Adolescent obesity is a major public health challenge. While obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a recognized complication, focusing solely on respiratory events offers an incomplete picture of sleep health. This study evaluated the spectrum of subjective sleep quality in adolescent boys with and without diagnosed obesity and assessed the potential effect of the BMI z-score on the expression and structure of sleep disturbances using a matched multi-level design. A case-control study included 40 age-matched pairs of adolescent boys (12–17 years) with diagnosed obesity (ICD-10 E66.0) and healthy controls. Subjective sleep quality across five behavioral dimensions was assessed using the 28-item self-report Adolescent Sleep Wake Scale (ASWS). Data were analyzed using a linear mixed-effects model (LMM). The LMM analysis demonstrated that the lowest subjective sleep quality scores occurred consistently on the “Awakening” and “Going to bed” scales. Including the continuous BMI z-score as a covariate significantly improved model fit, showing a significant negative association with sleep scores ( F(1,64.0)=4.46,p=0.039 ). Each 1-unit increase in the BMI z-score was associated with a 0.12-point decrease in sleep dimension scores. Crucially, the interaction term was non-significant, indicating that the fundamental structural spectrum of sleep complaints does not change with obesity severity. A core set of sleep initiation and awakening problems exists in adolescents, and these problems are uniformly intensified, rather than structurally altered, with increasing obesity severity. Clinical evaluations must move beyond sleep-disordered breathing to prioritize comprehensive assessment of difficulties in sleep initiation and wakefulness.

The objective was to investigate the possible influence of emotional stress on the risk of hypertension and to evaluate its interaction with other risk factors in obese adolescents. Material and methods. One hundred adolescents aged 12–17 years (mean age 13.9±2.2 years, 53 boys, 47 girls) with diagnosed constitutional-exogenous obesity (ICD-10 code: E66.0) were examined. The examination included the identification of arterial hypertension (AH) in accordance with accepted criteria. Adolescents were asked to fill out the Adolescent Stress Questionnaire (ASQ), designed to identify potential stressors and the level ofstress in various areas of the adolescent’s life and overall. Results. Hypertension was diagnosed in 18% of adolescents, and as the degree of obesity increased, the frequency of hypertension statistically significantly increased. The maximum manifestations ofstress in adolescents were associated with attending school, peer pressure, and uncertainty about the future. Hierarchical logistic regression analysis revealed that the body mass index z-score at the time of examination, the overall severity of stress, and the age of patients at the time of examination had significant independent influences on the risk of hypertension, with the risk of hypertension increasing with higher values of these indicators. No significant association was found between the risk of hypertension and the gender of adolescents, the age of onset of excessive weight gain, and weight gain over the past year. Conclusions. Emotional stress in adolescents with obesity is an independent additional risk factor for the development of hypertension. Psychological diagnosis and stress management should be one of the aspects ofreducing the risk of hypertension in adolescents with obesity.

Background. Childhood obesity is still a trending healthcare problem. The incidence of obesity is growing worldwide regardless of any ongoing measures. Inefficiency of behavior, especially the eating behavior, intervention is one of the reasons of poor disease management. Kappa opioid receptor ligand dynorphin (DYN) and coupled KNDy mediator neurokinin B (NKB) seem not to be investigated enough as obese adolescents' behavior modulators. Aim. The study was aimed to examine the modulating role of DYN and NKB on adolescent boys with obesity behavior. Materials and methods. The study involved 84 adolescents aged 14–17 years: 57 with obesity (code E66.0, International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision) and 27 practically healthy individuals. The Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA) was utilized using Youth Self Report scales (YSR 11-18) to evaluate depressive, anxiety, somatic, attention deficit/hyperactivity, oppositional defiant and conduct problems. The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) was used to assess alterations. Laboratory studies included DYN and NKB blood levels evaluation using ELISA Kit for Big DYN and ELISA Kit for NKB correspondingly. Network analysis was performed to emphasize and visualize most relevant associations. Results. The DYN level showed a significant negative correlation with attention problems and a positive correlation with NKB level. Network analysis showed that DYN level was strongly linked with negative bond to attention problems as, with a bit less strength, NKB also was. NKB and DYN levels were strongly linked in between either. Conclusion. DYN is likely to play a modulating role in eating behavior, deviant and aggressive behavior especially in obese adolescents, acting as an additional obesity heterogeneity factor.

This study aims to compare problems with falling asleep in adolescents with obesity who have either atrial ectopic or sinus rhythms. The study comprised 22 adolescents (12 boys, 10 girls; median age 15.0 years) with obesity due to excess calories and atrial ectopic rhythms (AER) who did not have inborn malformations, chronic diseases other than obesity, or coexisting acute disease. The control group consisted of 99 adolescents (60 boys and 39 girls; median age 14.0 years) with obesity and sinus rhythm. Problems falling asleep were evaluated using the Adolescent Sleep–Wake Scale (ASWS). Adolescents with AER had significantly lower values (worse) in falling asleep quality (median 3.33 points) compared to controls (median 3.67; p = 0.040). With every 1‑point increase in the falling asleep quality score, the odds of AER decreased by 2.7 times (95

Aim. To examine metabolic and hormonal characteristics and their relationships in adolescent girls with obesity with or without menstrual cycle disorders (MCD). Patients and Methods. Forty adolescent girls with obesity (ICD-10 code E66.0) without MCD (median age 15.0 years, IQR 14.0-17.0) and 40 girls with obesity and MCD (21 with oligomenorrhea, 19 with secondary amenorrhea, median age 16.0 years, IQR 15.0-16.6) participated. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) was excluded in MCD cases. Tests measured metabolic and hormonal characteristics, including plasma kisspeptin (KP). Results. Girls with MCD had lower serum estradiol, but higher triglycerides, total testosterone (TST), luteinizing hormone (LH), luteinizing-to-follicle-stimulating hormone ratio, and anti-mullerian hormone. They also had higher plasma KP, a reliable MCD predictor. Path analysis identified key relationships and suggested two pathways increasing MCD probability: one linked to increased BMI with mediating leptin and TST, the other to increased KP with mediating LH and TST. Conclusion. Metabolic and hormonal profiles in girls with obesity and MCD resemble those in PCOS. Girls with obesity and MCD should be considered at risk of PCOS. Different pathological pathways associated with MCD in girls with obesity should be considered for treatment.

Introduction . Obesity is a pressing public health issue. An important task is the study of individual clinical variants of obesity in specific patient groups, including adolescent boys. Aim . To study the heterogeneity of sleep quality indicators, emotional and behavioral characteristics, and eating behavior in adolescent boys with obesity. Materials and methods . The study included 164 adolescents aged 14–17, comprising 137 with obesity (E66.0, ICD-10) and 27 healthy controls. Sleep quality was assessed using the Adolescent Sleep-Wake Scale (ASWS). Behavioral and emotional disorders were evaluated using the Achenbach questionnaire (Youth Self Report, YSR 11-18). Eating behavior was assessed using the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ). Results . Six distinct clusters were identified: (1) adolescents with thought problems and high aggression; (2) children with sleep and eating disorders, low social adaptation, and high aggression; (3) adolescents without significant issues; (4) socially adapted adolescents with internalized problems and emotional eating; (5) adolescents with eating disorders, deviant behavior, and aggression; and (6) socially adapted adolescents with restrictive eating behavior. Healthy adolescents predominantly belonged to the third cluster, while adolescents with obesity showed diverse cluster representation. Assignment to any cluster other than the third was a significant predictor of increased BMI z-score. Conclusion . The study revealed significant differences in emotional and behavioral characteristics among adolescents with obesity, emphasizing the importance of considering these factors when selecting treatment approaches.

Sleep disturbances, stress, and emotional eating are interrelated, influencing adolescents’ mental and physical well-being. This study assessed the associations between stress, sleep quality, behavioral issues, and emotional eating in adolescents with obesity. One hundred randomly chosen adolescents aged 12–17 years with diagnosed obesity participated. Path analysis revealed significant relationships between total stress and internalizing (β = 0.61, p < .001) and externalizing (β = 0.39, p < .001) problems. Sleep quality significantly predicted externalizing problems (B = − 5.92, β = − .36, p < .001) but not internalizing problems (p = .289). Internalizing problems significantly predicted emotional eating (B = 0.03, β = .37, p < .001), while externalizing problems did not (p = .897). Sleep quality and stress scores negatively covaried (B = − 6.13, β = − .30, p < .022). The model explained 14

Objectives. To study the relationship between symptoms of trait anxiety, state anxiety and symptoms of insomnia on the one hand and the extent of their influence on disorders of daytime functioning on the other in adolescent girls. Materials and methods. The study included 50 presumptively healthy adolescent female high school students aged 15–17 years selected on the principle of simple random sampling. Symptoms of insomnia and their influences on daytime functioning were assessed using the SLEEP-50 (S-50) questionnaire. Trait anxiety and state anxiety were assessed using the Spielberger questionnaire. Path analysis was used to identify significant associations. Results. Positive associations were found between the severity of disorders of daytime functioning and the severity of the symptoms of insomnia (β = 0.45; p < 0.001) and the level of trait anxiety (β = 0.34; p = 0.004). Trait anxiety was also a significant predictor of state anxiety (p < 0.001), with a direct relationship between these parameters (β = 0.62). Positive covariance was found between the severity of the symptoms of insomnia and state anxiety (β = 0.53; p < 0.001). Conclusions. Improving the quality of sleep and daytime functioning in adolescents with symptoms of insomnia should take personality characteristics into account. High levels of trait anxiety increase the adverse consequences of insomnia in relation to indicators of daytime functioning.

Introduction. Intestinal microbiota is a complex and unique system in its composition, performing a huge number of diverse functions in the body. Its formation begins in utero. Aim. To study the features of the parietal and cavity intestinal microbiota in children born to mothers suffering from moderate bronchial asthma, depending on the mode of delivery. Material and methods. A prospective longitudinal study was carried out, which included children from the first day of life to 12 months. A total of 68 children at high risk of atopy (HRA) from mothers with asthma were included, of whom 22 were born by cesarean section and 46 were born through the vaginal birth canal. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of GM was carried out by real-time PCR with group- and species-specific primers: in the examined children, the dynamics of 4 phylums including 31 microorganisms was assessed. The child’s feces and brush-biopsy were taken from the rectum at 7 control points of measurement. Results and discussion. The data obtained showed that the method of delivery has an impact on the formation of the intestinal microbiota: in children born by cesarean section, in the parietal microbiota, starting from the age of 1–2 months, and in the cavity microbiota – 3–4 months, representatives of phylum Firmicutes ( Clostridium leptum gr m. ). In children born through the vaginal birth canal, all the first 8 months of life in the cavity and parietal microbiota were dominated by representatives of phylum Bacteroidetes ( Bacteroides spp., Prevotella spp. ) . Clostridium leptum can be a marker of an inflammatory process in the intestinal mucosa in children at high risk of atopy. The research conducted over the past few years has found that Clostridium leptum promotes the secretion of anti-inflammatory (IL-10 and IL-12) and inhibition of the production of pro-inflammatory (IL-8) cytokines, and also boosts the number of Treg cells. Conclusion. The mode of delivery in children with a high risk of atopy is an additional epigenetic factor that influences the nature of both the parietal and cerebrospinal microbiota.

Introduction. Obesity is a non-communicable pandemic and a major problem worldwide. As the prevalence of childhood obesity increases, there is growing evidence of an association between obesity and risk factors for menstrual disorders.Aim. To study the role of obesity treatment in shaping menstrual disorders in adolescent girls.Materials and methods. Group: with obesity and menstrual cycle disorders. Group 2: obese and regular menstrual cycle. An assessment of anthropometric data, collection of hereditary history, life history, and analysis of data from menstrual cycle diaries were carried out. All girls were given recommendations aimed at reducing body weight, and after 12 months, weight dynamics and the nature of the menstrual cycle were assessed.Results. An increase in body weight for every 1 kilogram added over 12 months significantly increases the risk of menstrual cycle disorders: the odds ratio is 1.45 (95% CI: 1.11–1.88), p = 0.005. An increase in body mass index by 1 unit over 12 months significantly increases the risk of menstrual cycle disorders: the odds ratio is 1.70 (95% CI: 1.28–2.24), p = 0.001, similarly decreasing with a corresponding decrease in body mass index.Discussion. The risk of menstrual cycle disorders is associated with a dynamic change in body weight: with an increase in body weight during the year, the chances of menstrual cycle disorders for every 1 kg added increase by 1.45 times, decreasing by the same number of times with a corresponding decrease in weight. With an increase in body mass index for each added unit per year, the chances of menstrual cycle disorders increase by 1.7 times, decreasing by the same number of times with a corresponding decrease in body mass index.Conclusions. Dynamic changes in body weight can have both a positive and a negative effect on the prognosis of menstrual cycle disorders, which determines the great importance of therapeutic efforts aimed at reducing body weight.

The aim of the study was to determine the heterogeneity of metabolic parameters in teenage boys diagnosed with “obesity due to excess calories” using cluster analysis. Materials and methods. One hundred and twenty-three randomly selected patients aged 14 to 17 years diagnosed with “obesity due to excess calories” were examined. The statistical analysis included descriptive and analytical methods, in particular aimed to identify clusters of biochemical indicators, including serum fasting glucose level, insulin level, total cholesterol level, low density lipoproteins (LDLP), very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), high density lipoproteins (HDLP) and triglycerides. Results. Two clusters of observations have been identified. The first cluster consisted of 72 patients (58.5%) having fasting glucose levels slightly below average, insulin levels above average, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDLP and VLDL above average, and HDLP levels below average (“metabolically unhealthy” obesity). The second cluster included 51 teenagers (41.5%) who presented with opposite trends in metabolic characteristics (“metabolically healthy” obesity). The adolescents from the first cluster were slightly older, had higher body mass, body mass index (BMI) and z-BMI scores, and higher HOMA-IR scores. Arterial hypertension and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease were diagnosed statistically significantly more frequently in adolescents from this cluster. Conclusion. Teenage boys with obesity are a heterogeneous group in terms of the values of major metabolic indicators.

This study aims to examine the role of sleep quality, emotional and behavioral characteristics, and eating behavior in adolescents with obesity by means of cluster analysis. One hundred ninety-four adolescents (78 girls, 116 boys) aged 12–17 (mean 14.3 ± 2.7) with obesity (ICD-10 code E 66.0) entered the study. The Adolescent Sleep Wake Scale was used to evaluate sleep quality. The Achenbach Youth Self-Report for Ages 11–18 questionnaire was used to evaluate emotional and behavioral disturbances. The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire was used to assess maladaptive eating. k-Means cluster analysis was used to clarify heterogeneity. Four clusters were identified: the first included anxious, depressed, socially withdrawn adolescents with thought problems and somatic complaints, non-aggressive, obedient, and having mean values on the sleep quality scale, inclined to restrict their food consumption. The second consisted of rule-breaking youngsters with poor sleep quality, reluctant to restrict their food consumption. The third comprised subjects with the highest values on the sleep quality and lowest values on emotional and behavioral problems, aimed at restricting food consumption. The fourth comprised adolescents with obvious signs of emotional disorders, poorest sleep quality, disinhibited behavior, and emotional and external eating. No statistically significant difference was found between the clusters in sex distribution. Patient allocation to the second or fourth cluster was associated with significantly higher body mass index values, as opposed to the reference third cluster. Conclusion: There is significant variation in teenagers with obesity who have divergent psychological profiles, which should be taken into account.

Pregnancy is the most important stage in the formation of motherhood, maternal programming. An integral component of this process is maternal-fetal attachment, which can be defined as the bonds between a woman and a fetus that depend on the cognitive and emotional abilities to perceive another human being and include thoughts, behavior, emotions and relationships. The formation of maternal-fetal attachment is presumably due to the high plasticity of the brain of a pregnant woman, which results in significant structural and functional changes in its individual structures. The study of maternal-fetal attachment is possible using standardized questionnaires, one of which is the Maternal Antenatal Attachment Scale. The paper provides the Russian version of this questionnaire and its reference values. Maternal-fetal attachment depends on the personality characteristics of the woman and, to a lesser extent, on socio-demographic factors, and its characteristics have a prognostic value for the psychological and somatic health of the mother and child. Assessment of maternal-fetal attachment and its optimization should be considered as an integral component of medical and psychological support for pregnant women.

Relevance. Type I diabetes mellitus is generally recognized as a socially significant disease which directly affects the nature and severity of clinical symptoms of comorbidities, including in the oral cavit y.Material and methods. The study, which was conducted in the Department of Pediatrics of the “V.A. Almazov National Medical Research Center” in St. Petersburg, included 54 patients with type I diabetes mellitus. The mean age of the study group was 15.4 ± 1.27 years. Diabetes duration was 71.2 ± 46 months. The average value of glycated hemoglobin is 8.64 ± 1.69. 11% of patients appeared to have uncontrolled hyperglycemia (HbA1c > 7%). The dental examination included a questionnaire, examination and index evaluation using the Green-Vermillion Hygiene Index (OHI), the PMA index modified by Parma, Russell’s periodontal index (PI) and the DMF index. Statistical data was processed using the JAMOVI 2.3.13 software.Results. The principal component analysis distributed the studied indices by three independent mathematical models-constructs. The binomial regression of the OHI and glycated hemoglobin showed a specificity of 0.903 and a sensitivity of 0.348. Regression analysis of the PI and Hb1Ac showed a specificity of 0.919 and a sensitivity of 0.294.Conclusion. The binomial regression model of dental indices with the glycated hemoglobin index values helped to formulate the Hb1Ac key-point values, which allows for suspecting a highly likely initial stage of gingivitis. Hb1Ac above 8.6 is this value.

Relevance. The study of the dental status, including periodontal, in adolescents with type 1 diabetes, has a high scientific and clinical significance in terms of early diagnosis and prediction of the pathology of the dentoalveolar system in this group of patients.Materials and methods. The study included 54 adolescents with type 1 diabetes aged 14-17 y.o.; of which 44% were boys, and 56% were girls. The duration of diabetes was 71.2 ± 46 months. Oral cavity condition evaluation included an interview and examination using instrumental and index assessment. The index assessment included the Green-Vermilion oral hygiene index (OHI-S), the papillary-marginal-attached index (PMA), Russell’s periodontal index (PI) and the decayed-missing-filled index (DMFT). To evaluate the diabetes factor impact on the periodontal tissues, we assessed the level of HbA1c, the duration of DM1, sex, age, and the presence of microangiopathy specific for type 1 diabetes, followed by multivariate regression analysis using JAMOVI 2.3.13 software.Results. The study established that only 11% of the examined adolescents had compensated type 1 diabetes with an HbA1c level <7%. As for the index assessment of the oral cavity condition, most patients had mild or moderate deviations, indicating initial changes, including ones in periodontium. We also established a significant adverse effect of HbA1c increase, i.e., metabolic decompensation, on all studied indices (OHI-S, PI, PMA).Conclusion. Initial inflammatory periodontal changes in type 1 DM may occur at a fairly early age and do not depend on age, sex and the presence of vascular complications, and are associated with worse glycemic control numbers. Dental check-ups of adolescents with type 1 diabetes require periodontal index assessment and collaboration of dentists and pediatric endocrinologists.

Thirty-three children treated for congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) (13 boys; 13 with focal forms of CHI, median age 10 months) entered the study. The mothers were requested to fill-in the Ages and Stages Questionnaire to estimate communication, gross motor, fine motor, problem solving and personal-social skills. Children with focal forms had significantly higher values on the ASQ Total, communication, fine motor and problem-solving scores. The probability of a child to be rated ‘on schedule’ in three and more developmental areas was significantly higher in the focal CHI group. The same was true for communication, fine motor and problem solving skills. Focal pancreatic resection was associated with higher chances of a child having ‘on schedule’ development in communication and problem-solving areas as opposed to no surgery. Children requiring medications after the surgery had lower chances to have appropriate development in communication and problem-solving areas.

OBJECTIVE:To attempt to identify persistent associations between sleep quality, symptoms of emotional and behavioral disturbances, and characteristics of eating behavior in obese adolescents based on a network analysis.MATERIAL AND METHODS:The study included 194 adolescents, aged 12-17 years (76 girls, 118 boys), with a confirmed diagnosis of obesity due to excess calories (ICD-10 code E66.0). Sleep quality was studied on the basis of the Adolescent Sleep Wake Scale (ASWS), emotional and behavioral disturbances were assessed with the Achenbach Youth Self-Report for Ages 11-18 (YSR), eating behavior - with the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ). Network analysis was used to identify the most significant and stable associations between the studied indicators.RESULTS:The association of poor sleep quality with manifestations of disinhibited behavior in the form of violations of the rules of behavior, aggressiveness, and impaired attention was revealed. Positive correlations between the manifestations of disinhibited behavior (primarily, rule-breaking behavior) and emotional eating behavior, which, in turn, had a positive relationship with external and a negative relationship with restrictive eating behavior, were noted. The disinhibited adolescent behavior is linked with uncontrolled food intake, which can contribute to the development of obesity.CONCLUSION:Impaired sleep quality, symptoms of emotional and behavioral disorders, and eating disorders in obese adolescents present a stable and specific clinical pattern that should be taken into account when justifying therapy.

BACKGROUND: Congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) is a rare life-threatening disease characterised by persistent hypoglycaemia as a result of inappropriate insulin secretion, which can lead to irreversible neurological defects in infants.AIM: To evaluate neurophysiological characteristics of central nervous system in children with congenital hyperinsulinism treated according to the international protocol in Russian Federation.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our retrospective, prospective cohort study included 73 patients who received treatment for CHI according to the current international protocol at different departments of the Almazov National Medical Research Centre from 2017 to 2022. All patients underwent a comprehensive examination, including electroencephalography (EEG).RESULTS: Among 73 patients with CHI, 35% (23) had focal form of the disease, 65% had non-focal form (49% (39) — diffuse form, 16% (11) — atypical form). All patients with focal form of CHI had a recovery as an outcome.Analysing the EEG data we found that paroxysmal activity was recorded in 23 patients (32%), 50 patients did not have paroxysmal activity (68%). Diffuse changes were observed in 47 patients (64%), whereas 26 patients (36%) were absent of it. By constructing Kaplan-Meier curves we found that the alpha rhythm is formed significantly (p=0.026) earlier in patients with a focal form of CHI.CONCLUSION: CHI patients treated according to the international guidelines in Russian Federation show rather positive neurological outcome. We established that alpha rhythm earliest formation is associated with focal form of CHI.

Aim. Comparison of gender personality traits in CAH-affected 46,XX patients with those in 46,XY patients with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) or gonadal dysgenesis (GD). Patients and methods. Thirty-six 46,XX CAH, three 46,XY AIS, four 46, XY GD patients. The Bern Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) was used to measure masculinity, femininity and to research gender roles. Results. The lowest femininity values were in the patients with CAH, the highest in patients with AIS. Age at study was not associated with the value of BSRI score. CAH patients with the Prader score 4 had lower median femininity score values than those who had the Prader score 3, however, the difference was statistically insignificant. Conclusion. More masculinizied personality behavioral traits in females with CAH most likely result from exposure of the fetal brain to high levels of androgens. (C) 2021 Sexologies. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Objective. To study the luminal and mucosal-associated intestinal microbiota (IM) in children at high risk of atopy during the first year of life depe nding on the type of feeding in the early neonatal period. Patients and methods. This prospective, longitudinal, randomized study included pairs of pregnant women and their children. They were divided into two groups: the study group, which consisted of patients with high risk of atopy (39 full-term infants born through vaginal delivery to mothers with bronchial asthma), and the control group, which enrolled patients with low risk of atopy (26 full-term infants born through vaginal delivery to healthy mothers). Depending on the type of feeding in the early neonatal period, subgroups A (exclusively breastfed infants) and B (formula-fed infants) were identified. The intestinal microbiota was examined on day 2-3 and then every 2 months until the child reached the age of 1 year; stool specimens and brushing specimens from the rectum were collected. The luminal and mucosal-associated IM were analyzed using a real-time polymerase chain reaction with group- and species-specific primers in 4 phylums including 31 microorganisms. Results. The IM parameters were influenced by the following: the source of sampling (luminal IM values were higher than that of mucosal-associated IM and increased with the age of children), mass of microorganisms studied (increased with age regardless of the type of feeding in the early neonatal period, but the most diverse IM was noted in children with HRA), the type of infant feeding (had no effect on bacterial mass except for Clostridium dificile, whose mass was higher in exclusively breastfed infants with HRA (F(1.61) = 5.68; p = 0.020; η2 p = 0.09)), and also depended on the child’s age at the time of sampling (F(6.366) = 294.63; p < 0.001 ; η2 p = 0.83) (increased with age) and the source of sampling (higher in mucosal-associated IM) (F(1.61) = 141.12; p < 0.001 ; η2 p = 0.70). The presence of maternal bronchial asthma had the most significant effect on the quantitative and qualitative composition of IM. Conclusion. Children at high risk of atopy had a greater diversity of both the luminal and mucosal-associated intestinal microbiota. The presence of maternal bronchial asthma is the most significant factor modifying the intestinal microbiota of the child. Key words: atopy, bronchial asthma, infants, feeding, luminal and mucosal-associated intestinal microbiota