Due to the lack of natural woody vegetation on flat or elevated relief elements, protective afforestation is associated with the introduction of tree species of foreign origin. Uncontrolled process of enrichment of protective forest plantations woody plants in forest-poor regions leads to invasion. The goal is the development of regulations for the selection of woody plants to safely enhance the biodiversity of protective forest plantations in the steppe and semi-desert. It was revealed that the cluster dendrological sites of the Federal Scientific Centre of Agroecology, Complex Melioration and Protective Afforestation of Russian Academy of Sciences (FSC of Agroecology RAS) serve as a testing ground with a controlled territory for safe testing of plants. The object of research was 600 taxa, of different geographical origin and age. For defensive forest plantations of degraded ecosystems (Volgograd, Samara Oblast) 168 species of trees and shrubs are recommended. The results of studies of generic complexes are the basis for the scheme for analyzing the prospects of woody plants and for selecting an economically important range. In dry steppe conditions, economically important groups from families Rosaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Oleaceae, Fabaceae are recommended for increasing biodiversity. The regulation includes the creation of a stock of planting stock. It is based on ecological compatibility, economic suitability, innovative assortment. Monitoring of experimental populations forming a self-seeding was carried out. In arid conditions, safe methods of reproduction of woody plants have been identified. An algorithm for quantitative and qualitative improvement of the assortment of woody plants has been developed to select the best possible option and the criteria for regulating the sustainable use of the biodiversity of woody plants. They include introduction, selection, seed production and tested at the sites of the study area.

We studied hydrogeological responses to the passage of seismic waves from the Chilean earthquakes with Ms ≥7.6 at epicentral distances of about 126°. The variation in the levels of confined and unconfined aquifers was analyzed under platform conditions at the Mikhnevo Geophysical Observatory near Moscow, Russia. Synchronous recording of seismic and hydrogeological data enabled us to evaluate the amplitude–frequency response of aquifers. The study shows that medium response to dynamic impact depends on various physical parameters of the aquifers.

В первой части данной работы исследован отклик разновозрастных структур на лунно-солнечные приливы, которые могут рассматриваться в качестве зондирующего сигнала для мониторинга состояния флюидонасыщенных коллекторов. Для выделения приливов из гидрогеологических, барометрических и сейсмических рядов применен комплексный подход к обработке данных, полученных на полигонах Института динамики геосфер РАН, Института геофизики НАН Украины и станции KIEV сейсмической сети IRIS. Выполнен сравнительный анализ экспериментальных и теоретических значений суточных и полусуточных приливных компонент в смещении грунта. Вариации приливов в уровне подземных вод сопоставлены с приливными компонентами, прослеженными в смещении грунта разновозрастных структур Московского и Украинского массивов, входящих в состав Восточно-Европейской артезианской области. Различие в откликах на приливы в уровне подземных вод и смещении грунта, вероятно, свидетельствует о влиянии дополнительных факторов на состояние массива, связанных, в частности, с прохождением сейсмических волн от землетрясений и изменением гидрогеодинамической обстановки.

The first part of this work is dedicated to the response of different-age structures to lunisolar tides, which can be considered as a sounding signal for monitoring the state of fluid-saturated reservoirs. The complex approach to processing the data obtained at the testing sites of the Institute of Geosphere Dynamics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geophysics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, and KIEV station of the IRIS seismic network is applied for recognizing the tides against the hydrogeological, barometric, and seismic series. The comparative analysis of the experimental and theoretical values of the diurnal and semidiurnal tidal components in the time series of ground displacements is carried out. The tidal variations in the groundwater level are compared with the tidal components revealed in the ground displacement of the different-age structure of the Moscow Basin and Ukrainian Shield, which are parts of the East European artesian region. The differences in the tidal responses of the groundwater level and ground displacement probably suggest that the state of the massif is affected by certain additional factors associated, e.g., with the passage of earthquake-induced seismic waves and the changes in the hydrogeodynamic environment.

The paper presents the results of processing the data on variations of groundwater level in an aquifer opened by a well in a depth interval of 76–115 m. The obtained series are compared with the volume deformation of the aquifer, calculated theoretically using the ETERNA 3.0 tidal analysis program. Two components are detected in the long-period area: the one coherent to the luni-solar tides and the one incoherent to them. It is established that the phase shift between the variations of volume deformation of the aquifer and the corresponding variations of water level in the well depends not only on the stressed-deformed state of the surrounding rock massif, but on the position of the piezometric surface of the aquifer as well. Some peculiarities of the effects of luni-solar tides on variations of groundwater level are considered. The amplitudes of groundwater level and volume deformation of the aquifer, as well as the phase shift between these parameters are estimated for the detected tidal waves. The value of the amplitude factor lies in the range of 0.04–0.058 cm/nanostrain.

Приведены результаты обработки данных наблюдений за уровнем напорного горизонта, вскрытого в скважине в интервале 76-115 м. Полученные ряды сопоставлены с объемной деформацией водовмещающего коллектора, теоретически рассчитанной по программе приливного анализа ETERNA 3.0. В длиннопериодной области выделены две составляющие: когерентная лунно-солнечным приливам и некогерентная им. Отмечено, что фазовый сдвиг между объемной деформацией коллектора и уровнем воды в скважине зависит не только от изменений напряженно-деформированного состояния массива горных пород, но и от положения пьезометрической поверхности водоносного горизонта. Рассмотрены некоторые особенности проявления лунно-солнечных приливов в вариациях уровня подземных вод. Для выделенных приливных волн определены амплитуды уровня, объемной деформации водовмещающих пород и фазовый сдвиг между полученными параметрами. Значение амплитудного фактора составляет 0.04-0.058 см/нанострейн.

The paper presents the results of precise monitoring of the regime of groundwater at the territory of the Geophysical Observatory of IDG RAS "Mikhnevo". Variations of water level in the isolated aquifer depend on regime controlling factors that have episodic and stationary effects on the aquifer. Detecting and studying the reaction of groundwater to stationary lunisolar tides are of special interest. The tidal effect in variations of groundwater level can be considered as a probing signal for diagnostics of stress-strain conditions of the geological medium.

Using laboratory, field, and numerical experiments, it is shown that detonation of air-fuel mixture in borehole located in dense rocks is an effective method for generating the transverse seismic wave. Different operation regimes are investigated, and the seismic efficiency is determined for the method in question. The scheme reliably ensuring the repetitive detonation of mixture under various initial pressures in a borehole is proposed.