ranking (DOOR) method uses a hierarchical ordinal outcome of intervention outcomes. DOOR measures are more sensitive for detection of differences between groups compared to dichotomous outcomes and thus can lead to dramatic reduction of the number of required trial participants. Additionally, the DOOR design addresses patient-centered outcomes that are ignored in traditional infectious diseases clinical trial outcomes. DOOR methodology has neither been used for skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI) clinical trial outcomes nor incorporated patients about their experiences with SSTIs. Methods We conducted 6 focus groups of providers, patients, and parents at two medical centers in Los Angeles and St. Louis. Focus groups were composed of clinicians who treat SSTIs (n=2), patients who had SSTIs (n=3) and parents of children who had an SSTI (n=1). Focus group participants were given a series of SSTI clinical scenarios with various outcomes and asked to rank these 10 outcomes on a numerical scale from most to least desirable. We fitted 4 CART (classification and regression tree) models for overall, provider, patient and parent responders, respectively. Results In total, we had 62 focus group participants (24 providers, 30 patients, and 8 parents). Overall, the most desirable outcome was no complications (rank value = 1.0), followed by rash or nausea (mean rank values = 4.9 - 5.1), diarrhea or recurrent infection (= 5.9), dizziness or stomach ache (= 6.1 - 6.2), recurrent drainage procedure or household transmission (= 7.0 - 7.2), and hospitalization (= 8.3). Least desirable outcomes differed between groups, with providers choosing hospitalization while patient/parents indicated household transmission. Variance in outcome desirability differed more widely between patients compared to providers. (Figure). Conclusion We developed a DOOR outcome for SSTIs clinical trials that incorporates both provider and patient perspectives. This metric could be tested in clinical trials as a means to reduce sample size and to incorporate patient-focused outcomes. Disclosures Loren G. Miller, MD MPH, ContraFect: Grant/Research Support|GSK: Grant/Research Support|Medline: Grant/Research Support|Merck: Grant/Research Support|Paratek: Grant/Research Support

The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on vulnerable populations, including people living with HIV. California implemented a coronavirus lockdown (stay-at-home order) in March 2020, which ended in January 2021. We evaluated the pandemic's impact on both clinical outcomes of HIV RNA viral load (VL) and retention rate in a randomized clinical trial conducted from May 2018 to October 2020. The intervention group took co-encapsulated antiretrovirals (ARVs) with ingestible sensor (IS) pills from baseline through week 16. The IS system has the capacity to monitor adherence in real-time using a sensor patch, a mobile device, and supporting software. Both the IS and usual care (UC) groups were followed monthly for 28 weeks. Longitudinal mixed-effects models with random intercept and slope (RIAS) were used to fit log VL and self-reported adherence. The sample size of the study was 112 (54 in IS). Overall, the retention rate at week 28 was 86%, with 90% before the lockdown and 83% after the lockdown. The lockdown strengthened the associations between adherence and VL. Before the lockdown, a 10% increase in adherence was associated with a 0.2 unit decrease in log VL (β = -1.88, p = 0.004), while during the lockdown, the association was a 0.41-unit decrease (β = -2.27, p = 0.03). The pandemic did not have a significant impact on our adherence-focused intervention. Our findings regarding the intervention effect remain valid. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02797262. Date registration: September 2015.

Objectives: Previous meta-analyses have mainly focused on studies conducted in endemic fluorosis areas with relatively high fluoride concentrations. These are impoverished rural communities in China, India, and Iran, and the findings cannot be generalised to developed countries. Therefore, we investigated the association between fluoride concentrations relevant to community water fluoridation and children's cognition measured with IQ scores by synthesising effect sizes reported in observational studies. Methods: A previous meta-analysis and the National Toxicology Program database that included a search of multiple databases and the authors' search of PubMed, Google Scholar, and Mendeley provided the data. Cross-sectional and cohort studies examining the association between fluoride and children's cognition and intelligence scores were selected. Two reviewers abstracted data using standard procedures. We performed three meta-analyses to synthesise the effects using the random effects models.Results: Eight studies of standardized mean difference in IQ scores from non-endemic fluorosis areas found no statistically significant difference between recommended and lower levels of fluoride (standardized mean difference = 0.07; 95% confidence interval: -0.02, 0.17; I2 = 0%), and no significant fluctuation in IQ scores across the differences in fluoride concentrations by non-linear modeling with restricted cubic spline (P = 0.21). Meta-analyses of children's and maternal spot urinary fluoride associated pooled regression coefficients (Betachildren = 0.16; 95% confidence interval: -0.40, 0.73; P = 0.57; I2 = 0%, Betamaternal = -0.92; 95% CI: -3.29, 1.46; P = 0.45; I2 = 72%) were not statistically significant. Further regression analysis by standardizing absolute mean IQ scores from lower fluoride areas did not show a relationship between F concentration and IQ scores (Model Likelihood-ratio test: P-value = 0.34.)Conclusions: These meta-analyses show that fluoride exposure relevant to community water fluoridation is not associated with lower IQ scores in children. However, the reported association observed at higher fluoride levels in endemic areas requires further investigation. (c) 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Royal Society for Public Health. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4. 0/).

Background: To achieve Ending the HIV Epidemic goals, key populations, including sexual minority men, need to adhere to evidence-based biomedical interventions including antiretroviral therapy as treatment (ART) or preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP). The present study integrates traditional and machine learning methods to evaluate whether a common set of factors can predict adherence to ART for both treatment and prevention. Method: Participants included 365 sexual minority men taking antiretroviral therapy as treatment or PrEP in South Florida. Survey respondents provided information on adherence to treatment or PrEP and demographic, psychosocial, and behavioral factors potentially associated with adherence. Data were analyzed using machine learning algorithms that are simple to interpret such as Classification and Regression Tree and LASSO regression variable selection, techniques that require specialized extra steps to look inside “black box models” like Multivariate Adaptive Regression Spline (MARS) and Random Forest models, and traditional stepwise logistic regression to identify factors associated with adherence. Results: Taking ART for HIV treatment or PrEP was not an important predictor for adherence in any of the models. Rather, the models suggested that a common set of predictors can be used to predict adherence to ART for both treatment and PrEP. Race/ethnicity was identified by all models as an important predictor of adherence. Additionally, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms

The Women-Centered Program for Women of Color, a culturally congruent sexual health intervention, was implemented in 2018 in Los Angeles County, California, according to the principles of community-based participatory research: enhancing community capacity, establishing sustainable programs, and translating research findings to community settings. Participants exhibited significantly increased knowledge of and interest in preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) over time, but no significant change in condom use was evident. Booster sessions are needed to maintain interest in PrEP and PEP given concerns about reproductive and sexual health. (Am J Public Health. 2023;113(S2):S110-S114. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2023.307296).

Formulas for Galerkin-Koornwinder (GK) approximations of delay differential equations are summarized. The functional analysis ingredients (semigroups, operators, etc.) are intentionally omitted to focus instead on the formulas required to perform GK approximations in practice.