The energy transition relies heavily on minerals such as copper and lithium. In today's modern world, where consumers are increasingly aware of the need to protect tomorrow's natural resources, mining is expected to be not only economical but also socially and environmentally sustainable. In light of this, mining production must be competitive in these three dimensions of sustainability to meet demand, understanding that consumers will prefer a more sustainable material. This study aims to comprehend the competitiveness of copper and lithium Chilean production from a sustainable perspective using a SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) developed by a panel of experts.Based on an analysis of 165 factors driving mining's sustainability, the copper industry in Chile ranks third in the sustainability ranking for the world, while lithium ranks second. The foregoing implies that Chile, the world's leading producer of copper and second global producer of lithium, still has room to improve sustainability by introducing the following measures: (1) improving effective communication among stakeholders; (2) dissemi-nating sustainability knowledge; (3) developing State mining policies; (4) restoring stability in the country; (5) developing a sustainable quality brand of Chilean commodities; and (6) capitalizing on valuable human capital.

The 1980s is a period of adjustment for the copper industry governed by market forces. In this process, sharp frictions have been generated between producers from different regions and also dissimilar production costs. This article briefly describes the structural situation of the copper industry in the United States and analyzes the reaction of groups affected by the copper crisis in that country, within the more general framework of the political and technical debate on industrial policy. The likely effect and effectiveness of the import restriction requested by copper producers from the International Trade Commission (ITC) is analyzed in particular, and the reasons for the presidential rejection of such proposals are considered. Finally, ways are suggested to accelerate the adjustment process and reduce the intensity of friction between producers.

The copper industry passed from a collusive behaviour managed by a few companies, to a period lower concentration, which translated into greater competition and rivalry among leading players. This led to trade conflicts between US producers and Codelco in 1978 and 1984. After major cost cuts in the North American industry, conditions are again right for a more cooperative relationship between major players. In this context, Codelco's strategy aims at improving its competitiveness while maintaining and increasing its output level. It also favours stronger collaboration with other players in promotion and joint ventures, which will support a more cooperative long-term development of the industry.

Natural Resources ForumVolume 10, Issue 2 p. 155-163 Copper and the Challenge Facing CIPEC JOSÉ LUÍS MARDONES, JOSÉ LUÍS MARDONES Comisión Chilena del Cobre, Casilla 9493, Santiago, Chile José Luiś Mardones: M. Sc. in English, University of Chile, is Deputy Director at the Chilean Copper Commission, in charge of Economic and Commercial Studies. Presently on leave of absence as a Humphrey Fellow at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy.Search for more papers by this authorISABEL MARSHALL, ISABEL MARSHALL Comisión Chilena del Cobre, Casilla 9493, Santiago, Chile Isabel Marshall: M.A. in Economics, Catholic University of Chile, is an economist at the Research Department of the Chilean Copper Commission. Presently on leave of absence, following graduate studies at the Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.Search for more papers by this authorSILVA R. ENRIQUE, SILVA R. ENRIQUE Comisión Chilena del Cobre, Casilla 9493, Santiago, Chile Enrique Silva R: . economist, University of Chile and M.A. in Quantitative Methods, CIENES, is Head of the Research Department and presently Acting Deputy Director at the Chilean Copper Commission. He is a Professor of statistics and economics at the University of Chile, Department of Economics and Department of Industrial Engineering.Search for more papers by this author JOSÉ LUÍS MARDONES, JOSÉ LUÍS MARDONES Comisión Chilena del Cobre, Casilla 9493, Santiago, Chile José Luiś Mardones: M. Sc. in English, University of Chile, is Deputy Director at the Chilean Copper Commission, in charge of Economic and Commercial Studies. Presently on leave of absence as a Humphrey Fellow at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy.Search for more papers by this authorISABEL MARSHALL, ISABEL MARSHALL Comisión Chilena del Cobre, Casilla 9493, Santiago, Chile Isabel Marshall: M.A. in Economics, Catholic University of Chile, is an economist at the Research Department of the Chilean Copper Commission. Presently on leave of absence, following graduate studies at the Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.Search for more papers by this authorSILVA R. ENRIQUE, SILVA R. ENRIQUE Comisión Chilena del Cobre, Casilla 9493, Santiago, Chile Enrique Silva R: . economist, University of Chile and M.A. in Quantitative Methods, CIENES, is Head of the Research Department and presently Acting Deputy Director at the Chilean Copper Commission. He is a Professor of statistics and economics at the University of Chile, Department of Economics and Department of Industrial Engineering.Search for more papers by this author First published: May 1986 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-8947.1986.tb00790.x AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume10, Issue2May 1986Pages 155-163 RelatedInformation

Mining concessions is one instrument through which a host country can influence the activities of the mining TNCs. José Luis Mardones and Isabel Marshall of the Chilean Copper Commission evaluates this system from different standpoints.

El trabajo discute el rol del Fondo Monetario Internacional en los procesos de financiamiento y de ajuste de los deficit externos. Los principales problemas son la insuficiencia de recursos y las condiciones restrictivas de la politica de prestamos. Estas ultimas se revisan a la luz de la experiencia pasada de algunos paises latinoamericanos y de casos mas recientes en otras regiones. Se detallan algunas de las criticas a la politica de prestamos para apreciar su validez. Tambien se analizan problemas que en el ultimo tiempo han recibido mayor atencion, entre ellos el financiamiento estructural mediante el llamado credito extendido. Se discute si el Fondo debe ser unicamente prestamista de ultima instancia y si la condicionalidad debe variar segun el periodo del ciclo economico. Un aumento considerable de sus recursos y una condicionalidad adecuada son requisitos necesarios para una mayor efectividad del apoyo del Fondo para realizacion de politicas que permitan mantener economias abiertas, pero que

Este trabajo pasa revista a los compromisos de politica aceptados por tres importantes paises latinoamericanos en los acuerdos de credito contingente (Stand-by) que celebraron con el Fondo Monetario desde la decada de los anos cincuenta hasta la de los setenta. Las politicas no parecen tan perjudiciales como se cree corrientemente (excepto en Chile (1975) epoca en que la responsabilidad del Fondo aparece un tanto tenue) ni tampoco tuvieron mucho efecto para lograr estabilidad y desarrollo, excepto en el caso de Brasil, pais en el que se lograron importantes y sostenidas tasas de crecimiento, pero siempre mediante soluciones pragmaticas y apartandose de las recomendaciones del Fondo, cuando sus programas de expansion estaban en peligro. El trabajo tambien efectua propuestas para hacer cambios en la condicionalidad del Fondo

International debate and economic literature on export earnings from trade in raw materials have focused on two main subjects: the ability to increase incomes arising from the exports and the possibility of stabilizing these incomes. One alternative that has been suggested and discussed with regard to the second issue is a buffer stock that would decrease the fluctuations in raw material prices. Two objections that have been made to this proposal are that, with stabilization, producers could lose their welfare benefits; and that financial costs are too great. In this article, market conditions required so that copper producers may be benefited by price stability are discussed, and the profitability of a copper buffer stock is measured. Depending on the characteristics of demand and supply curves in the copper market, the article concludes that producers may obtain welfare and income benefits from price stabilization and that for certain degrees of stability the management of the copper buffer stock can yield a positive internal rate of return close to that of alternative investments.Des discussions au niveau international et des ouvrages économiques en matière de recettes d'exportation provenant du commerce des matiêres premières ont mis l'accent sur deux sujets principaux: la capacité d'accroître les revenue de ces exportations et la possibilité de stabiliser ces revenue. Une option, suggérée et débattue au sujet du second point, consiste en l'établissement d'un stock régulateur qui tendrait à diminuer les fluctuations des prix des matiêres premières. Cependant, deux objections ont été soulevées, à savoir: la stabilisation pourrait avoir des repercussions néfastes sur les bénéfices des producteurs et les coûts financiers pourraient être trap élevés. L'article considère les conditions de marché requises pour permettre aux producteurs de cuivre de bénéficier de la stabilité des prix ainsi que la rentabilité d'un stock régulateur en matière de cuivre. En se basant sur les caractéristiques des courbes de l'offre et de la demande dans le marché du cuivre, l'article conclut que les producteurs peuvent bénéficier de la stabilisation des prix et que, à certains degrés de stabilité, la gestion d'un stock régulateur de cuivre peut engendrer un taux de rendement interne positif avoisinant ceux d'autres investissements.Los debates internacionales y la literature sobre los ingresos de exportatión de materias primas han enfocado dos temas principals: la habilidad de aumentar el ingreso resultante de estas exportaciones y la posibilidad de estabilizar dichos ingresos. La creación de una reserva de compensación para contrarrestar las fluctuaciones de los precios de materias primas ha sido propuesto y discutido. Las objeciones hechas a esta propuesta argumentan que los beneficios para los productores disminuiría con la estabilización y que los costos financieros serian demasiado grandes.En este artículo se discuten las condiciones de mercado que permitirían a los productores de cobre beneficiarse de la estabilidad de precios y se mide también la rentabilidad de la reserva de compensación para el cobre. Basándose en las características de las curvas de demanda y oferta en el mercado del cobre, el artículo concluye que los productores pueden salir gananciosos con la estabilización de precios y que para ciertos grados de estabilidad, la administración de la reserva de compensación del cobre puede producir una tasa interna de retorno positive, comparable a otras inversiones alternatives.