Interactional Metadicursive Resources (IMRs) are established as the most common rhetorical features that assist writers in achieving interaction with the discourse community. The purpose of this study was to compare the use of IMRs in research articles (RAs) authored by Yemeni L2 writers and L1 English writers, while also examining the extent to which both groups employ these resources to achieve persuasive purposes. Based on Hyland’s (2019) model, AntConc was used as an analytical tool in a corpus-based methodology to analyze the use of IMRs in their context of use, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Moreover, Swales’ models were adapted to identify rhetorical moves in the different sections of RAs. The findings indicate that L1 writers tended to use IMRs more frequently and effectively to pursue ethos and pathos. However, Yemeni L2 writers tended to use IMRs sparingly, lacking familiarity with their persuasive role. L1 writers tended to express epistemic and affective stances and used these resources throughout their research, while Yemeni L2 writers tended to focus more on propositional content, using limited IMRs in their writing. Furthermore, unlike L1 English writers, who tended to negotiate their claims in the RA introduction and engage their audience in the RA conclusion, Yemeni L2 writers almost exclusively strengthened their line of argument when initiating and concluding their research. The study concludes by discussing the pedagogical implications of the effective use of IMRs in L2 academic writing.

The Malaysian Rules of the House of Representatives Council are the laws pertaining to rules and regulations in the Malaysian Parliament. Regulation 8 of the Rules of the House of Representatives Council (Peraturan-Peraturan Majlis Mesyuarat Dewan Rakyat), the Parliament of Malaysia pursuant to Article 62 (1) provides that "The Official Language of the Council is bahasa Melayu, but the speaker may authorize the use of English". However, recent report from a newspaper suggested that the status of bahasa Melayu as an official language of the parliament is being neglected as such some parliament members have been reported of using English blatantly during the parliamentary debate. Thus, this study aims to identify the trend of English language usage in Parliament 13 of the House of Representatives. The data used were codeswitching of Malay and English languages in 224 files of the Malaysian Hansard Corpus of Parliament 13. The present paper illustrates the use of the corpus-based approach to determine the frequency of English words used in the Malaysian Hansard Corpus. The results revealed that there is an increase in the usage of English words from the first to the fourth quarters. This finding also proposes that English is gaining more attention among the parliamentary members as a medium to express ideas in the Malaysian parliament which statement contradicts the law stating bahasa Melayu as the official language of the Malaysian parliament. Information gained from this study will help to provide insight on whether the claim that the status of bahasa Melayu as the official language of the Malaysian parliament is true or otherwise.

This paper investigates the term “sea” (hai) in the four-character Chinese idioms according to conceptual metaphor and metonymy theory, attempting to illustrate their conceptualization, determine their possible underlying motivations, and explore Chinese maritime thought and culture. Based on idiomatic expressions, three types of conceptual metaphors are identified: abstract qualities of concrete entities are the sea, abstract entity is sea, and a certain aspect of a human being is sea. Moreover, the four types of conceptual metonymies are the part for the whole, the whole for the part, the place for the product, and the place for the responsible deities or goddesses. They are motivated by a culture of worship of and accordance with nature, the pursuit of achievements in traditional Chinese literature, “man paid, nature made” as the attitude towards the ups and downs of life, and a self-centered conceptualization of the world. The maritime culture represented in these conceptualizations comprises fear of and respect for the sea, harmony between humans and the sea, and static–dynamic integrations of river, land, and sea. The findings show that the motivations of these conceptualizations do not only originate from the embodiment and Chinese philosophy of the unity of heaven and humanity but are also constrained by the most influential talent selection mechanism, the Imperial Examination System, as well as by agriculture, the foundation of the economy in ancient China.

This study provides a detailed analysis of George W. Bush's speeches during the Iraq War, with a focus on his use of epistemic modal adjectives to influence the international community's support for the war. The study draws on a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods to analyze the epistemic modality in six of Bush's speeches, including The State of the Union Speeches and The War Speeches. By utilizing Biber et al.'s (1999, p.5-6) categories of epistemic modality, the study categorizes the adjectives into "Certainty" and "Likelihood" and examines their underlying functions in persuading the public about the Iraq War. The findings highlight that the adjectives served five distinct functions, namely "assertion," "assumption," "conviction," "hedging," and "likelihood/possibility," which were strategically employed by Bush to promote his policy and agenda towards the Iraqi government. The study emphasizes the crucial role of epistemic modality in political speeches and its potential impact on shaping public opinion.

This research aims to examine the use of a token economy for education sustainability. It presents a recent review and evaluation of the token economy used among young learners and learners with special needs for behavior management and learning engagement in teaching. Online articles from Google Scholar, ERIC, and UKMLibrary were used. The terms used for reviewing the articles were token economy, token systems, positive reinforcement, and rewards. The scoping review protocol was used for this study. A total of 60 relevant articles published from 2000 to 2020 were filtered and grouped into three major themes for review: behavior management, learning engagement, and types of tokens. Findings suggested that although previous research had examined the impact of a token economy on behavior management and learning engagement, there was limited research on the correlation between teaching methods and social fairness. Teachers as the main participants in assessing the effectiveness of a token economy, were also lacking. Additionally, the use of social and physical reinforcers was found to assist in obtaining the desired behaviors and learning engagement from participants, thereby enabling them to sustain learners' interest in future lessons.

Purpose This study examined academic motives to enter university-industry collaboration (UIC) and how they affect collaboration performance. Given that UIC performance is context-dependent, we also explored the moderating role of relationship governance. Design/methodology/approach The study population was academics working at a public research university while collaborating with industry. Data were collected through a cross-sectional survey. The measurement items were adapted from previous studies. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted using IBM SPSS statistics 26 (SPSS 26). This study utilized a hierarchical moderated regression analysis to examine the research model. Findings The results indicated that government and institutional policies and knowledge generation and dissemination are critical indicators of necessity that motivate academics to enter UIC and positively influence performance outcomes. Different governance mechanisms also play varying roles in the relationship between motivation and UIC performance. Practical implications Institutional programs designed to encourage academics to collaborate with industry should consider the types of academic motivation and carefully manage collaboration efficiency using various kinds of relationship governance. Originality/value This study contributes to existing knowledge by determining how different relationship governance mechanisms moderate the relationship between academic motivation and collaboration performance.

Removal of stop words is essential in Natural Language Processing and text-related analysis. Existing works on Malay stop words are based on standard Malay and Quranic/Arabic translations into Malay. Thus, there is a lack of domain-specific stop word list, making it discordant for processing of Malay parliamentary discourse. In this paper, we propose a semantic approach towards identifying and removing Malay, conventional Malay spelling and English functional words in analysing a time-series corpus, namely the Malaysian Hansard Corpus (MHC), to extract a Malay specific-domain stop word list. The study utilised a combination of Z-method of most frequently occurring words, words that appear once, and the classic method. The dataset of the corpus evaluated comprised Parliament 1 (year 1959) to Parliament 13 (year 2018). The study then categorised the stop word list according to domain specific related words. The resulting list comprised 587 stop words. New stop words that emerged from the MHC include parliamentary-related words like 'Berhormat' (salutation to the members of the Parliament), 'Pertua' (salutation to the Speaker of the House), 'ketawa' (laugh) and 'tepuk' (clap). Other than typical English stop words like 'and' and 'the', there are also words like 'hon'ble' (short for 'Honourable') and 'honourable'. The list also includes stop words in conventional Malay spelling like 'untok' (for), 'lebeh' (more), and 'kapada' (to). The proposed set of stop words can be further utilised to assist natural language processing and text analysis.

The issues related to halal and haram are very important for the Muslim community in Malaysia because they are related to various social and cultural aspects such as relationships, clothing, food and business. Many people view the issues related to halal and haram as what is allowed and forbidden in Islam, and the views are often associated with food and socialization. Based on the dynamics of these two concepts in daily life, this study aims to investigate the representations of halal and haram in Malaysian parliamentary discourse through corpus-driven analysis to examine how and in what context both concepts are debated in the parliament. This objective is achieved by looking at the trend of frequency and use of halal and haram in the context of the discourse of the Malaysian Parliament and subsequently the semantic evolution of these two terms from legal perspective and later associated with commodity. The data of this study was obtained from the Malaysian Hansard Corpus (MHC) which covers Parliament 1 (1959-1964) to Parliament 13 (2013-2018) and is approximately 157 million words in size. The findings of the study indicate differences in the usage patterns of halal and haram in MHC. Initially, halal was associated with Islamic concepts and laws. However, the use of halal has expanded into several domains such as business, tourism, cosmetics and ecosystems. This clearly indicates the efforts to make halal as the way of life. The use of haram, on the other hand, is often associated with domains such as activities, objects and groups of people. The usage patterns show the function of haram as an adjective that changes the value of a noun from neutral to negative in Malaysia. A closer examination of the words that frequently appear along with halal and haram in the MHC shows a trend of its widespread use and at the same time displays variations of meaning in parliamentary discourse spanning a period of almost 60 years.

Parliamentary corpora are pertinent language resources of various subject matters. The applications of parliamentary corpora enable researchers to analyse data from different perspectives including linguistics, political sciences, computational linguistics or history. The availability of parliamentary corpora in specific languages facilitates towards the analysis of that particular language. In Malaysia, parliamentary corpus has not been developed and Malaysian Hansard portal could not be comprehensively used to analyse linguistics patterns, semantic shift or discourse analysis. Malaysian Hansard Corpus (MHC) was initially created to provide a comprehensive and digitally accessible parliamentary documents written in the Malay and English language,compiled from Malaysian Parliamentary Reports (Malaysian Hansard). MHC contains documents from the House of Representative (Dewan Rakyat) in Malaysian Parliament. The dates of the documents ranges from Parliament 1 (1959) to the present’s Parliament 14 (2019). This initial version of digital collection comprises of 167,513,039 tokens (word count) gathered from 3,684 scanned files in PDF format. The corpus is readily accessible for public use in txt and PDF formats and has its own distinctive typology. The availability of this corpus will promote more statistical analyses and hypothesis testing, enable the testing of occurrences, frequencies or validating the rules of linguistic within an explicit language dominion.

The corpus-based approach is known to be beneficial in developing teaching materials for language learning and teaching. Kibbitzers, which are language modules, are developed using an indirect corpus-based approach and they address specific language problems. The modules are meant for self-paced, self-accessed and independent study. In this study, the efficacy of Kibbitzers in disambiguating pairs of near synonyms which are generally confusing to learners who are investigated. The two key research questions are: a) Is Kibbitzer useful in disambiguating the meaning of pairs of near synonyms? b) How can a Kibbitzer assist learners to differentiate pairs of near synonyms? Thirty two (32) English as Second Language (ESL) undergraduates in Malaysia were recruited to test the use of it. The results indicated that the overall use of Kibbitzers is statistically beneficial for ESL learners. The features incorporated in Kibbitzers helped learners by offering examples from concordance lines, links to Corpus Banks and presenting explanations in a creative way. This helped clarify how a language item should be used in a specific situation enormously. Potential Kibbitzer developers and classroom practitioners who may want to incorporate Kibbitzers in their language classrooms will find the results useful in addressing specific language problems.

Perceraian merujuk kepada putusnya ikatan pernikahan antara suami dan isteri. Fenomena ini cenderung membawa konotasi yang negatif, misalnya dari sudut implikasi perceraian itu sendiri dan emosi individu yang terlibat. Pada dasarnya, perceraian bukanlah suatu isu yang tidak boleh dinyatakan secara terang-terangan. Walau bagaimanapun, tidak semua individu berasa selesa untuk membicarakannya secara langsung; justeru, bahasa ‘berlapik’ digunakan untuk menyatakannya. Makalah ini menghuraikan konsep perceraian yang wujud dalam masyarakat Melayu Sarawak (MMS), dengan menggunakan data eufemisme dalam domain hubungan antara suami dan isteri. Data kajian diperoleh menerusi kajian lapangan di Kampung Buntal dan Kampung Santubong, Sarawak. Kaedah temu bual dimanfaatkan dengan penglibatan dua orang informan lelaki dan dua orang informan perempuan berusia 40 tahun ke atas. Temu bual berkisar kepada penggunaan bahasa dalam topik perceraian. Data seterusnya dianalisis menggunakan Skema Imej, Metafora Konseptual, dan Metonimi yang terdapat dalam kerangka Idealized Cognitive Models (ICMs) saranan Lakoff (1987). Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa wujudnya penggunaan eufemisme perceraian seperti sik ada jodoh gik (tidak ada jodoh lagi), sik ada gik dah duak ya (tidak ada lagi mereka berdua itu), sik ada seratan (tidak ada suratan), jodoh setakat tok jak (jodoh setakat ini saja), seratan setakat tok jak (suratan setakat ini saja), dah putus hubungan (sudah putus hubungan), dan dah bepisah (sudah berpisah). Analisis data dari sudut semantik kognitif berupaya menggambarkan pemikiran MMS secara lebih sistematik, misalnya menerusi skema imej Bekas, Laluan dan Sumber-Laluan-Matlamat, metafora konseptual PERCERAIAN ITU KEHILANGAN, PERKAHWINAN ITU PERJALANAN dan PERCERAIAN ITU TERHENTINYA PERJALANAN, PERCERAIAN ITU PUTUS HUBUNGAN, PERCERAIAN ITU PERPISAHAN, dan metonimi PUTUS IKATAN MELAMBANGKAN PERCERAIAN SUAMI ISTERI dan BERPISAH MELAMBANGKAN PERCERAIAN. Kajian ini turut memperlihatkan perkaitan antara pemaknaan dalam eufemisme dengan pengalaman dan pengetahuan MMS tentang perceraian, yang didasari oleh budaya Melayu dan kepercayaan akan ketentuan Allah dalam aturan kehidupan manusia.

Perceraian merujuk kepada putusnya ikatan pernikahan antara suami dan isteri. Fenomena ini cenderung membawa konotasi yang negatif, misalnya dari sudut implikasi perceraian itu sendiri dan emosi individu yang terlibat. Pada dasarnya, perceraian bukanlah suatu isu yang tidak boleh dinyatakan secara terang-terangan. Walau bagaimanapun, tidak semua individu berasa selesa untuk membicarakannya secara langsung; justeru, bahasa ‘berlapik’ digunakan untuk menyatakannya. Makalah ini menghuraikan konsep perceraian yang wujud dalam masyarakat Melayu Sarawak (MMS), dengan menggunakan data eufemisme dalam domain hubungan antara suami dan isteri. Data kajian diperoleh menerusi kajian lapangan di Kampung Buntal dan Kampung Santubong, Sarawak. Kaedah temu bual dimanfaatkan dengan penglibatan dua orang informan lelaki dan dua orang informan perempuan berusia 40 tahun ke atas. Temu bual berkisar kepada penggunaan bahasa dalam topik perceraian. Data seterusnya dianalisis menggunakan Skema Imej, Metafora Konseptual, dan Metonimi yang terdapat dalam kerangka Idealized Cognitive Models (ICMs) saranan Lakoff (1987). Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa wujudnya penggunaan eufemisme perceraian seperti sik ada jodoh gik (tidak ada jodoh lagi), sik ada gik dah duak ya (tidak ada lagi mereka berdua itu), sik ada seratan (tidak ada suratan), jodoh setakat tok jak (jodoh setakat ini saja), seratan setakat tok jak (suratan setakat ini saja), dah putus hubungan (sudah putus hubungan), dan dah bepisah (sudah berpisah). Analisis data dari sudut semantik kognitif berupaya menggambarkan pemikiran MMS secara lebih sistematik, misalnya menerusi skema imej Bekas, Laluan dan Sumber-Laluan-Matlamat, metafora konseptual perceraian itu kehilangan, perkahwinan itu perjalanan dan perceraian itu terhentinya perjalanan, perceraian itu putus hubungan, perceraian itu perpisahan, dan metonimi putus ikatan melambangkan perceraian suami isteri dan berpisah melambangkan perceraian. Kajian ini turut memperlihatkan perkaitan antara pemaknaan dalam eufemisme dengan pengalaman dan pengetahuan MMS tentang perceraian, yang didasari oleh budaya Melayu dan kepercayaan akan ketentuan Allah dalam aturan kehidupan manusia. Kata kunci : eufemisme; perceraian; skema imej; metafora konseptual; Melayu Sarawak ABSTRACT Divorce refers to the legal dissolution of a marriage between husband and wife which often bears negative connotations in view of the implications of the act itself and the emotions of the individuals involved. Generally, divorce is an issue that can be discussed explicitly or openly. However, not everyone feels comfortable talking about it directly and, thus, subtle language is used to express it. This paper describes the concept of divorce that exists within the Sarawak Malay community (MMS) by examining the use of euphemistic expressions in the domain of marital relations. A fieldwork was conducted at Kampung Buntal and Kampung Santubong, Sarawak involving interviews with two male informants and two female informants aged 40 and above. Interview questions revolved around the use of language in the topics of divorce. The data was further analyzed using the framework of Image Schemas, Conceptual Metaphors, and Metonymy within the Idealized Cognitive Models (ICMs) by Lakoff (1987). Findings reveal the use of divorce euphemisms such as sik ada jodoh gik (no longer a fated match), sik ada seratan (no longer destined ), jodoh setakat tok jak ( fate has run its course ), seratan setakat tok jak (destiny has run its course), dah putus hubungan (have broken off the relationship), and dah bepisah ( have separated ) within the community. An analysis from a cognitive semantic point of view allows for a more systematic description of the MMS’ way of thinking, for example, through the image schema of Containment, Path and Source-Path-Goals, conceptual metaphors of DIVORCE IS A LOSS, MARRIAGE IS A JOURNEY and DIVORCE IS THE END OF A JOURNEY, DIVORCE IS A BROKEN RELATIONSHIP, and the metonymy BROKEN BOND SYMBOLIZES THE DIVORCE BETWEEN HUSBAND AND WIFE, as well as SEPARATION SYMBOLIZES DIVORCE. This study also explains the relationship between euphemistic meanings and the MMS’ experience and knowledge about divorce, which is based on the Malay culture and their belief in God's provision in human life. Keywords: euphemism; divorce; image schema; conceptual metaphor; Sarawak Malay

The emergence of COVID-19 affects the world population in many ways, resulting in its own specialised discourse. In addition to providing a source of data for analysis, this discourse has also led to a rethinking of multifarious research methods. This section presents a series of articles by scholars from different parts of the world with macro- and micro-linguistic perspectives, ranging from corpus-based analysis to content analysis studies. At the macro level, these scholars explored ways through which government bodies communicate with the public. Official announcements, parliamentary proceedings and COVID-19-related corpora are examined and a comparative textual analysis between the Malaysian and British governments is provided. At the micro level, the scholars analysed selected corpora with lexical, semantic, and discourse foci and personal posts of short narratives and photos to encapsulate meanings from human life and experience. The main takeaway from these studies is the application of a wide range of methods for different focus and perspectives that may be customised to the researcher's unique context.

Purpose – The inclusion of an increasing number of highfunctioning ASD children in mainstream classrooms demands for adequate awareness of autism and effective teaching methods from teachers to ensure that learning takes places efficiently. Hence, this study investigated the atypical language performance of a highfunctioning Malay girl with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), who chose to acquire English as her first language (L1) and eventually spoke the language fluently despite English not being the main language at home. Focus was given on the child’s literate language use of morphology and syntax in present tense English. Methodology – Data was collected from spontaneous speech interactions with an 8-year-old high-functioning ASD child for a period of 12 months. The interactions were conducted at the child’s home. Each session lasted approximately an hour and was video recorded. The data was analyzed using thematic analysis. In this study, focus was given on the morphology and syntax of the child’s present tense structures in English. Findings – The findings revealed four main themes: 1) elaborated noun phrases, 2) adverbs, 3) conjunctions, plus 4) mental and linguistic verbs. The findings indicated the child’s strength in her language performance that was consistent albeit with weak central coherence account and that she was not at the optional infinitive stage of grammatical development. Significance – These findings led to a further understanding of the language acquisition process in high-functioning children with ASD in Malaysia, and called for mainstream teachers to 1) upgrade their skills, enhance their knowledge and develop their awareness of the linguistic ability of high-functioning ASD children, and 2) implement effective teaching methods in managing them.

Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is a tool in computational technology that allows a recognition of printed characters by manipulating photoelectric devices and computer software. It runs by converting images or texts that are scanned beforehand into machine-readable and editable texts. There are a various numbers of OCR tools in the market for commercial and research use, which are obtainable for free or restrained with purchases. An OCR tool is able to enhance the accuracy of the results which as well relies on pre-processing and subdivision of algorithms. This study intends to investigate the performances of OCR tools in converting the Parliamentary Reports of Hansard Malaysia for developing the Malaysian Hansard Corpus (MHC). By comparing four OCR tools, the study has converted ten reports of Parliamentary Reports which contains a number of 62 pages to see the conversion accuracy and error rate of each conversion tool. In this study, all of the tools are manipulated to convert Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF) files into Plain Text File (txt). The objective of this study is to give an overview based on accuracy and error rate of how each OCR tools essentially works and how it can be utilized to provide assistance towards corpus building. The study indicates that each tool possesses a variety of accuracy and error rates to convert the whole documents from PDF into txt or plain text files. The study proposes that a step of corpus building can be made easier and manageable when a researcher understands the way an OCR tool works in order to choose the best OCR tool prior to the outset of the corpus development.

It has been acknowledged that academic writing is not only content-oriented but also involves various rhetorical strategies that help writers project themselves on text so that the content as well as the writer's stance can be understood. Interactional metadiscourse (MD) strategies are established to play a rhetorical role that contribute to the persuasiveness of argument. Due to the variation of rhetorical strategies across cultures, L2 writers tend to find some problems employing appropriate interactional MD strategies to express a clear stance and engage readers in the content presented. This paper examines the extent to which interactional MD strategies are employed in advanced L2 writing. To this end, 34 research articles written by Yemeni/Arab applied linguistics L2 writers were analysed. Based on Hyland (2005a), interactional MD strategies were identified via AntConc, a concordance analytical software tool. Moreover, a qualitative analysis was conducted to examine the way how advanced L2 writers use interactional MD strategies to pursue persuasive goals. The findings indicate that L2 writers tend to employ impersonal and less dialogic style in academic writing. A closer in-depth analysis indicates that the most salient interactional strategies in Yemeni L2 writing include making bare assertion as well as marking certainty of claims. They mostly tend to make assertion as they indicate research gaps and express conviction when they state findings and summarize their research. The implications of such findings could be useful for genre analysis, academic writing and L2 writing instruction.

Air or its English equivalent 'water' is very important in our everyday life so much so that when the tap runs dry, it even made it as one of the topics debated by politicians. This paper looks at the issues that surround air/water in Malaysian Parliamentary debates by specifically focusing its relation to the state of Selangor. The air/water related issues were examined based on the collocates of air and Selangor in the Malaysian Hansard Corpus (MHC) from Parliament 1 (P1) to Parliament 13 (P13). The findings show that air is consistently present as one of the collocates of Selangor from Parliament 4 (P4) to Parliament 13 (P13). However, air started to show an upward trend starting in Parliament 7 (P7) and continued to Parliament 13 (P13). The recurring issues during those periods are the never-ending water-related problems and the steps taken by the government to overcome the problems. In P7 and P8, the focus is on the source of water as it collocates with pembersihan logi air (water treatment plant) and kawasan tadahan air (water catchment area). In Parliament 10, Parliament 11, Parliament 12 and Parliament 13 the recurring issue with air and Selangor is penyaluran air mentah (the transfer of raw water) from the neighbouring state Pahang to Selangor. Another issue observed is penstrukturan air (restructuring) of water supply and services which was first observed in Parliament 12 and continues to Parliament 13. Thus, by focusing on the collocates of air this corpus-driven account has managed to show the trend of the parliamentary debates in relation to air and Selangor. Therefore, parliamentary debates where various issues of national interest are often raised offer opportunities for more critical analysis of issues that are important to the public.

Politicians constantly talk about wealth, power and education, which is often justified on the grounds that it will aid economic growth, which in turn will raise living standard. Thus, many economic issues are seen through the eyes of political beliefs. This paper reports on a corpus-driven analysis around the word ekonomi (economy) in the Malaysian Hansard Corpus. The objectives are to analyse the trend concerning the word ekonomi and to find out the representations around the word ekonom. The analysis showed that the word ekonomi was at its peak in Parliament 6 and Parliament 9, but declined in Parliament 8. The analysis also involved examining the collocational meaning of the word ekonomi and its collocates to determine the categories in which the word ekonomi (economy) was referenced. Positive noun collocates such as pertumbuhan (growth) and kekukuhan (stable) are mainly categorised into the government's policy, government's plan and economic activities in the country. Whilst negative noun collocates such as kemerosotan'(decline) and kelembapan (sluggish) are mostly categorised into economic situation in the country and globally and the government's effort to handle sluggish economy in Malaysia. The findings also revealed binary conceptualisations of 'us' vs. 'them', which is common in political discourse. The binary conceptualizations demonstrated that the government's efforts are commended. On the other hand, the unfavourable economic situation which happened in the country was due to factors which are beyond the government's control. The paper concludes that the representations around the word ekonomi involved justifying or legitimizing government's course of action.The study suggests a comparison of Hansard data from other Asean or Asian countries, focusing on representation of the word 'ekonomi'.

The academic discourse of a specialised language is characterised by specialised and technical vocabulary, and lexicogrammar. Studies on language description suggest the need to explore and determine the specific characteristics of the academic discourse of each specialised language, to serve the language needs of the learners. This study demonstrates an exploration of this discipline specificity by looking at the nouns used in a specialised language - an Engineering English. It attempts to integrate a multivariate technique, i.e. the Correspondence Analysis (CA), as a tool to extract significant nouns in a specialised language for any further language use scrutiny. CA allows visual representations of the word interrelationships across different genres in a specialised language. To exemplify this, an Engineering English Corpus (E2C) was created. E2C is composed of two sub-corpora (genres): Engineering reference books (RBC) and online journals articles (EJC). The British National Corpus (BNC) was used as the reference corpus. 30 key-key-nouns were identified from the E2C, and the frequency lists of the words were retrieved from all the corpora to run the CA. The CA maps of the nouns display how these corpora are different from each other, as well as, which words characterise not only E2C from a general corpus (BNC), but also the different genres in E2C. Thus, CA proves to be a potential tool to display words which characterise not only a specialised corpus from a general corpus, but also the different genres in that specialised corpus. This study promises more informed descriptions of a specialised language can be made with the identification of specific and significant vocabulary for any academic discourse investigations.

Makalah ini meneliti bagaimana manifestasi linguistik metafora konseptual diterjemahkan daripada bahasa Melayu kepada bahasa Perancis. Sebelum ini aspek penterjemahan metafora telah ditangani menerusi teori terjemahan konvensional. Seiring dengan kebangkitan aliran kognitif dalam membicarakan tentang metafora, makalah ini mengambil inisiatif untuk menyelisik bagaimana pendekatan kognitif mampu menghuraikan permasalahan ini dari satu perspektif yang lebih segar secara makro. Bagi maksud tersebut tiga buah novel Melayu iaitu Salina, Ranjau Sepanjang Jalan dan Angin Timur Laut bersama dengan tiga novel versi terjemahan dalam bahasa Perancis iaitu Salina, Le Riz dan Le Vent de Sud-Est digunakan untuk kajian ini. Kesemua enam buah novel berkenaan membentuk Korpus Dwibahasa Melayu-Perancis. Menerusi kaedah Analisis Metafora Berpola (Stefanowitsch, 2006), enam metafora linguistik dipilih untuk dibincangkan. Tumpuan diberikan kepada metafora linguistik yang menunjukkan pemetaforaan konsep KEHIDUPAN iaitu KEHIDUPAN ADALAH PERJALANAN, KEHIDUPAN ADALAH PEPERANGAN dan KEHIDUPAN ADALAH PERJUANGAN. Penelitian ini akan dibuat berdasarkan pendekatan kognitif yang diusulkan oleh Kövecses (2005). Hasil analisis yang dilakukan ke atas enam data tersebut mendapati terdapat perbezaan dari segi bentuk kata yang digunakan dalam bahasa Melayu dan Perancis. Walau bagaimanapun dari sudut makna literal, makna figuratif dan metafora konseptual yang digunakan hanya satu sampel daripada konsep PERJALANAN yang mengalami perbezaan; lima data lain mengekalkan makna dan metafora konseptual yang sama. Kata kunci : terjemahan kognitif; metafora konseptual; analisis metafora berPola; persamaan; perbezaan ABSTRACT This paper examines how the linguistic manifestations of conceptual metaphors are translated from Malay to French. Prior to this, the translation of metaphors has been conducted through the conventional translation theory. Following the increasing interest in discussing metaphors using the cognitive approach, this paper investigates how the cognitive approach can be used to describe this issue from a different perspective at a macro level. To this end, three Malay novels namely Salina, Ranjau Sepanjang Jalan and Angin Timur Laut and their respective French versions namely Salina, Le Riz and Le Vent de Nord-Est were used in this study. All six novels formed a Malay-French Bilingual corpus. Through Metaphorical Pattern Analysis methods (Stefanowitsch, 2006), six linguistic metaphors were selected for the purpose of discussion. Focus was given on linguistic metaphors that show the metaphors of LIFE as LIFE IS A JOURNEY, LIFE IS WAR and LIFE IS A STRUGGLE. This study was based on the cognitive approach proposed by Kövecses (2005). Results of the analysis conducted on the six data suggest that there are differences in the word forms used in Malay and French. However, from the perspective of literal and figurative meaning as well as the conceptual metaphors used, only one sample of the journey concept was different; the five others maintained the meanings and the conceptual metaphors. Keywords : cognitive translation; conceptual metaphor; metaphorical pattern analysis; similarities; differences