The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) magnetic system includes 18 toroidal field (TF) coils constructed using Nb3Sn cable-in-conduit superconductor. Each TF coil comprises a winding pack (WP) composed of seven double pancake modules stacked together, impregnated and inserted into a stainless steel coil case. Ten TF coils are being produced in Europe, under the responsibility of Fusion for Energy (F4E, the European Domestic Agency), while the remaining nine TF coils are being produced in Japan. F4E has implemented a strategy dividing the procurement into three packages. One is related to the construction of 70 radial plates (RP), another to the fabrication of 10 WP, and a third to the cold test and coil-case insertion of 10 WP. After 7 years of R&D and qualification activities and of industrial production, the first ITER TF coil WP has been completed in Europe. Factory acceptance tests, including leak, dimensional, and electrical tests at room temperature, were completed in May 2017 and the series production of the remaining nine TF WPs in Europe is underway. The first package has been completed and all 70 RP have been delivered. Commissioning of major tooling for the third package is to be performed at the end of 2017. In this paper, we report on the test of the first TF WP and on the status of the remaining production.

The ITER magnetic system includes 18 Toroidal Field (TF) Coils constructed using Nb3Sn cable-in-conduit superconductor. Each TF coil comprises a Winding Pack (WP) composed of 7 Double Pancake (DP) modules stacked together, impregnated and inserted into a stainless steel coil case. Fusion for Energy [the European Domestic Agency (DA)] is responsible for the procurement of the ten while the Japanese DA is responsible for remaining nine coils. The conductors are being produced by 6 different DAs, while the coil cases only by the Japanese DA. F4E has implemented a procurement strategy aimed to minimize costs and risks, consisting of subdividing the procurement into three main procurement packages, each foreseeing first an R&D and qualification phase. One procurement package is related to the construction of 72 radial plates (RP), another to the fabrication of the ten WP, and a third to the cold test and coil-case insertion of ten WP. In collaboration with industry, F4E has successfully produced two RP prototypes. Regarding the DP, the construction of the first DP prototype has started. In this paper, we will report on the results achieved so far and the status of each of the procurement packages.

This paper describes the processing algorithm methodology and preliminary results from a novel optical-based system for the assessment of chemical and mechanical deterioration of artworks. The FP7 Syddarta Project prototype is composed of two optical channels. 1) a 3D imaging channel which acquires 3D surface data and multiband information in the visible spectral range; 2) an infrared hyperspectral imaging channel in the spectral range 900 to 2500 nm. The processing algorithms developed perform the system calibration, damage detection and chemical deterioration analysis. Both photometric and geometric calibrations have been implemented. The photometric calibration is based on a white reference and intensity map and compensates for variation in light intensities. The geometric calibration is based on planar homographies to determine the interior and exterior orientation of the projector and the two cameras. This is used to map the acquired data of the different sensors into a single reference frame. To acquire 3D data, a set of phase-shifted fringe patterns is projected on the object which are processed by Fourier transform. To identify mechanical deterioration, the acquired 3D cloud of points is meshed and differences in surface normals for a given radius are computed. To analyse the chemical deterioration of the pigments a supervised classification method has been implemented. First of all, spectral data is normalized with the Extended Multiplicative Scatter Correction algorithm Then, data dimensionality is reduced by applying Principal Component Analysis and classification is done with Support Vector Machine. Results are presented showing the performance of the described algorithms.

Introducción: Las ectasias vasculares antrales (GAVE) son un causa infrecuente de sangrado gastrointestinal. El tratamiento endoscópico habitual consiste en coagulación con argón plasma (APC). Recientemente se han publicado trabajos sobre la ligadura endoscópica con bandas (LEB) como alternativa al tratamiento convencional.

The European share of the ITER magnet superconductors includes the supply of around 20 km of Toroidal Field and 7 km of Poloidal Field conductors. This represents 20% and 11% of the total conductor amounts respectively needed for all ITER Toroidal Field (TF) and Poloidal Field (PF) coils. For TF conductor, around 97 tons of superconducting niobium tin strand and 60 tons of copper wire are needed to be purchased, cabled and inserted within a stainless steel jacket tube to form the Cable-In-Conduit-Conductor (CICC). For PF conductor, about 45 tons of superconducting multifilamentary niobium titanium wire need to be cabled and jacketed. Altogether, Fusion for Energy (F4E) placed 4 supply contracts for the European TF and PF coil conductors (one for copper strand, two for niobium tin strand and a single contract for cabling and jacketing). In addition, the PF conductor procurement is based on a bi-lateral agreement with the Russian Federation Domestic Agency (RF DA) where NbTi cables are supplied by RF DA and their jacketing is provided by F4E. In this article, the procurement strategy and the current procurement status are reported for the European contribution of TF and PF conductors.

This paper reflects the status of the manufacturing of 2 Radial Plate prototypes for the EU ITER TF Coils. The production of these prototypes will supply valuable information for the manufacturing of the total required number of 70 Radial Plates, in terms of manufacturing technologies, optimization of cost, manufacturing time and risks.

A principal part of the ITER fusion reactor is the Toroidal Field magnet system which consists of 18 “D” shaped coils. Fusion for Energy, (F4E), the European Domestic Agency for ITER, is responsible for the procurement of 10 such coils. The completed coils, measuring approximately 14 m × 9 m and weighing 300 tons, comprise an outer structural case into which a “winding pack”, itself made up of 7 conductor double pancake and radial plate assemblies, is inserted. The winding packs will be the largest ever built using Nb 3 Sn conductor and their manufacture, using a wind, react and transfer process, presents significant technological challenges. In particular, the conductor double pancakes must be wound with high accuracy and their change in dimension during heat treatment correctly predicted in order to facilitate the transfer to their associated radial plates. These processes require novel and sophisticated tooling to be constructed on a large scale. The contract for the manufacture of 10 ITER TF Coil Winding pack was awarded in July 2010 by F4E to a consortium of three main partners-Iberdrola IC, ASG Superconductors and Elytt Energy and in this paper we present the progress made to date. Particular reference is made to the design and procurement of major items of tooling, including the winding line, heat treatment furnace and transfer tool, and the steps taken to minimize risk by design are described.

The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor is an international scientific project with the aim of building a tokamak fusion reactor capable of producing at least 10 times more energy than that spent to sustain the reaction. In a tokamak the fusion reaction is magnetically confined and the toroidal field coil system plays a primary role in this confinement. Fusion for Energy, the European Domestic Agency for ITER, is responsible for the supply of 10 out the 19 toroidal field coils. Their procurement has been subdivided in three main work packages: the production of 70 radial plates (the structural components which will house the conductors), the manufacture of 10 winding packs (the core of the magnet) and cold test and insertion into the coil cases of 10 winding packs. The cold test/insertion work package presents significant technological challenges. These include the cold test of the winding packs 14 m high, 9 m wide and weighing 110 t, the welding and inspection of the 316 LN stainless steel coil case, with welded thicknesses of up to 144 mm accessible only from one side combined with the need to minimize the deformation during the welding process (more than 70 m of weld per coil and up to 90 passes to fill the chamfer) and the resin filling of the coil case after insertion of the winding pack (the total volume to be filled up is about one cubic meter per coil). From 2009 up to mid 2011, F4E has carried out an R&D program in order to investigate the most challenging steps of the manufacturing processes associated to this work package, both to meet the demands of the ITER schedule and to minimize technological risks; in this paper an overview of the results obtained is presented.

The ITER magnetic system includes 18 Toroidal Field (TF) Coils using Nb3Sn cable-in-conduit superconductor. Each TF coil, about 300-t in weight, is made by a Winding Pack (WP) composed by 7 Double Pancakes (DP) modules stacked together, impregnated and inserted in stainless steel coil case. Each DP is made by a Radial Plate (RP), a very large D-shaped stainless steel plate with grooves machined on a spiral path on both sides, in which the insulated conductor is inserted after the heat treatment. The procurement of the TF coils will be carried out by Fusion for Energy (the European Domestic Agency (DA)), responsible for 10 coils (including 1 spare coil) and the Japanese DA, responsible for 9 coils. The conductors will be produced by 6 different DAs, while the coil cases only by the Japanese DA. In July 2008 the Procurement Arrangement was signed between the ITER Organization (IO) and F4E defining the scope, technical and management requirements for the procurement of such coils. F4E has developed a procurement strategy aimed to minimize costs and risks, consisting of subdividing the procurement into three main procurement packages, each foreseeing an initial R&D qualification phase. One procurement package is related to the construction of 72 RP (including 2 prototypes), another to the fabrication of the 10 WP and a third to the cold test and coil-case insertion of 10 WP. So far F4E has signed 5 contracts. In 2009, we placed 2 contracts for the procurement of RP prototypes and 1 contract for the development and qualification of the welding and the Ultrasonic Test technologies for the coil case welding. In 2010 1 contract has been placed for the construction of 10 WP and 1 contract for the engineering optimization of the cold test and coil insertion.

The superconducting magnet system of ITER consists of four main sub-systems: Toroidal Field (TF) coils, Central Solenoid (CS) coils; Poloidal Field (PF) coils; and Correction Coils (CC). Like many other ITER systems, the magnet components are supplied in-kind by six Domestic Agencies (DAs). The technical specifications, manufacturing processes and procedures required to fabricate these components are particularly challenging. The management structure and organization to realize this procurement within the tight ITER construction schedule is very complex. Fusion for Energy (F4E), the European Domestic Agency for ITER, is in charge of about 25% of the contribution to the ITER magnet system, namely part of the TF and PF conductors, 10 TF coils, 5 PF coils and 9 TF system pre-compression rings. Good progress towards full scale construction has been achieved with the launch of large manufacturing contracts for the production of the superconductor lengths, the fabrication of two full-scale prototypes of the TF coil radial plates, and the start-up of the contract for the construction of 10 TF winding packs. Several tons of advanced Nb3Sn and NbTi strand have been produced, large cabling and jacketing facilities for the conductors and winding lines for the TF coils are being set-up. Tendering actions for the PF coils and pre-compression rings are in progress. Later in 2011 the contracts for the production of the TF radial plates and insertion of the TF coils in the cases will also be launched. This paper reports the progress of the F4E activities as per June 2011.

We determined the effect of efficient microorganisms (EM) on the cation exchange capacity for soil recovery in the municipality of Mondonedo, Cundinamarca. A greenhouse unit was installed in order to maintain stable conditions. After harvesting, sifted and homogenization of the soil sample, initial physical and chemical analyses were made. For the experimental units we used Acacia melanoxylon seedlings from Zabrinsky. A completely randomized design was done with eight treatments and three repetitions. For the maintenance and monitoring of the seedlings behaviour, a frequency of irrigation of three times per week was found. The application of the EM was done during three months: in the first month, it was applied four times (once a week); during the second month, it was applied twice (biweekly), and during the third month there was only one application. Additionally, every 15 days morphological analyses were made (number of leaves, branches and stem diameter). In the end, soil samples were taken from each plant pot. In the laboratory we analysed the cation exchange capacity, alkali ion exchange, saturation alkali, relations between elements and plant tissue. These were done using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Statistical analyses consisted on multiple comparisons test and variance tests, in order to find whether or not treatments exhibited significant differences. In that way, the best alternative for improving environmental quality of eroded soils as the Zabrinsky desert is the efficient microorganisms in 5% doses in irrigation water. Additionally, the cation exchange capacity must be enhanced using organic fertilizers (compost, mulch and gallinaza) in one pound doses, and chemical fertilizers: electrolytic Mn (0.0002 g), Cu (0.0002 g), Zn (0.0001 g), URFOS 44 (166.66 g) and klip-boro (5 g).

OBJECTIVE:There is some debate about the participation of the Hering-Breuer reflex during exercise in human beings. This study aimed to investigate breathing pattern response during an incremental exercise test with a cycle ergometer. Participation of the Hering-Breuer reflex in the control of breathing was to be indirectly investigated by analyzing the ratio of tidal volume (VT) to inspiratory time (tI). SUBJECTS AND METHODS:The 9 active subjects who participated the study followed an incremental protocol on a cycle ergometer until peak criteria were reached. During exercise, VT/ti can be described in 2 phases, separated by activation of the Hering-Breuer reflex (inspiratory off-switch threshold). In phase 1, ventilation increases because VT increases, resulting in a slight decrease in tI, whereas, in phase 2, increased ventilation is due to both an increase in VT and a decrease in tI. RESULTS:The mean (SD) inspiratory off-switch threshold was 84.6% (6.3%) when expressed relative to peak VT (mean, 3065 [566.8] mL) and 48% (7.2%) relative to the forced vital capacity measured by resting spirometry. The inspiratory off-switch threshold correlated positively (r=0.93) with the second ventilatory threshold, or respiratory compensation point. CONCLUSIONS:The inspiratory off-switch threshold and VT/ti are directly related to one another. The inspiratory off-switch threshold was related to the second ventilatory threshold, suggesting that the Hering-Breuer reflex participates in control of the breathing pattern during exercise. Activation of the reflex could contribute by signaling the respiratory centers to change the breathing pattern.

OBJECTIVE: There is some debate about the participation of the Hering-Breuer reflex during exercise in human beings. This study aimed to investigate breathing pattern response during an incremental exercise test with a cycle ergometer. Participation of the Hering-Breuer reflex in the control of breathing was to be indirectly investigated by analyzing the ratio of tidal volume (V-T) to inspiratory time (t(1)).SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The 9 active subjects who participated the study followed an incremental protocol on a cycle ergometer until peak criteria were reached. During exercise, V-T/t(i) can be described in 2 phases, separated by activation of the Hering-Breuer reflex (inspiratory off-switch threshold). In phase 1, ventilation increases because V-T increases, resulting in a slight decrease in t(I), whereas, in phase 2, increased ventilation is due to both an increase in V-T and a decrease in t(I),RESULTS: The mean (SD) inspiratory off-switch threshold was 84.6% (6.3%) when expressed relative to peak V-T, (mean, 3065 [566.8] mL) and 48% (7.2%) relative to the forced vital capacity measured by resting spirometry. The inspiratory off-switch threshold correlated positively (r=0.93) with the second ventilatory threshold, or respiratory compensation point.CONCLUSIONS: The inspiratory off-switch threshold and V-T/t(i) are directly related to one another. The inspiratory off-switch threshold was related to the second ventilatory threshold, suggesting that the Hering-Breuer reflex participates in control of the breathing pattern during exercise. Activation of the reflex could contribute by signaling the respiratory centers to change the breathing pattern.