The main aim of this study was to ascertain whether the victory and defeat in the different types of the judo contest, in the elite male and female divisions, are associated to the occurrence of the penalties and scores of the first three events (changes in the scoreboard -either penalty or score-) of them. 2340 contests of the 2018, 2019 and 2021 World Judo Championships were analysed. The Pearson’s chi-squared test expressed that [1] shido-1 in the first event (EV1) of the contests that end before the regular time (BRT) and of those without considering when they end (OC) is associated to defeat for both sexes and, that [2] wazari-1 in the EV1 of the BRT and in the EV2 and EV3 of the BRT, of the contests with the duration extended beyond the regular time (EXT) and of OC is associated to victory for both sexes except in the EV2 of the EXT (only for male athletes in this case). Thus, it is suggested that the victory and defeat in the different types of the judo elite contests are associated with the occurrence of the penalties and scores of the first three events of them.

The main aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between how contests end (scores or penalties), the temporal units and the competition rounds regarding when the contest end in the 2018, 2019 and 2021 Judo World Championships. A total of 2340 contests involving 2244 elite judo athletes (1343 men and 901 women) were analysed. Pearson’s chi-squared (χ2) was implemented to analyse the association between variables, and the standardised residuals were used to analyse its interpretation; the strength of the associations was reported as Cramer’s V. Shapiro–Wilk and Kolmogorov–Smirnov were implemented to test the normality of the length of golden score (GS) sequences, and Kruskal–Wallis was applied for analysing GS sequences by championships. Mann–Whitney U was also implemented if a significant effect was detected. The level of significance was set at 0.05. The results were as follows: (1) Most contests ended before the accomplishment of the regular time (BRT), and they were won by ippon. (2) During BRT, the defeated accumulated more shido than the winner, while the opposite happened in contests finishing at the regular time (FRT). (3) Contests ending in the first and third minutes decreased, while contests ending in the second and fourth minutes increased; a longer length of the GS period was observed for women compared with men. (4) BRT contests were overrepresented in rounds 1 and 2, while extended time contests (EXT) in repechage, semi-final, bronze and final were overrepresented. (5) There were fewer waza-ari than expected during the preliminary rounds and more in the final rounds. The current study reveals cornerstone information that could be used to improve the training programs of elite judo athletes.

ABSTRACTObjectives(1) To develop reference values for health-related fitness European children and adolescents aged 6–18 years that are the foundation for the web-based, open-access and multi-language fitness platform (FitBack); (2) To provide comparisons across European countries.MethodsThis study builds on a previous large fitness reference study in European youth by: (1) widening the age demographic, (2) identifying the most recent and representative country-level data, and (3) including national data from existing fitness surveillance and monitoring systems. We used the ALPHA test battery as it comprises tests with the highest test-retest reliability, criterion/construct validity, and health-related predictive validity: the 20-m shuttle run (cardiorespiratory fitness); handgrip strength and standing long jump (muscular strength); and body height, body mass, body mass index, and waist circumference (anthropometry). Percentile values were obtained using the GAMLSS method.ResultsA total of 7,966,693 data points from 34 countries (106 datasets) were used to develop sex- and age-specific percentile values. In addition, country-level rankings based on mean percentiles are provided for each fitness test, as well as an overall fitness ranking. Finally, an interactive fitness platform, including individual and group reporting, and European fitness maps, is provided and freely available at www.fitbackeurope.eu.ConclusionsThis study discusses the major implications of fitness assessment in youth from a health, educational and sport perspective, and how the FitBack reference values and interactive web-based platform contribute to it. Fitness testing can be conducted in school and/or sport settings, and the interpreted results be integrated in the healthcare systems across Europe.What is already known on this topic-Fitness testing in youth is important from a health, educational and sport point of view.-The EU-funded ALPHA project reviewed the existing evidence and proposed a selection of field-based fitness tests that showed the highest test-retest reliability, criterion/construct validity, and health-related predictive validity among available tests.What this study adds-The FitBack project provides the most up-to-date and geographically diverse reference fitness values for 6-to 18-year-old Europeans.-This study introduces the first web-based, open-access, and multi-lingual fitness reporting platform (FitBack) providing interactive information and visual mapping of the European fitness landscape.How this study might affect research, practice, or policy-From a health perspective, very low fitness levels are a non-invasive indicator of poor health at both the individual and group level (e.g., school, region), which have utility for health screening and may guide public health policy. There are already examples of regional and national fitness testing systems that are integrated into the healthcare systems.-From an educational perspective, fitness testing is part of the school curriculum in many countries, and the FitBack platform offers physical education teachers an easy-to-use tool for interpreting fitness test results by sex and age.-From a sport perspective, these reference values can help identify young individuals who are talented in specific fitness components.

Background The lack of systematic factors affecting physical inactivity (PIA) challenges policymakers to implement evidence-based solutions at a population level. The study utilizes the Eurobarometer to analyse PIA-modifiable variables. Methods Special Eurobarometer 412 physical activity (PA) data were analysed (n = 18 336), including 40 variables along with the International PA Questionnaire. PIA was used as the dependent variable. Variables considered were alternatives to car, places, reasons and barriers to engaging in PA, memberships to clubs and categorical responses about the agreement extent with the area, provision of activities and local governance statements. Logistic regression was used to identify variables contributing to PIA. Beta values (beta), standard errors, 95% confidence intervals, the exponentiation for odds ratio and Cox & Snell and Nagelkerke R-2 were indicated. Results The resulting model correctly identified 10.7% inactives and 96.9% of actives (R-2 of Nagelkerke: 0.153). Variables contributing to the detection of PIA were (P <= 0.01): having a disability or an illness, not having friends to do sport with, lacking motivation or interest in and being afraid of injury risk. Additionally, totally agreeing, tend to agree and tend to disagree regarding the extent of local providers offering enough opportunities to be more active also contributed to the model. Conclusions The model reported a limited ability to detect modifiable factors affecting PIA, identifying a small percentage of inactive individuals correctly. New questions focused on understanding inactive behaviour are needed to support the European PA public health agenda.

COVID-19 pandemic restrictions might have negatively affected the health-related physical fitness of children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to contrast the body composition and physical fitness data of two independent samples of children and adolescents obtained from an online database (DAFIS project) before (n = 15,287) and during (n = 2101) the first academic year of the COVID-19 pandemic. The results revealed higher values for the body mass index (p = 0.002), waist circumference (p < 0.001), and waist to hip and waist to height ratios (p < 0.001) during than before the pandemic, particularly in the case of boys. On the other hand, lower muscular fitness was observed for girls during the pandemic. Quantitative and qualitative analysis did not detect relevant changes in cardiorespiratory fitness in children or adolescents (p > 0.05). Our data suggested that pandemic constraints might have affected body composition and muscular fitness of children and adolescents. These results might be of interest for designing specific interventions oriented toward counteracting the negative effects of pandemic restrictions on health-related physical fitness.

Objectives (1) To describe the physical activity (PA) levels of the members of a Spanish leisure centre operator according to age and gender; (2) to describe the differences in the three PA levels between the members of a Spanish leisure centre operator and the general Spanish population considering the PA Eurobarometer data according to their gender and age and (3) to explore the intensity origin of the PA either in Spanish members of leisure centres or the Spanish population considering their gender.Design Descriptive epidemiology study.Participants Data from 16 Spanish leisure centres (n=3627) and from the 2017 Eurobarometer 472 for Spain (n=1002) were used for this research.Primary and secondary outcomes measures The PA levels were analysed with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire short version, and respondents were grouped into physical inactivity (PIA), moderate-PA and high-PA. Moreover, gender (men or women) and age (18–29 years; 30–44 years; 45–59 years; 60–69 years; ≥70 years) were considered. Total metabolic equivalent (MET)-min/week, as well as total MET-min/week for walking intensity, moderate intensity and vigorous intensity were recorded.Results Leisure centres showed a lower prevalence of PIA and a higher prevalence of high-PA than the general population (p<0.05). Women displayed a higher prevalence of PIA and lower prevalence of high-PA than men (p<0.05). The prevalence of PIA increases with age while the prevalence of high-PA decreases.Conclusion Leisure centres engage most of their members in regular PA, including women and older adults, and these members also perform a higher number of MET in vigorous PA, than the general population.

Assessing physical fitness has emerged as a proxy of the health status of children and adolescents and therefore as relevant from a public health point of view. DAFIS is a project included in Plan Galicia Saudable (Healthy Galicia Plan) of the regional government of Galicia (Spain). DAFIS consists of an on-line software devoted to record the results of a standard physical fitness protocol carried out as a part of the physical education curriculum. The aims of this study were: to obtain normative values of physical fitness of the Galician school population evaluated in the DAFIS project, and to identify a reduced number of components and tests able to capture a significant amount of the variability in the physical fitness of children and adolescents. From an initial sample of 27784 records, 15287 cases (7543 males, 7744 females) were considered after filtering. Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale and Shape were used for obtaining percentile curves and tables for each sex. Furthermore, a principal components analysis was performed, selecting the number of components by applying the Kaiser's rule and selecting a subset of variables considering the correlation between each variable and the components. Percentile curves and normative values are reported for each test and sex. Physical fitness was better in boys than in girls throughout age groups, except for flexibility that was consistently higher in girls. Two main components were detected throughout age groups: the first one representing body composition and partially cardiorespiratory fitness and the second one muscular fitness. For boys and girls, waist to height ratio had the highest correlations with the first component in four out of six age groups. The highest correlation with the second component, was most frequently observed for the handgrip test both in boys and girls (four out of six age groups). This study provides evidence about the utility of school community actions like DAFIS aimed to track the health-related fitness of children and adolescents. The results suggest that fat mass distribution (i.e., waist to height ratio and waist circumference) and muscular performance (mainly handgrip) concentrate a high proportion physical fitness variance.

Purpose Leisure centres are one of the main places where people exercise. This study investigated the behaviour of these users for a year to analyse the plausible difference in behaviour between users dropping out and those who do not. In addition, it is also intended to identify the behavioural variables to establish the probability of dropping out from a leisure centre. Methods Monthly data related to the current behaviour of 14,522 adult members of three different leisure centres in Spain (one from Tudela, two from Zaragoza) were recorded from January to December of 2014 by the management software. A logistic regression model was implemented to predict dropping outs considering the different variables that explained the behaviour of the users (dropping out or not). Results Users who dropped out were characterised by being younger, with shorter memberships and lower uses of the facilities. The design of a predictive model with these variables helped to establish the probability of users leaving the centre obtaining a discriminatory power of 77% between those who dropped out and those that do not. Conclusion The results of this study will help to design better interventions aimed to avoid dropping out of physical activity programmes.

The current study aimed at analyzing the relationship between body composition, adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD), and physical fitness (PF) in a young active population. A total of 1198 athletes (boys = 875; girls = 323) enrolled in different municipal sports schools participated in this study. Data on adherence to the MD (KIDMED questionnaire), anthropometric measurements, and PF (20 m shuttle run test, handgrip strength, vertical jump and forced spirometry) were collected. Results show that the pubertal boys had a higher score in the KIDMED test than the prepubertal ones (+0.38, p = 0.28). Moreover, boys with better adherence to the MD had significantly higher results in handgrip strength (+12.20 regarding low MD group and +9.13 regarding medium MD group, p < 0.05), as well as in forced vital capacity (FVC) (+0.66 regarding low MD group and 0.29 regarding medium MD group, p < 0.05). No differences were found in the girls. Finally, the result of the KIDMED test is a variable with a positive and significant relationship with cardiorespiratory fitness, along with the FVC, percentage of fat mass, and performance in the vertical jump (p < 0.05). It is concluded that adherence to the MD could show a relationship with various PF variables in boys and could be a predictor of cardiorespiratory fitness in both cases.

Abstract. Purpose: One of the main problems detected in the sport centre field is abandonment of physical activity by members. The aim of this estudy is to evaluate the reproducibility of predictive models of abandonment in sports centres, based on information collected through access control and the Customer Relationship Management system. Method: Monthly data corresponding to the actual behaviour of of two sport centres in Spain were recorded over the course of one year (12,545 members). Based on these variables, two predictive models were designed using the absence or permanence in the centre as an independent variable. Subsequently, the regression formula obtained was applied on all members of the same sports centres a year later (12,986 members), checking the effectiveness and reproducibility of the model. Results:. Logistic regression models based on customer historical behaviour were useful to predict abandonment. The effectiveness of the models was around 70% a year after. Conclusions: The segmentation of users based on the likelihood of drop out and the identification of behaviour variables that predict such drop out and the confirmation of the effectiveness of the predictive model, can help to optimize the design of loyalty strategies to prevent the abandonment in sport centres.Resumen. Objetivo: El abandono de la práctica deportiva por parte de clientes en centros deportivos es uno de los principals problemas en el sector. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la reproducibilidad de modelos predictivo de abandono en centros deportivos, basados en información recogida a través del control de accesos y el sistema Customer Relationship Management. Método: Se recopiló comportamientos mensuales de los clientes de dos centros deportivos en España durante un año (12,545 members). En base a dichas variables se diseñaron dos modelos predictivos utilizando la baja o permanencia en el centro como variable independiente. Posteriormente, se aplicó la formula de regression obtenida sobre todos los miembros de los mismos centros deportivos un año después (12,986 members), comprobando la efectividad y reproducibilidad del modelo. Resultados: Las estimaciones de regression logística fueron útiles para predecir el abandon en los centros deportivos. Además, reproduciendo el mismo modelos en una muestra diferente se consiguió aproximadamente un 70% de efectividad. Conclusiones: La segmentación de usuarios en base a la probabilidad de baja y la identificación de variables predictivas de dicha baja pueden optimizar el diseño de estrategias de prevención de abanadono en centros deportivos.

Abstract Background The World Health Organization (WHO) considers physical inactivity (PIA) as a critical noncommunicable factor for disease and mortality, affecting more women than men. In 2013, the WHO set a 10% reduction of the PIA prevalence, with the goal to be reached by 2025. Changes in the 2013–2017 period of physical inactivity prevalence in the 28 European Union (EU) countries were evaluated to track the progress in achieving WHO 2025 target. Methods In 2013 and 2017 EU Special Eurobarometers, the physical activity levels reported by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire of 53,607 adults were analyzed. Data were considered as a whole sample and country-by-country. A χ2 test was used to analyze the physical inactivity prevalence (%) between countries, analyzing women and men together and separately. Additionally, PIA prevalence was analyzed between years (2013–2017) for the overall EU sample and within-country using a Z-Score for two population proportions. Results The PIA prevalence increased between 2013 and 2017 for the overall EU sample (p < 0.001), and for women (p = 0.04) and men (p < 0.001) separately. Data showed a higher PIA prevalence in women versus men during both years (p < 0.001). When separately considering changes in PIA by gender, only Belgium’s women and Luxembourg’s men showed a reduction in PIA prevalence. Increases in PIA prevalence over time were observed in women from Austria, Croatia, Germany, Lithuania, Malta, Portugal, Romania, and Slovakia and in men from Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Germany, Italy, Lithuania, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, and Spain. Conclusions PIA prevalence showed an overall increase across the EU and for both women and men between 2013 and 2017, with higher rates of PIA reported for women versus men during both years. PIA prevalence was reduced in only Belgium’s women and Luxembourg’s men. Our data indicate a limited gender-sensible approach while tacking PIA prevalence with no progress reaching global voluntary reductions of PIA for 2025.

Research question: The increase of physical exercise in fitness centres has turned these facilities in important active lifestyle promoters. However, only between 30% and 60% of subscribers still linked to the sports centre after a year. The aim of this study is to design a model to predict the drop out in fitness centres. Research methods: Monthly data corresponding to the actual behaviour of 14,522 members of three sport centres in Spain were recorded over the course of one year. In order to calculate the likelihood of drop out, logistic regressions were used to create predictive models for each centre. Results and findings: It was possible to predict abandonment of users of sport centres from their historical behaviour, although the predictive models obtained for each centre were not completely coincident. The effectiveness of the models was around 70%. Implications: The analysis of users’ behaviour in a fitness centre can allow to avoid the drop out and therefore the abandonment of physical activity. Segmenting the customers based on the likelihood of drop out may be useful for improving the effectiveness of the strategies of loyalty and for optimizing the organization of human and material resources.

Studies on customer loyalty commonly use future behavioural intentions, even though these do not always correspond to actual behaviour. This study aimed to create a model for predicting dropouts at a sport centre based solely on actual customer behaviour. Monthly data corresponding to the actual behaviour of 1977 members at a sport centre in Spain were recorded over the course of one year; these data represented the historical behaviour of the participants. The variables selected to develop the model have been used by other authors to study behavioural loyalty, although in this study users were not surveyed. A dropout prediction model was created by means of logistic regression based on real and common records in the management of users at sports centres. The predictive model was formed by: age of the subjects, number of attendances to the sport centre and their duration, their link to the centre (length of membership and ex-members) and economic aspects. The model's goodness of fit was considerably high showing more than 70% of effectiveness. These results suggest that the recording of historical behaviour from sport centres costumers can be a useful tool to predict the chance of dropping out.

En una medicion inicial (Pretest) se obtuvo la 1RM de 23 sujetos masculinos en el ejercicio press banca, asi como la potencia y fuerza media aplicada al 90 y 30% de 1RM (PMED90, FMED90, PMED30, FMED 30). Posteriormente 11 sujetos (Gr90) llevaron a cabo 2 sesiones de entrenamiento con cargas del 90%, mientras los 12 sujetos restantes (Gr30) lo hacian con cargas del 30%. Inmediatamente finalizada cada una de las sesiones se valoraba nuevamente PMED90, FMED90, PMED30, FMED30. Una semana despues de la finalizacion de los entrenamientos se efectuo un Postest. Los resultados mostraron una mejora estadisticamente significativa del rendimiento de Gr30 al final de cada una de las sesiones de entrenamiento, respecto a Pretest y Postest, con el 90% de 1RM, mientras que Gr90 obtuvo mejoras significativas con el 30% respecto a Pretest, pero no respecto a Postest. PALABRAS CLAVE: fuerza, potencia, medicion, efecto agudo.

The purpose of this study was to measure the acute effect of two explosive strength sessions on mechanical performance. In order to do that, 1 repetition maximum and maximum power load were obtained in 9 men. The experimental procedure begun five days after and it involved two training sessions. 7 bouts of 3 repetitions at maximum power load of bench press were developed in every session with a minimum rest period of three minutes. Power developed at 90% 1RM and at maximum power load were measured before and after every training day. Finally it was carried out a postest measuring. Although repeted-measures ANOVA showed significant differences between measurements at 90% 1RM , statistics analysis did not show significant differences regarding to before-after every sessions contrasts, and between measuring at maximum power load. Also, we did not find significant 1RM correlation with performance differences before-after session. Finally, it was found significant correlation between maximum strength and % 1RM associated to developed maximum power at postest. KEY WORDS: strength, contrast load, bench press, power.