In the mining industry, one of the principal issues is the management of the waste generated during ore concentration, which represents a potential source of environmental pollution. The most acute issue originates from the mining heritage in the form of dumps formed of mining tailings that were created before the introduction of waste storage standards and may be located in urban areas. This research investigated this problem using the example of the tailings dump “Krasnaya Glinka”, located in a residential area of Pitkäranta (Karelia, Russia) in close proximity to the shoreline of Lake Ladoga. A complex approach, including the investigation of the natural water of the study area and tailings material and an experiment simulating the interaction of this material with atmospheric precipitation, allowed us to obtain the first data on the current status of the tailings dump and its surroundings and to identify environmental pollutants. This research used XRF, XRD, and EPMA analytical methods for assaying the tailings materials obtained from the dump and ion chromatography, potentiometric titration, ICP-MS, and AES for the water samples. The results show the influence of the tailings dump’s materials on the formation of the environmental impact—in the water from the area of the tailings dump, increased concentrations of chalcophilic elements are observed, for example, Zn up to 5028 µg/L. Based on this study of the tailings dump’s materials and the conducted experiment, an attempt is made to connect the chemical compositions shown in the natural water data with the specific mineral phases and processes occurring during supergene transformations in the tailings storage. As a result of the conducted research, it was found that despite more than 100 years of exposure of the tailings materials under natural factors, mostly atmospheric precipitation, equilibrium with the environment has not come. The processes of extracting toxic elements and carcinogenic mineral phases into the environment are continuing. In the process of studying the tailings materials, it was found that they are probably of economic interest as a technogenic source of W and Sn due to the contents of these components exceeding industrially significant values in the exploited fields.

Ore-bearing rocks and natural waters of the Pitkäranta ore district (near the “Arsenic” shaft, the Hopunvaara mine field) were sampled and analyzed. The permanganate value as well as iron and manganese contents in surface water are higher than MPC values, while water samples from the “Arsenic” shaft have the elevated contents of zinc, copper, and arsenic. The Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cr, As, and Ni speciation in waters have been determined by thermodynamic calculations, taking into account the possibility of the formation of metal complexes with humic and fulvic acids. The fulvic acid is almost completely consumed for the formation of the complex Fe(OH) 2 Fu - . Ni, Cd, Co occur mainly in the ionic form, and the fraction of Mn and Zn in the ionic form is also significant.

The experimental results on synthetic oil production from rocks of the Domanik Formation under hydrothermal conditions are reported. The potential for oil-product extraction from the oil fractions of the rocks under a hydrothermal impact was up to 60 mg/g or 6.0 wt %. The injection of inorganic additives (sodium carbonate or silica gel) did not increase the oil-recovery factor. As well, the amount of the recoverable oil products directly depended on the mineral composition of the rocks. The relationship between the percentage of hydrocarbon yield and the mineral composition of the rocks was determined. Clay minerals and silica increased the yield of synthetic oil; carbonates, conversely, inhibit the process.

Thermodynamic modeling of the hydrothermal exposure of the rocks of the Bazhenov Formation resulted in revealing the equilibrium mineral associations at 50–350°C and the pressure of saturated water vapor. The calculation results show that mineral parageneses varied slightly with the increase of temperature. Thus, zeolites were characterized by the stilbite–laumontite–wairakite series; kaolinite, pyrite, dolomite, and brannerite were replaced by montmorillonite and/or albite, pyrrhotite, calcite, and uraninite, respectively. The modeling results were confirmed in experiments.

Bazhenov formation is one of the most wellknown and potentially productive Russian oil shale formations. However, conventional methods often do not provide oil flow rate from the formation. Therefore, in recent years, studies are devoted to development of new methods for oil production and the alternate potentials of the Bazhenov formation exploration. The article describes generation potential of kerogen, that shows the amount of hydrocarbon compounds which could form in the reservoir after a long period of time as a result of katagenesis, and the results of the thermal effect on the rock samples in the laboratory for synthetic oil production by implementing generation potential. It was shown that synthetic oil is produced by the heat of Bazhenov formation samples in a closed system during 7 days in presence of water in the temperature range from 250 degrees C to 350 degrees C, oil amount may reach 25 mg HC/g of rock (similar to 3 wt.% of the sample). The maximum oil yield was at 300 degrees C, but the composition of petroleum products varies with temperature changes. It was found that depending on the stage of katagenetic transformation duration of heating for maximum yield of hydrocarbon compounds recovery varies from a few days for inmature kerogen to two weeks for highly maturated one. It was demonstrated that secondary cracking of products, which can occur at advanced temperatures and prolonged exposure should been taken into account when optimal heating conditions are selected. Hydrocarbon systems composition analysis showed that synthetic oil is comparable with natural oil and different from the chloroform extract, and heating conditions alteration allows to control the composition of produced oil that may be promising for use in the petroleum and chemical industries. Thus, the method of synthetic crude oil production by implementation of the generation capacity of kerogen by thermal stimulation in the presence of water with 80% of generation potential released was proposed.

The composition of rocks of the Bazhenov and Abalak formations in Western Siberia is described. Correlations of the concentrations of the major and minor components in rocks with the concentrations of minor elements and organic material are shown. Study of the concentration of minor elements allows us to determine the conditions of sedimentation: redox potential, hydrogen sulfide contamination, and the source of sedimentary material. The results show that rocks of the Bazhenov Formation were formed under the conditions of low fluxes of clastic material, a reduced environment, and a periodically occurring hydrogen sulfide mode.

Decomposition of samples with a poorly soluble complex matrix for the analysis of the trace-element composition with high-resolution inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry was designed and tested. Analytical and method problems of the selection and preparation of samples are described and their solutions are proposed. The correctness of sample preparation was verified using analysis of standard rock samples.

Summary Currently, Bazhenov Formation that contains large amounts of organic matter attracts high interest of oil companies. However, often the organic substance is at an early stage of katagenesis, drilled wells are dry. In this paper we show the results of laboratory experiments on the implementation of kerogen generation capacity and synthesis of oil. It is found that in a closed system in the presence of water at elevated temperatures and formation pressure oil could be produced, the composition of which will vary depending on the stage of katagenesis, temperature and duration of the experiment. This generation potential can be realized almost completely with about 35% of oil in products. Development of the technology for the hydrocracking in the formation can significantly increase the production of all wells, implementing oil factory in situ and producing the necessary products.

The experimental results on the synthetic oil production from Domanik Formation rocks under hydrothermal conditions are given. Oil fractions extracting potential of the rocks under hydrothermal was shown to be up to 60 mg/g or 6,0 wt.%. Inorganic additives (sodium carbonate or silica) incorporation does not influence on the oil recovery factor. Meanwhile the amount of recoverable oil products depends on the mineral composition of the rock. The dependence between the percentage of hydrocarbons emission and mineral composition of the rocks was determined. Clay minerals and silica increase the yield of synthetic oil, carbonates, conversely, inhibit the process.

A methodic of destruction of objects with hardly dissolvable matrix (earth materials, tableted medical products) for subsequent determination of microelements by high-resolution mass- spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma is developed. Analytical and methodical problems, appearing during of a sample collection and preparation at investigated objects, are described, the ways of their overcoming are proposed. The opportunity of carrying out of quantitative analysis of investigated objects after dissolution by means of using multielemental standard solutions is shown. Accuracy of a developed methodic of sample preparation was checked by analysis of standard samples of earth materials.

The composition of Bazhenov and Abalak Formation rocks of Western Siberia is presented. Correlations of macro- and micro-components concentration with the base mineral and organic matter content in rocks are showed. Investigations of trace elements allow determining sedimentation conditions: redox conditions, hydrogen sulfide contamination and the source of the sedimentary material. The results showed that the rocks of the Bazhenov Formation were formed at low flows of clastic material under reducing conditions and a periodic hydrogen sulphide mode.

The invention relates to the use of a flame resistant (FR) three-layer double-knit fabric, also know as a matelasse fabric. The top layer is of standard non-FR face yarn, the middle layer is of a FR filler spun yarn and the bottom layer is of a FR spun yarn or FR filament yarn. This FR matelasse fabric can be used to protect a mattress, foundation, upholstery cushion, pillow, office panel, transportation seat or any other article requiring FR protection. In this invention, a matelasse fabric is formed by circular double knitting a FR spun or FR filament yarn into the bottom portion of the fabric, utilizing a heavy cotton count FR filler spun yarn for the middle layer and using conventional non-FR yarns for the top layer. The invention has particular applicability in the formation of FR mattresses and foundations that require passage of large open flame tests such as CPSCu0027s 16 CFR Part 1633, Californiau0027s Test Bulletin 603 and Test Bulletin 129 and in the formation of FR upholstered furniture that requires passage of Californiau0027s Test Bulletin 133 or British Standard 5852 using the crib 5 ignition source or higher.