There are numerous studies on the participation in migratory work by men from the Gaza Province, whether to the mines in South Africa or Mozambican cities, in particular the city of Maputo. However, studies that analyze the psychosocial conditions of migrants’ wives about their relationships with their family, friends, neighbors, and their teenage children are still incipient. For this reason, we assert that this study is typical of sub-Saharan Africa and reveals the vulnerability of middle-age and aging women. In all these studies, there are common aspects that characterize the vulnerability of married women, widows, or single women with or without children. They live within a patriarchal context that determines who brings the bread, whom they marry, how many children they should have, their role as caretakers of the family, and the roles of the ones who take care of the farm and the elderly. The dominant patriarchal system in southern Mozambique determines a man’s masculinity based on his ability to perform work that generates income for his family. The literature shows that the generational masculine ideology among men in traditional communities begins from childhood and is perpetuated from generation to generation, with the man marrying as many women as he can afford. The female harem is necessary to guarantee the perpetuation of the name or nickname of that lineage. What we endeavor to demonstrate in this article is that all the women’s statements, whether in the focus group discussions (FGDs) or individually, reflect the burden of patriarchal relations still dominant in rural Gazan society. We also show that the organization of labor during crisis situations results in a cascade of events that include: women lacking food and other necessities; women forced to sever their relationships with their in-laws, grown and undergrown children, peers, and relatives. This results in stress and other health-related issues, as well as diminished confidence in planning for the future. The paper aims to respond to these questions: (1) What help do women receive from their children, family, and friends when they have a migrant husband? What kind of help does a migrant wife or ex-migrant wife provide to others? (2)What help do women receive from their children, family, and friends when they have a non-migrant husband? (3) To what extent does this contribute to women’s well-being? (4) What help do mothers give their children?

Purpose Climate hazards in the form of cyclones are projected to become more intense under the pressures of future climate change. These changes represent a growing hazard to low lying coastal cities like Beira, Mozambique. In 2019, Beira experienced the devastating impact of Cyclone Idai. One of the many impacts resulting from this Cyclone was disrupted drinking water access. This investigation explores the distribution of Cyclone Idai’s impact on drinking water access via an environmental justice lens, exploring how preexisting water access characteristics may have predisposed households to the impacts of Cyclone Idai in Beria. Design/methodology/approach Relying on household survey data collected in Beira, the investigation applied a decision tree algorithm to investigate how drinking water disruption was distributed across the household survey sample using these preexisting vulnerabilities. Findings The investigation found that households that mainly relied upon piped water sources and experienced inconsistent access to water in the year prior to Cyclone Idai were more likely to experience disrupted drinking water access immediately after Cyclone Idai. The results indicate that residents in formal areas of Beira, largely reliant upon piped water supply, experienced higher rates of disrupted drinking water access following Cyclone Idai. Originality/value These findings question a commonly held assumption that informal areas are more vulnerable to climate hazards, like cyclones, than formal areas of a city. The findings support the inclusion of informal settlements in the design of climate change adaptation strategies.

Abstract This special issue was organized to highlight research on the diaspora of Lusophone people, addressing a gap in research on migration involving Lusophone countries comprehensively, encompassing aspects such as demography and, notably, administration, which is our primary focus. In the contemporary context, people’s mobility presents increasingly complex and challenging features, further expanding the scope of migratory analysis. Given the current scenario, some points guided the call for papers that led to this issue of Cadernos EBAPE.BR: a) the dynamics of migration in Portuguese-speaking countries; b) strategies for the labor insertion of individuals who migrate to (or from) Portuguese-speaking countries; c) migrations forced by civil wars, armed conflicts, and/or terrorist attacks, leading to economic disruptions; d) the impact of climate change, inducing migration in search of work; e) examining gender issues and their intersections with migration matters in these countries.

Os estudos de migração enfatizam as causas dos movimentos populacionais, impacto demográfico e econômico e distribuição espacial dos fluxos migratórios dando menor foco aos novos espaços urbanos criados por aqueles que vieram de outros lugares dentro dos territórios africanos. O foco deste estudo são os imigrantes africanos na cidade de Maputo no sentido de compreender as peculiaridades deste fenômenonas cidades africanas. É notável que novos bairros estão sendo formados por moradores da África Ocidental, Oriental e Austral. Que tipos de assentamentos eles criaram? O que é que eles trouxeram, em termos para os negócios, a arquitetura e os modos de se vestir? A metodologia usada para os objectivos preconizados na pesquisa foi qualitativa e bibliografica, as análises dos resultados dos censos da população e a observação dos principais fenômenos marcantes da migração na cidade de Maputo. Um olhar sobre a cidade e os dados censitários dos quarenta anos após a independência de Moçambique, é possível concluir que os índios e portugueses já não são os principais “construtores” de infraestruturas para fins habitacionais na cidade de Maputo. Os migrantes africanos tornaram-se os novos construtores, os criadores do novo mapa geográfico da cidade, que ousamos dizer que uma nova geografia da cidade de Maputo veio a existir devido a esses factos.

Resumo A edição especial objetivou especialmente visibilizar estudos sobre a diáspora de povos lusófonos, dada a escassez de pesquisas sobre migrações que tratam de modo agregado países lusófonos, tanto na área da Demografia quanto em outras áreas, em especial a área para a qual essa edição especial foi pensada: a Administração. Compreendemos que as mobilidades contemporâneas assumem contornos cada vez mais complexos e desafiadores, o que amplia ainda mais a análise do fenômeno migratório. Assim, considerando o cenário contemporâneo, alguns pontos para reflexão nortearam essa chamada de trabalhos, quais sejam: a) os movimentos do projeto migracional em países de língua portuguesa; b) as estratégias para a inserção laboral dos sujeitos que migram para (ou de) países lusófonos; c) as migrações forçadas por guerras civis, ataques armados e/ou terroristas, e a consequente desestruturação das economias; d) as alterações climáticas e sua indução de migrações em busca de trabalho; e) as questões de gênero e suas intersecções com as questões migracionais nesses países.

This article follows the call in decolonial research to recognise other ways of knowing. It explores a specific kind of knowledge: namely, what we describe as ‘counterhegemonic civilising discourses’, or everyday efforts by the ex-colonised to civilise the ex-coloniser. In the article, we analyse Mozambican workers’ discursive attempts to teach what they see as ‘proper’ or ‘moral’ behaviour to Portuguese bosses and managers whom they meet at workplaces in Maputo. We have chosen to discuss this transmission of knowledge as a civilisation process, and we focus on forms of knowledge that concerns knowing how to do, or practical competences. This constitutes a break with the (post-)colonial civilising mission. The ‘white man’s burden’ of civilising the unwilling colonial worker is implicitly turned on its head when Mozambicans describe their strong dislike of uneducated Portuguese people’s behaviour and their own attempts at correcting this. Research on labour relations in colonial Mozambique is extensive and established, but this article moves the focus to contemporary relations of coloniality. It brings up three different sets of counter-hegemonic civilising discourses. The first concerns language and the use of blasphemies; the second has to do with social and moral norms and values in relation to sickness and death; the third concerns civic integration or the compliance with Mozambican rules and regulations. The everyday character of these discourses is important, and we see them as emerging from people’s struggle to challenge the abyssal line separating the epistemologies of the global north and south. The delineation of these inconspicuous discourses of civilisation is our contribution to the field of decolonial studies in lusophone Africa and to post-abyssal research on ‘emergence’.

Informal cross-border trading is an essential part of Maputo’s informal economy. This paper presents the results of a 2014 SAMP survey of informal entrepreneurs involved in cross-border trade between Johannesburg and Maputo. A questionnaire was administered to a sample of 403 informal traders in 7 markets in Maputo. The study showed that most of the entrepreneurs began their business activities as vendors and only later moved into cross-border trading. The overwhelming majority used their personal savings to start their business and they face significant barriers in accessing business loans from formal banking channels. The study demonstrates the importance of cross-border traders to both the Mozambican and South African economy. In South Africa, the cross-border traders make a significant contribution by buying local goods and utilising the services provided by the country’s travel and hospitality industry. In Mozambique, they supply affordable products to the country’s growing informal sector and play an important role in generating employment.

In March 2019, cyclone Idai swept across Mozambique, Zimbabwe and Malawi, creating disaster landscapes with destroyed lived spaces and fractured livelihoods. This chapter explores the impoverishing effects of the cyclone on the affected population and examines the resilience-enhancing strategies of survivors who are still rooted in spaces of vulnerability. Drawing on a mixed research methods approach, consisting of a desktop study, focus group discussions (FGDs) and in-depth key informant interviews, this chapter provides useful insights on experiences of the flood survivors. A key study finding is that while official disaster management responses were swift and had saved many lives, reconstruction has been slow and has not reversed the consequential effects of cyclone Idai in the affected areas. The voices of the cyclone survivors reveal that despite the resilience at the local level, it will take long for life to return to normal in the disaster landscapes of both countries. The findings will be of help to policymakers as they refine their disaster management programmes when responding to similar hydro-meteorological disasters.

This article is based on various studies undertaken by the author on Forced Migrations in Mozambique and it introduces to the radiography of a country, which has brought forth housing spaces deemed incomplete, that have resulted from a combination of political-military tensions, natural disasters, development projects and international migration trends. Mozambique is a Southern African country, located in the southern East side of the continent. The Channel of Mozambique lies in east coast limit zone of Mozambique in an extension of 2700Km stretch. Since its independence from Portugal in 1975, the country has undergone through some significant metamorphoses in its geographical territorial space, originated by cyclical natural disasters, political and military events; social and economic factors that hindered development and made people not realize the true meaning of sedentary, as there is an emergency call towards Internally Displaced persons and refugees. It is on record that upon its independence, the country adopted a “hospitable policy” of hosting people that were escaping from oppressive regimes such as “the likes” of Chile, former Southern Rhodesia (currently Zimbabwe), East Timor and South Africa. Due to geographical location factors and the fact that the country enjoyed military peace between 1992 and 2013, Mozambique played an important role in hosting asylum seekers and refugees from the Region of Great lakes of Africa and the Horn of Africa, apart from investors and those who pretended to be investors, the country saw an influx of people from different parts of the world, Africa being the main contributor, Middle East, Europe, China, North America and Brazil have contributed to the spatial shape of Mozambique. It is important to refer that the immigrant population and those that are fleeing rarely fixe their “roots” in hosting countries. The reason being, it is possible to observe in all national territory the existence of places which reflects the reminiscent of a war thorn scenario, which either construction buildings are not yet concluded or are partially destroyed. The example of such, for instance the City of Xai-Xai in Southern Mozambique, with the heavy sand project, the province of Sofala and the unfinished Sugar plantation project while in Mandimba district in northern Mozambique, a place filled with ruins. The development projects in course reflect without a doubt the emergency character of a country with never-ending conflicts and under reconstruction. It is about a vicious cycle that along time remained an obstacle in allocating, housing spaces for construction purposes and for that I call incomplete spaces or unfinished spaces.

This article is based on various studies undertaken by the author on Forced Migrations in Mozambique and it introduces to the radiography of a country, which has brought forth housing spaces deemed incomplete, that have resulted from a combination of political-military tensions, natural disasters, development projects and international migration trends. Mozambique is a Southern African country, located in the southern East side of the continent. The Channel of Mozambique lies in east coast limit zone of Mozambique in an extension of 2700Km stretch. Since its independence from Portugal in 1975, the country has undergone through some significant metamorphoses in its geographical territorial space, originated by cyclical natural disasters, political and military events; social and economic factors that hindered development and made people not realize the true meaning of sedentary, as there is an emergency call towards Internally Displaced persons and refugees. It is on record that upon its independence, the country adopted a "hospitable policy" of hosting people that were escaping from oppressive regimes such as "the likes" of Chile, former Southern Rhodesia (currently Zimbabwe), East Timor and South Africa. Due to geographical location factors and the fact that the country enjoyed military peace between 1992 and 2013, Mozambique played an important role in hosting asylum seekers and refugees from the Region of Great lakes of Africa and the Horn of Africa, apart from investors and those who pretended to be investors, the country saw an influx of people from different parts of the world, Africa being the main contributor, Middle East, Europe, China, North America and Brazil have contributed to the spatial shape of Mozambique. It is important to refer that the immigrant population and those that are fleeing rarely fixe their "roots" in hosting countries. The reason being, it is possible to observe in all national territory the existence of places which reflects the reminiscent of a war thorn scenario, which either construction buildings are not yet concluded or are partially destroyed. The example of such, for instance the City of Xai-Xai in Southern Mozambique, with the heavy sand project, the province of Sofala and the unfinished Sugar plantation project while in Mandimba district in northern Mozambique, a place filled with ruins. The development projects in course reflect without a doubt the emergency character of a country with never-ending conflicts and under reconstruction. It is about a vicious cycle that along time remained an obstacle in allocating, housing spaces for construction purposes and for that I call incomplete spaces or unfinished spaces.

The COVID-19 outbreak forced governments to make decisions that had adverse effects on local food systems and supply chains. As a result, many small-scale food producers faced difficulties growing, harvesting, and selling their goods. This participatory research examines local small-scale farmers' challenges as farmers but also as consumers and their coping strategies during the month of April and one week in June 2020. The study was initiated and conceptualized in collaboration with small-scale farmer members of an existing research network in selected urban and rural areas in South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, and Indonesia. Participants co-designed the research, collected and uploaded data through digital survey tools, and contributed to data analysis and interpretation. A common observation across regions is that the measures imposed in response to COVID-19 highlighted and partly exacerbated existing socio-economic inequalities among food system actors. Strict lockdowns in Cape Town, South Africa, and Masvingo, Zimbabwe, significantly restricted the production capacity of small-scale farmers in the informal economy and created more food insecurity for them. In Maputo, Mozambique, and Toraja and Java, Indonesia, local food systems continued to operate and were even strengthened by higher social capital and adaptive capacities.

Sub-Saharan Africa is one of the most rapidly urbanising regions in the world. Achieving food and nutrition security is not only a rural challenge; the access to adequate (in terms of quantity and quality), healthy, nutritious and affordable food is also a growing concern for cities. The latest food crisis (2007/08) put food security back onto the political agenda as food prices increased significantly within just a few weeks and showed the world how vulnerable food systems are, particularly in cities. Food systems describe the ‘farm-to-fork’ processes, pathways and dynamics between interlinked actors and are embedded in a spatial context. The global discourse on food security happens without considering the urban context, just as the global discourse on the urban context happens without considering food security (Battersby 2016: 3). The controversial debate on the contribution of urban agriculture to food and nutrition security frames this study. Based on the perspective of a food systems approach this research seeks to understand the two case areas, City of Cape Town (South Africa) and City of Maputo (Mozambique), through local food production, pathways, dynamics and challenges. This paper shows early results of two baseline surveys amongst urban farmers in both cities, as well as in-depth interviews with urban farmers. Both case studies show similar challenges but different opportunities to increase the potential of urban agriculture to contribute towards a more sustainable food system.

The City of Maputo's food system comprises a diversity of retailers providing access to food from both domestic and international suppliers. Food markets, whether formal and informal, are the most commonly accessed food source within the city and provide an important source of employment for city residents. As urban labour markets continue to catalyze the growth of national economies in the Global South, the inclusion of young entrepreneurs in the food retail sector in Maputo has become an important but largely unstudied phenomenon. This paper assesses the demographic and entrepreneurial characteristics of this population through a vendor survey of 504 young entrepreneurs (those aged 35 years and younger), drawn from a survey of 1022 entrepreneurs, operating small-scale food enterprises in Maputo. The sampled young food vendors identified survival, family financial security, personal desire, learning and self-determination as the most common reasons for starting their businesses. The sampled young food vendors also identified competition, insufficient sales and few customers along with unaffordable suppliers as the most common business challenges. This paper highlights the aspirations of this population and the formidable economic challenges in their path to business success.

Amidst a growing youth unemployment crisis spreading across Sub-Saharan Africa, there is a pressing need for effective policy intervention, based on sound research, to support young people’s entry into labour markets. As urban labour markets continue to catalyze the growth of national economies in the Global South, the inclusion of youth entrepreneurs in the food retail sector in Maputo has become an important but largely unstudied phenomenon. This paper assesses the demographic and entrepreneurial characteristics of this population through a vendor survey of 504 youth entrepreneurs (those aged 35 years and younger) operating small-scale food enterprises in the Mozambican capital. The findings indicate that most vendors are female, born locally, and have limited formal education. The youth food vendors identified survival, family financial security, personal desire, learning, and self-determination as the most common reasons for starting their businesses. They also identified competition, insufficient sales and customers, and unaffordable suppliers as the most common business challenges. This paper highlights the aspirations of this population and the formidable economic challenges in their path to business success.

Background: Information dealing with social and behavioural risk factors as well as their mechanisms among Mozambican migrants working in South African mines remains undocumented. This study aims to understand the various factors influencing HIV-related risk behaviours and the resulting HIV positive status of Mozambican miners employed by South African mines. This analysis was undertaken in order to inform a broader and more effective HIV preventive framework in Mozambique. Method: This study relied upon data sourced from the first Integrated Biological and Behavioural Survey among Mozambican miners earning their living in South African mines. It employs quantitative techniques using standard statistical tools to substantiate the laid-down objectives. The primary technique applied in this paper is the multivariable statistical method used in the formulation and application of a proximate determinants framework. Results: The odds of reporting one sexual partner were roughly three times higher for miners working as perforators as opposed to other types of occupation. As well, the odds of condom use - always or sometimes - for miners in the 31-40 age group were three times higher than the odds of condom use in the 51+ age group. Miners with lower education levels were less likely to use condoms. The odds of being HIV positive when the miner reports use of alcohol or drugs (sometimes/always) is 0.32 times lower than the odds for those reporting never use of alcohol or drugs. And finally, the odds of HIV positive status for those using condoms were 2.16 times that of miners who never used condoms, controlling for biological and other proximate determinants. Conclusion: In Mozambique, behavioural theory emphasising personal behavioural changes is the main strategy to combat HIV among miners. Our findings suggest there is a need to change thinking processes about how to influence safer sexual behaviour. This is viewed to be the result of a person's individual decision, due to of the complexity of social and contextual factors that may also influence sexual behaviours. This only stresses the need for HIV prevention strategies to exclusively transcend individual factors while considering the broader social and contextual phenomena influencing HIV risk among Mozambican miners.

BACKGROUND:Research has demonstrated a link between alcohol use and risky sexual behaviour among different types of migrant populations. Therefore, research investigating risk factors associated with alcohol consumption among them is a public health priority. This review aimed to explore the intersection between migration, alcohol consumption and risky sexual behaviour.METHODS:This article is a synthetic review of empirical studies on the association of alcohol and high-risk sexual behaviour among different types of the migrant populations, focusing on measurable outcomes generated from quantitative data. A descriptive analysis generated from global and situational studies was used to interpret the reviewed research and to discuss critically the factors that drive migrants to engage in alcohol consumption and high-risk behaviour.RESULTS:This review found out that there is a significant and positive association between global and situational alcohol use and several outcomes of risky sexual behaviour among different types of migrant populations. This association was however mainly observed at high quantities and frequencies of alcohol use, mainly among male migrants, and was often tied to a specific situation or context, for instance the type of sexual partner, the level of mobility and to environmental factors such as living arrangements and entertainment venues.CONCLUSIONS:The study supports previous research that alcohol use is associated with risky sexual behaviour among different types of migrant populations. Therefore, future interventions should target mobile, male migrant heavy drinkers. Additional research is needed using more event-level and longitudinal methodologies that overcome prior methodological limitations.