This overview focused on the recent advances in rust cleaning and conservation of iron-based historical artefacts. Archaeological iron artefacts undergo various forms of corrosion, including soil and atmospheric. In general the main corrosion products are goethite α-FeO​​(OH), acaganeite β-FeO (OH), lepidocrocite γ-FeO (OH), magnetite Fe3O4, siderite FeCO3, vivanite Fe3(PO4)2 ∙ 8H2O, etc. A number factors contribute to the process corrosion, but Cl- anion embedded in the crystal lattice of acagenite is crucial. It has been considered corrosion product removers from the artefact surface, and found out that all of them should contain inhibitors slowing down the interaction of the artefact iron core with acids. Organic acids, in particular citric, maleic and acetic acids are considered to be non-aggressive and environmental-friendly. After removing corrosion product layer, iron historical heritages are affected by atmospheric corrosion thus stabilizing substances and protective coatings must be applied. The most common protectors are tannin-iron complex compounds, which provide an anti-corrosion coatings and prevent further destruction of artefacts. Preservation of iron-based historical artefacts with synthetic polymer waxes, resins and synthetic polymers is thought to be promising.

The synthesis of Sn-doped titania nanoparticles (Sn content of 0, 3, 6, and 12 at. %) was carried out using solgel chemical route based on the common acid hydrolysis of titanium and tin tetrachlorides. Phase composition, morphology, particle size, pore size distribution and photocatalytic performance of obtained materials were systematically studied by various analytical techniques (XRD, HR-TEM, low-temperature nitrogen adsorption porosimetry, UV-Vis spectroscopy). An increase in the Sn dopant concentration causes a gradual decrease in the relative content of the anatase phase from 100 mol. % for undoped titania to about 3 mol. % for material with maximal doping concentration. Materials with a Sn atomic content of 3 and 6 at. % have the maximum values of the specific surface area (about 280-290 m2/g) that corresponds to the smallest (approximately 2.5 nm) anatase crystallite. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized Sn-doped TiO2 nanoparticles was analyzed by the method of methylene blue dye photodegradation in an aqueous solution under UV irradiation. The highest reaction rate constant and maximal methylene blue dye adsorption capacity were obtained for 3 at. % Sn-doped titania with the mixed anatase/rutile composition. The indirect optical transitions are characteristic for all synthesized materials. A decrease in the bandgap energy values with increasing Sn content from 3.21 eV for pure anatase to 2.82 eV for titania doped with 12 at. % of the Sn was observed. The growth in photocatalytic activity for the mixed-phase sample can be considered as a result of the increasing number of surface active centers due to the anatase-rutile phase transition.

The effect of AlOOH endo-template on porous structure, electrical conductivity, and electrochemical properties of lactose-derived carbon materials is investigated in the article. It is found that a carbon material with a specific surface of 1707 m 2 /g and a total pore volume of 1.546 cm 3 /g can be obtained when the mass ratio of C : AlOOH is 1 : 1. Electrochemical capacitors, formed on the base of the synthesized samples, have specific capacity of a wide range (66–170 F/g), at discharge current 10 mA. The developed mesoporous structure of carbon materials synthesized via the template method allows charge/discharge electrochemical capacitors at currents up to 200 mA, providing the value of specific capacity 121 F/g.

It was established that incomplete substitution of free silanols of fumed silica surface on (CH3)3Si-groups leads to an increase in the ability of modified SiO2 to adsorb Ba2+ cations from an electrolyte solution. Silica with 48.3% of trimethylsilyl (TMS) groups adsorbs 1.8 mmol·g-1 of Ba2+ cations from 0.01 M BaCl2 solution, that in 3 times more than the adsorption of these cations by unmodified silica. It was found that the adsorption of cations by basic and modified silica is well described by the pseudo-second order Lagergren equation. The high adsorption activity of silica with chemisorbed TMS-groups is due to the formation of local regions with relatively large values of negative and positive electrostatic potentials in the vicinity of grafted TMS-groups.

This paper investigates the probability of activation of zirconium atoms under irradiation ofBremsstraglung gamma-rays with maximum energy of 24 MeV.The neutron flux of (ɤ, n)-reaction on nuclei of zirconium was measured using the method of activation detectors.It is suggested that the activation of zirconium atoms and the isomeric transitions of zirconium isotopes are the main cause of radiation defects in materials containing zirconium.

The synthesis of organosilicas with a predetermined ratio of trimethylsilyl groups and silanols using trimethyloxysilane and acetic acid as a modifier and catalyst respectively was carried out in this work. It has been established that grafted trimethylsilyl groups influence the structural state of silica. The reducing of the surface tension and, consequently, the Laplace pressure in the SiO2 globules leads to an increase in the valence angle in the siloxane bridges and the length of Si - O-bond. This dimensional effect in the IR-spectra of modified silica is displayed by displacement of absorption bands in the short-wave region associated with asymmetric (nu(a)) and asymmetric-deformation (nu(a) + delta(O Si O)) vibrations of siloxane bridges.

The known methods of synthesis of carbon materials for electric symmetric electrochemical capacitors are considered. Particular attention is drawn to the methods of exo- and endotemplate synthesis of carbon materials. It is concluded that further improving of the electrochemical properties of the electrodes will be connected with the search for qualitatively new ways of carbon materials activation that provide microcrystallites a graphite-likestate and affinity of their surface to the electrolytes.

The paper studied the elemental composition of lead alloys of appendage stamps and seals of Middle Ages, and the influence of impurity elements in the alloy and conditions for long-term storage of monuments on the course of corrosion processes and the formation of patina phase composition. Due to the influence of salts of orthophosphoric, hydrochloric and carbonate acids dissolved in the water environment on the artifacts surface patina coating is produced formed mainly of pyromorphite or pyromorphite and lead carbonate mixture. It was found that the corrosion rate of monuments depends essentially on the total content of Zn, Cd, Sn and Fe in lead alloy, which provide the protect for the main metal due to the electrochemical oxidation. Pink and brown colour of patina of certain attractions is associated with the pink colour of pyromorphite, which it takes as a result of isomorphic substitution of a small number of Pb atoms on Fe (III) ones. A colour of patine coating also depends on the content FeO, FeOOH and PbCO3∙Pb(OH)2.

The paper describes the use of porous carbon material (PCM), obtained from plant raw materials as anode of lithium power source (LPS). It is established that the electrochemical parameters of LPS at current density of C/20 are stable over long cycling (over 90 charge/discharge cycles) – discharge capacity remained at 150 mA∙h/g, and Coulomb efficiency exceeds 95%.

The current formation process in lithium power source (LPS) with SiO2 –22% C composition cathode is explored in this work using galvanostatic cycling, cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy methods.It is set that specific capacity of LPS is 1757 mA∙h/g at its discharge in the mode C/20. Further cycling of LPS is accompanied by a sharp decline in specific capacity (irreversible capacity after the first cycle exceeds 95 %) due to formation of solid electrolyte interface of LiF composition and LiхSiO2 compound, in which lithium is not oxidized to the ion state during charging of source. It is found that the insertion of lithium ions into cathodematerial to the value x = 1,8 results in reduction of their diffusion coefficient on 4 orders (DLi = 2,2∙10 -14 ÷2,1∙10 -18 сm2/s). Keywords:composite SiO2 – C,lithium power sources, specific capacity, diffusion coefficient.

We have proposed and experimentally tested a phenomenological model of nucleation of a specific polymorphic phase of titanium dioxide (anatase, rutile, brookite) resulting from the interaction of Ti4+ hydroxocomplexes at different pH values of reaction medium. The degree of hydrolysis was determined as a function of pH for the monomers formed during the hydrolysis of titanium tetrachloride. Mixtures of anatase and brookite with an average size of coherently scattering domains of 5 nm and particles of ellipsoidal shape were obtained by precipitation at pH = 8. At the same time, nanoparticles of rutile with rod‐like morphology and an average size of 10 nm were obtained at a pH = 1.

The article explores the morphological and electrochemical properties of carbon electrode materials derived from D-lactose by mixing of carbon precursor with activating reagent selected from a number kappa OH, K2CO3, ZnCl2, SnCl2 center dot 2H(2)O, and calcining the composite mixture at 800 degrees C. After dissolution and removal of K2O, ZnO or SnO from volume of prototypes specific surface of carbon materials increases in 1,7-4,2 times, and electrical conductivity - in 1,4-2,8 times. The activating reagents for effective influence on the properties of carbon structures can be placed in the following order: ZnCl2 > kappa OH > K2CO3 > SnCl2 center dot 2H(2)O. It is set that the highest specific capacity as an electrode material for supercapacitor has a sample with the highest electrical conductivity (78.hm(-1).m(-1)) obtained using KOH activating reagent. The electrode material capacity was 176-157 F.g(-1) at discharge currents of 10-100 mA. It was found that the difference in the values of capacitance of prototypes caused by different chemical state of their surface.

The current formation process in lithium power source (LPS) with SiO2 –22% C composition cathode is explored in this work using galvanostatic cycling, cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy methods. It is set that specific capacity of LPS is 1757 mA∙h/g at its discharge in the mode C/20. Further cycling of LPS is accompanied by a sharp decline in specific capacity (irreversible capacity after the first cycle exceeds 95 %) due to formation of solid electrolyte interface of LiF composition and LiхSiO2 compound, in which lithium is not oxidized to the ion state during charging of source. It is found that the insertion of lithium ions into cathode material to the value x = 1,8 results in reduction of their diffusion coefficient on 4 orders (DLi = 2,2∙10 -14 ÷ 2,1∙10 -18 сm2/s).

The article explores the structure, morphology and conductive properties of composite material SiO2 – C using XRD, SAXS, low-temperature nitrogen adsorption, and impedance spectroscopy methods. It is set that SiO2 – C composite obtained by thermolytic decomposition of D-lactose, previously chemisorbed on fumed silica nanoparticles surface, has an open porous structure, in which mesopores of 6-12 nm in size are dominate. At weight ratio SiO2/C = 5/1 nanocrystallites of carbon phase in form of lamellar sheets of 0,4 × 0,4 × 5,0 nm3 in size contact with entire silica surface that results in composite material conductivity is 49 Оhm-1·m-1.

Unmodified pyrogenic silica PS300 and partially silylated nanosilica samples at a degree of substitution of surface silanols by trimethylsilyl (TMS) groups Θ(TMS)=27.2% and 37.2% were studied to elucidate features of the interfacial behavior of water adsorbed alone, or co-adsorbed with methane, hydrogen, or trifluoroacetic acid (TFAA). In the aqueous suspension modified PS300 at Θ(TMS)=37.2% forms aggregates of 50-200 nm in size and can bind significant amounts of water (up to ∼5 g/g). Only 0.5 g/g of this water is strongly bound, while the major fraction of water is weakly bound. The presence of surface TMS groups causes the appearance of weakly associated water (WAW) at the interfaces. The adsorption of methane and hydrogen onto TMS-nanosilica with pre-adsorbed water (hydration degree h=0.05 or 0.005 g/g) increases with increasing temperature. In weakly polar CDCl3 medium, interfacial water exists in strongly (SAW, chemical shift δ(H)=4-5 ppm) and weakly (δ(H)=1-2 ppm) associated states, as well as strongly (changes in the Gibbs free energy -ΔG>0.5-0.8 kJ/mol) and weakly (-ΔG<0.5-0.8 kJ/mol) bound states. WAW does not dissolve TFAA but some fraction of SAW bound to TMS-nanosilica surface can dissolve TFAA.

Nanodispersed rutile with rod-like particles was synthesized by hydrolysis of TiCl 4 in hydrochloric acid - ethanol alcohol aqueous solution at 40°C. It was found that the specific surface area, crystallite size, degree of agglomeration are determined by molar ratios of ethanol. The obtained material was used as the base of cathode composition for lithium power sources. The maximum values of specific capacity (250 mAh/g) at discharge in galvanostatic conditions are fixed in the case of using material with the maximum agglomeration degree and minimal particle size. Phasic character of Li + ions intercalation is set and the diffusion coefficient at different stages of the process is calculated.

Crystalline structure of nanotitania (anatase, rutile) and the morphology of primary and secondary particles can be regulated using low-amount additions of Na2SO4 (or K3PO4), NaOH or Н2О2. Anions SO42− and PO43− can bind to Ti-containing species that lead to the formation of anatase nanocrystallites with sulfate and phosphate functionalities. According to TEM images, nanoparticles (rod-like, spherical or ellipsoidal) form different secondary structures (sheaf-like associates forming flower-shaped aggregates or spherical associates) possessing different textural porosity analyzed using nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms. Additives form surface structures, which can affect particle–particle interactions in the liquid media.

The thermodynamic and kinetic regularities of the intercalation of lithium into C-SiO2 nanocomposites are studied. The dependence of the differential capacity and kinetic intercalation parameters on the size of nanocomposite particles is established. According to theoretical analysis, the obtained results are explained as resulting from the quantum-mechanical effect of the interference blockage of the tunneling of an electron into a nonmetallic nanoparticle. An impedance model of processes and its parametric identification are given. A new class of electrochemical energy generators is proposed.

Morphological, structural, electronic, and adsorption characteristics of complex oxides such as fumed silica/alumina and silica/titania, fumed silica with deposited oxides of Mg, Ti, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn and Zr, silica gel with grafted ZrO2, sol–gel titania doped by 3d-metals (Cr, Fe, Mn, V) were compared using adsorption, TEM, AFM, XRD, XPS, Mössbauer and Raman spectroscopy data. It was shown that surface, volume, and phase compositions of oxides, particle size distributions (5nm–3μm), specific surface area (SBET∼50–500m2/g), and porosity (VP∼0.1–2cm3/g) affected by synthesis technique and subsequent treatment determine electronic structure (bandgap, valence band and core levels structure) of the materials, adsorption of molecules and metal ions as well as other characteristics.