Domoic acid levels in Washington State razor clams (Siliqua patula) have been extremely variable and unpredictable, resulting in emergency closures of harvest areas in 1991, 1998, and 1999. Information concerning toxin variability relative to sampling location is important in developing a reliable plan for managing domoic acid outbreaks. In November 1998, record levels of domoic in razor clams (up to 295 ppm) were reported at Kalaloch Beach, Washington. Due to the long toxin retention time in these clams, a resource survey at Kalaloch conducted during the summer of 1999 presented an opportunity for the study of domoic acid levels as a function of tidal elevation and north-south beach location. From July 28-31, 1999 (during the summer low tides) razor clams were collected from six “east-west” transects at Kalaloch Beach, approximately 1.6 km apart. Each clam was individually analyzed for domoic acid in order to determine the distribution of toxin between (interspecific variability) and within (intraspecific variability) transects. While average domoic acid levels were similar between transects, toxin levels varied substantially among individual clam samples. The coefficient of variation among all samples was 122%, indicating that harvest closures based upon composite analyses of 6 clam samples could be in error. Here we recommend a sample size of razor clams for regulatory purposes that will result in domoic acid measurements more representative of total population toxin values.

The first illnesses and only deaths in Washington State resulting from paralytic shellfish poisoning were documented in the 1940s, resulting in the establishment of one of the longest monitoring programs for paralytic shellfish toxins in commercial and recreational shellfish in the United States. An analysis of the Washington Department of Health's monitoring data for the Puget Sound area has allowed us to examine temporal changes in shellfish toxin levels and geographical distribution of shellfish harvesting closures. The values of toxins in shellfish were normalized to control for variable levels of toxin accumulation in different shellfish species by dividing individual values by the yearly average for a given species. These normalized values increased significantly over the past five decades, indicating that the observed increase in paralytic shellfish toxin levels in Puget Sound shellfish was not caused by the shift in species monitored. A geospatial map of the first shellfish closures or paralytic shellfish-poisoning event in each Puget Sound basin suggests that over time, toxigenic Alexandrium cells have been transported from northern to southern Puget Sound. Shallow sills that restrict the exchange of water between adjacent basins have hindered the transport of toxic dinoflagellates, especially because these cells generally do not prosper in mixing conditions that are characteristically found at sills. Large-scale events, such as the bloom that occurred in the Whidbey and Central basins in 1978, may have been induced by global climate changes or shifts, such as the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Although greater numbers of closures have been observed over time in basins of Puget Sound, closures as a percentage of total samples analyzed have decreased or remained constant in all basins, indicating that the Washington Department of Health has established an effective monitoring program to protect public health while allowing for maximum harvest potential.

Sea lion mortalities in central California during May and June 1998 were traced to their ingestion of sardines and anchovies that had accumulated the neurotoxin domoic acid. The detection of toxin in urine, feces, and stomach contents of several sea lions represents the first proven occurrence of domoic acid transfer through the food chain to a marine mammal. The pennate diatoms, Pseudo‐nitzschia multiseries and P. australis, were the dominant, toxin‐producing phytoplankton constituting algal blooms near Monterey Bay, Half Moon Bay, and Oceano Dunes, areas where sea lions with neurological symptoms stranded. Toxic Pseudo‐nitzschia were also found near Morro Bay Point Conception, Point Arguello, and Santa Barbara, demonstrating that these specie were widespread along the central California coast in June 1998. Measurements of domoic acid during three cruises in early June showed the highest cellular toxin levels in P. multiseries near Point A~o Nuevo at 6 pg cell−1 and in P. australis from Morro Bay at 78 pg cell−1. Maximum cellular domoic acid levels were observed within 20 km of the coast between 0 and 5 m depth, although toxin was also measured t depths of 40 m. Hydrographic data indicated that the highest toxin levels and greatest numbers of toxic cells were positioned in water masses associated with upwelling zones near coastal headlands. Nutrient levels at these sites were less than those typically measured during periods of active upwelling, due to the 1998 El Ni~o event. The flow of cells and/or nutrients from coastal headlands into embayments wher cells can multiply in a stratified environment is a possible mechanism of bloom development along the central California coast. This coupling of toxic Pseudo‐nitzschia growth near upwelling zones with physical processes involved in cell transport will be understood only when long‐term measurements are made at several key coastal locations, aiding in our capability to predict domoic‐acid producing algal blooms.

A bloom of the pennate diatom Pseudo-nitzschia, several species of which are associated with the production of the potent excitotoxin domoic acid, was observed in a Puget Sound, Washington embayment in July and August of 1997. Penn Cove, which receives nutrients from the nearby Skagit River and abundant sunshine during summer months due to its location in the rain shadow of the Olympic Mountains, is the home of a commercial mussel farm which supplies shellfish to many coastal areas of the USA. Levels of domoic acid in mussels increased to 3 ppm on 6 and 10 July, corresponding to the observation of a brown algal bloom in Penn Cove. Four species of Pseudo-nitzschia (P. pungens, P. multiseries, P. australis, and P. pseudodelicatissima) were present in our samples from the cove, corresponding to levels of domoic acid in seawater ranging from 0.1-0.8 mirog l(-1) as measured by a receptor binding assay. The highest Pseudo-nitzschia concentration during the time of our sampling was 13 million cells per liter on 28 July. The bloom of Pseudo-nitzschia occurred after a period of strong discharge from the Skagit River and rain accompanied by elevated south and southeasterly winds. Stratification of the cove, providing optimal bloom conditions, was facilitated by weak winds, sunshine, and a freshwater lens at the mouth of the cove. The position of the Pseudo-nitzschia bloom was influenced by buoyancy fronts caused by exchange of water within the cove with that of Saratoga Passage. The decay of this bloom in Penn Cove was accompanied by decreasing nitrate levels at all measured depths. These and future observations aid in the development of a model for prediction of toxic bloom events in the shallow embayments of Puget Sound.

The presence of domoic acid in aquatic species was reported for the first time in the United States in the late summer of 1991 in Monterey Bay, California. By October of 1991, domoic acid was found in razor clams (Siliqua patula) and in the viscera of Dungeness crab (Cancer magister) along the coasts of Washington and Oregon. In response to this outbreak, the National Marine Fisheries Service, in cooperation with the Washington State Department of Fisheries began analysis of Washington State razor clams for the period from November 1991 to June 1993. This survey indicated that domoic acid levels in the edible portion of the razor clams peaked in December of 1991 (average of all Washington state coastal sites: 106 ppm) and followed a slow decline to the present day low levels (< 5 ppm). Sixteen months after the maximum level, domoic acid has not completely disappeared from the razor clams from the Washington State beaches. Unlike mussels (Mytilus edulis), where the toxin is found only in the viscera, domoic acid distributes itself throughout the various body parts of the razor clam. The highest concentration occurs in the foot or "digger" and the lowest in the siphon or "neck." The concentration of domoic acid in the razor clam foot reached a high of 230 ppm.

In September 1991, water fowl died in Monterey Bay, CA, after eating anchovies (Engraulis mordax) contaminated with domoic acid. Analysis revealed that the anchovies contained up to 485 ppm domoic acid in their viscera. This was the first reported incidence of domoic acid-related mortality of any organism in the United States. After this reported outbreak we obtained frozen samples of anchovies that were harvested near Newport, CA, in April 1991 and found they contained 270 ppm domoic acid in their viscera. By May, average domoic acid levels in frozen anchovy samples from this same area were less than 1 ppm. In October 1991, domoic acid was detected in razor clams (Siliqua patula) from Oregon and Washington and appeared to peak (an average of 106 ppm for all Washington State beaches) in the first week of December 1991. The averages then declined to less than 20 ppm without 6 months. However, domoic acid was still present at low levels (averages <5 ppm) in razor clams from Washington state beaches in December 1993. Dungeness crab (Cancer magister) in Washington and Oregon were also found to contain domoic acid, but only in their viscera. Domoic acid concentrations in the raw viscera of individual crabs from Washington state in December 1991 averaged 13 ppm and ranged from 0.8 to 90 ppm. The highest average levels of domoic acid in Washington state crabs were in the Grays Harbor and Willapa Bay samples, 32 and 31 ppm, respectively. By 1992 domoic acid level averages were <5 ppm in preseason samples of Dungeness crab taken along the Oregon and Washington coasts, ranging from 0 to 71 ppm. The highest levels of domoic acid in 1992 (36-71 ppm) were recorded in samples taken early in that year (January through April).

Domoic acid (DA) was first reported in mussels from Prince Edward Island, Canada, in 1987. It reappeared in anchovies and pelicans from Monterey Bay, California, in 1991. Later that year, domoic acid was found in razor clams and Dungeness crabs along the Washington and Oregon coasts. Since the initial outbreak, a variety of analytical methods for the detection of this neurotoxin have been developed. Here, we describe a modification to the solid phase extraction (SPE) clean-up step in Quilliam's HPLC-UV method (1991: NRCC No. 33001). The standard 10% acetonitrile (MeCN) wash and 0.5M ammonium citrate buffer (ACB) in 10% MeCN (pH = 4.5) eluting solution have been replaced with a 0.1M sodium chloride (NaCl) in 10% MeCN wash and a 0.5M NaCl in 10% MeCN eluting solution. This modification allows the analysis to work equally well on both clam and crab viscera and meat. Chromatograms of visceral samples no longer contain interfering or late eluting peaks; and all chromatograms are free of the large solvent peak tailing associated with the ACB eluent. The newly modified method allows for an improved and more versatile domoic acid analysis.

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were fed one of three different diets, based either on fish meal, soybean meal, or egg white, containing varying levels of zinc. Several fish tissues were analyzed for zinc content after 202 d to determine if any tissue was a sensitive indicator of zinc status. Caudal fin and whole-body zinc levels of the fish were found to reflect the dietary levels of zinc. We observed a strong statistical correlation between whole-body zinc levels and the zinc concentration of the caudal fin (r = 0.89; P < 0.01). At the same time, we observed a negative correlation between whole-body iron concentration and whole-body zinc levels (r = 0.87; P < 0.01). A strong negative correlation also was observed between dietary zinc and whole-body iron (r = 0.95; P < 0.001). Our data indicate that caudal fin zinc concentrations are a good indicator of zinc status.

Rainbow trout were fed for 150 days on four purified diets containing 0 and 0.5% phytic acid. These diets contained increasing increments of Ca (0.92–1.30%) and Mg (0.054–0.085%). The fish fed the diets containing phytic acid had 10% reduced growth and feed conversion. Increasing Ca and Mg content of the diet in the presence of phytic acid did not affect growth and feed conversion. Fish fed diets containing over 1% Ca without phytic acid had a 5% reduction in growth and feed conversion. The zinc and iron levels in the blood of the fish fed the diets containing phytic acid were not significantly different from the controls. The copper levels in the blood decreased in the fish diets with increasing increments of Ca ang Mg, but phytic acid did not influence this change. Increasing increments of Ca and Mg reduced the mean copper levels in the liver from 60 to 37 ppm. Similar reductions were found when phytic acid was included in the diet. Mean liver zinc levels did not significantly vary regardless of the diet fed. In vitro tests confirmed that phytic acid/protein (casein) complexes are only partially hydrolyzed by pepsin. In vivo tests with rainbow trout in which a casein/phytate complex was substituted for casein showed a 6.6% reduction in diet digestibility. It was concluded that the reduced growth in fish fed diets containing phytic acid was related to a reduction in protein availability rather than to an alteration in the bioavailability of Zn, Fe, or Cu.

Zinc in the form of zinc sulfate or chelated as zinc proteinate was fed in increasing levels (4 to 1,700 µg/g zinc) in an egg-white based diet to fingerling rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) to determine potential toxicity. Zinc sulfate was fed for the first 55 days and zinc proteinate for the last 118 days of a 173-day test. Fish fed the lowest level of zinc (4 µg/g zinc, a zinc-deficient diet) had poor growth and high mortalities, while the lowest level of added zinc (90 µg/g) reduced mortalities and markedly improved growth. Higher levels of supplemented zinc, up to 1,700 µg/g, had no further effect on growth or survival. Zinc concentration in liver, blood, and gills increased with dietary levels of zinc above 90 µg/g. Trout showed no signs of zinc toxicity during feeding with levels of dietary zinc as high as 1,700 µg/g.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAnalysis of toxic mussels (Mytilus species) from the Alaskan Inside PassageY. Shimizu, W. E. Fallon, J. C. Wekell, D. Gerber Jr., and E. J. Gauglitz Jr.Cite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1978, 26, 4, 878–881Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf60218a009https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60218a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views41Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

The major lipids of the dogfish (Squalusacanthias) are the diacyl glyceryl ethers and triglycerides. These classes of compounds in the flesh (dorsal section) and liver were separated by thin-layer chromatography. The glyceryl ethers and/or fatty acids resulting from saponification of each of these fractions were analyzed by gas–liquid chromatography as their isopropylidene and methyl ester derivatives, respectively.Few significant differences were apparent between the ether portions of the diacyl glyceryl ethers of the flesh and liver, but the fatty acids were quite different in composition. Those of the flesh contained high percentages of the C20 and C22 polyenoic acids that are characteristic of most fish lipids; those of the liver contained little polyenoic acid but high concentrations of C20 and C22 monoenoic acids. Although the triglycerides of the flesh contained more of the polyenoic acids than the liver, the differences in this fraction between the flesh and liver were less striking. It appears that the over-all unsaturation of the dogfish lipids is largely governed by the relative amounts of monoenoic and polyenoic acids in the C20 and C22 series.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAnalysis of Alcohols, Hydroxy Esters, Glycerides, and Glyceryl Ethers and Nitrates by Thin Layer Chromatography and Infrared Spectrometry.D. C. Malins, J. C. Wekell, and C. R. HouleCite this: Anal. Chem. 1964, 36, 3, 658–661Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1964Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1964https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60209a028https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60209a028research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views59Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

Acetyl nitrate was found to react with fatty alcohols, hydroxy esters, and vicinal glycols to give good yields of the corresponding nitrates. The reaction was applied to the synthesis ofn-octadecyl nitrate, methyl 2-nitrato-octadecanoate, methyl 12-nitrato-octadecanoate, and 18,19-dinitrato-hexatricontane. Alkyl nitrates and nitrato esters were also prepared from alcohols derived from commercially available marine oils. In addition, the long-chain nitrate derivatives were analyzed by infrared spectroscopy and thin-layer chromatography (TLC).

Journal of the American Oil Chemists' SocietyVolume 40, Issue 3 p. 8-8 News Preview abstracts released! R. W. Miller, R. W. Miller Northern Regional Research Laboratory, Peoria, IllSearch for more papers by this authorF. R. Earle, F. R. Earle Northern Regional Research Laboratory, Peoria, IllSearch for more papers by this authorH. Albrecht, H. Albrecht Development Laboratory, Arizona Chemical Company, Panama City, Fla.Search for more papers by this authorJ. J. McBride Jr., J. J. McBride Jr. Development Laboratory, Arizona Chemical Company, Panama City, Fla.Search for more papers by this authorR. L. Stephens, R. L. Stephens Naval Stores Res. Stn. U.S.D.A., Olustee, Fla.Search for more papers by this authorR. V. Lawrence, R. V. Lawrence Naval Stores Res. Stn. U.S.D.A., Olustee, Fla.Search for more papers by this authorD. C. Malins, D. C. Malins Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Technological Laboratory, Seattle 2, Wash.Search for more papers by this authorJ. C. Wekell, J. C. Wekell Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Technological Laboratory, Seattle 2, Wash.Search for more papers by this authorC. R. Houle, C. R. Houle Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Technological Laboratory, Seattle 2, Wash.Search for more papers by this authorH. J. Dutton, H. J. Dutton Northern Regional Research Laboratory, Peoria, IllSearch for more papers by this authorT. L. Mounts, T. L. Mounts Northern Regional Research Laboratory, Peoria, IllSearch for more papers by this authorR. R. Allen, R. R. Allen Clayton & Co., Foods Division, Sherman, Tex.Search for more papers by this authorJ. Pominski, J. Pominski Southern Regional Research Laboratory, New Orleans, La.Search for more papers by this authorE. L. Patton, E. L. Patton Southern Regional Research Laboratory, New Orleans, La.Search for more papers by this authorJ. J. Spadaro, J. J. Spadaro Southern Regional Research Laboratory, New Orleans, La.Search for more papers by this authorE. N. Frankel, E. N. Frankel Easetern Regional Research Laboratory, Philadelphia 18, Penn.Search for more papers by this authorE. W. Maurer, E. W. Maurer Easetern Regional Research Laboratory, Philadelphia 18, Penn.Search for more papers by this authorA. J. Stirton, A. J. Stirton Easetern Regional Research Laboratory, Philadelphia 18, Penn.Search for more papers by this authorWaldo C. Ault, Waldo C. Ault Easetern Regional Research Laboratory, Philadelphia 18, Penn.Search for more papers by this authorJ. K. Weil, J. K. Weil Easetern Regional Research Laboratory, Philadelphia 18, Penn.Search for more papers by this authorE. T. Haeberer, E. T. Haeberer Easetern Regional Research Laboratory, Philadelphia 18, Penn.Search for more papers by this authorG. Maerker, G. Maerker Easetern Regional Research Laboratory, Philadelphia 18, Penn.Search for more papers by this authorRobert S. Cooper, Robert S. Cooper Research Department, Victor Chemical Division, Stauffer Chemical Company, Chicago Heights, Ill.Search for more papers by this authorM. E. Ginn, M. E. Ginn Chicago, Ill.Search for more papers by this authorR. M. Anderson, R. M. Anderson Monsanto Chemical Co., Dayton, O.Search for more papers by this authorJ. C. Harris, J. C. Harris Monsanto Chemical Co., Dayton, O.Search for more papers by this authorT. C. Yu, T. C. Yu Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Ore.Search for more papers by this authorRussell O. Sinnhuber, Russell O. Sinnhuber Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Ore.Search for more papers by this authorCarter Litchfield, Carter Litchfield Dept. of Biochemistry & Nutrition, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station, TexasSearch for more papers by this authorRaymond Reiser, Raymond Reiser Dept. of Biochemistry & Nutrition, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station, TexasSearch for more papers by this authorA. F. Isbell, A. F. Isbell Dept. of Biochemistry & Nutrition, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station, TexasSearch for more papers by this authorG. L. Feldman, G. L. Feldman Institute of Ophthalmology, Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.Search for more papers by this authorW. D. Pohle, W. D. Pohle Research Laboratories, Swift & Company, Chicago, Ill.Search for more papers by this authorR. L. Gregory, R. L. Gregory Research Laboratories, Swift & Company, Chicago, Ill.Search for more papers by this authorS. E. Tierney, S. E. Tierney Research Laboratories, Swift & Company, Chicago, Ill.Search for more papers by this authorJ. R. Taylor, J. R. Taylor Research Laboratories, Swift & Company, Chicago, Ill.Search for more papers by this authorRobert D. Harlow, Robert D. Harlow Dept. of Biochemistry & Nutrition, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station, TexasSearch for more papers by this authorO. S. Privett, O. S. Privett The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minn.Search for more papers by this authorE. Christense Nickell, E. Christense Nickell The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minn.Search for more papers by this authorN. Nicolaides, N. Nicolaides Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Oregon Medical School, Portland, Ore.Search for more papers by this authorFritz Laves, Fritz Laves Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Oregon Medical School, Portland, Ore.Search for more papers by this authorDonald G. Theriault, Donald G. Theriault U. S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Mass.Search for more papers by this authorNicholas Pelick, Nicholas Pelick Applied Science Laboratories, Inc., State College, Penn.Search for more papers by this authorRobert S. Henly, Robert S. Henly Applied Science Laboratories, Inc., State College, Penn.Search for more papers by this authorRobert F. Sweeney, Robert F. Sweeney Applied Science Laboratories, Inc., State College, Penn.Search for more papers by this authorK. K. Carroll, K. K. Carroll Collip Medical Research Laboratory, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont.Search for more papers by this authorGeorge Rouser, George Rouser Department of Biochemistry, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, Calif.Search for more papers by this authorGene Kritchevsky, Gene Kritchevsky Department of Biochemistry, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, Calif.Search for more papers by this authorDorothy Heller, Dorothy Heller Department of Biochemistry, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, Calif.Search for more papers by this authorEllen Lieber, Ellen Lieber Department of Biochemistry, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, Calif.Search for more papers by this authorF. A. Vandenheuvel, F. A. Vandenheuvel Canada Dept. of Agriculture, Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.Search for more papers by this author R. W. Miller, R. W. Miller Northern Regional Research Laboratory, Peoria, IllSearch for more papers by this authorF. R. Earle, F. R. Earle Northern Regional Research Laboratory, Peoria, IllSearch for more papers by this authorH. Albrecht, H. Albrecht Development Laboratory, Arizona Chemical Company, Panama City, Fla.Search for more papers by this authorJ. J. McBride Jr., J. J. McBride Jr. Development Laboratory, Arizona Chemical Company, Panama City, Fla.Search for more papers by this authorR. L. Stephens, R. L. Stephens Naval Stores Res. Stn. U.S.D.A., Olustee, Fla.Search for more papers by this authorR. V. Lawrence, R. V. Lawrence Naval Stores Res. Stn. U.S.D.A., Olustee, Fla.Search for more papers by this authorD. C. Malins, D. C. Malins Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Technological Laboratory, Seattle 2, Wash.Search for more papers by this authorJ. C. Wekell, J. C. Wekell Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Technological Laboratory, Seattle 2, Wash.Search for more papers by this authorC. R. Houle, C. R. Houle Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Technological Laboratory, Seattle 2, Wash.Search for more papers by this authorH. J. Dutton, H. J. Dutton Northern Regional Research Laboratory, Peoria, IllSearch for more papers by this authorT. L. Mounts, T. L. Mounts Northern Regional Research Laboratory, Peoria, IllSearch for more papers by this authorR. R. Allen, R. R. Allen Clayton & Co., Foods Division, Sherman, Tex.Search for more papers by this authorJ. Pominski, J. Pominski Southern Regional Research Laboratory, New Orleans, La.Search for more papers by this authorE. L. Patton, E. L. Patton Southern Regional Research Laboratory, New Orleans, La.Search for more papers by this authorJ. J. Spadaro, J. J. Spadaro Southern Regional Research Laboratory, New Orleans, La.Search for more papers by this authorE. N. Frankel, E. N. Frankel Easetern Regional Research Laboratory, Philadelphia 18, Penn.Search for more papers by this authorE. W. Maurer, E. W. Maurer Easetern Regional Research Laboratory, Philadelphia 18, Penn.Search for more papers by this authorA. J. Stirton, A. J. Stirton Easetern Regional Research Laboratory, Philadelphia 18, Penn.Search for more papers by this authorWaldo C. Ault, Waldo C. Ault Easetern Regional Research Laboratory, Philadelphia 18, Penn.Search for more papers by this authorJ. K. Weil, J. K. Weil Easetern Regional Research Laboratory, Philadelphia 18, Penn.Search for more papers by this authorE. T. Haeberer, E. T. Haeberer Easetern Regional Research Laboratory, Philadelphia 18, Penn.Search for more papers by this authorG. Maerker, G. Maerker Easetern Regional Research Laboratory, Philadelphia 18, Penn.Search for more papers by this authorRobert S. Cooper, Robert S. Cooper Research Department, Victor Chemical Division, Stauffer Chemical Company, Chicago Heights, Ill.Search for more papers by this authorM. E. Ginn, M. E. Ginn Chicago, Ill.Search for more papers by this authorR. M. Anderson, R. M. Anderson Monsanto Chemical Co., Dayton, O.Search for more papers by this authorJ. C. Harris, J. C. Harris Monsanto Chemical Co., Dayton, O.Search for more papers by this authorT. C. Yu, T. C. Yu Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Ore.Search for more papers by this authorRussell O. Sinnhuber, Russell O. Sinnhuber Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Ore.Search for more papers by this authorCarter Litchfield, Carter Litchfield Dept. of Biochemistry & Nutrition, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station, TexasSearch for more papers by this authorRaymond Reiser, Raymond Reiser Dept. of Biochemistry & Nutrition, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station, TexasSearch for more papers by this authorA. F. Isbell, A. F. Isbell Dept. of Biochemistry & Nutrition, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station, TexasSearch for more papers by this authorG. L. Feldman, G. L. Feldman Institute of Ophthalmology, Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.Search for more papers by this authorW. D. Pohle, W. D. Pohle Research Laboratories, Swift & Company, Chicago, Ill.Search for more papers by this authorR. L. Gregory, R. L. Gregory Research Laboratories, Swift & Company, Chicago, Ill.Search for more papers by this authorS. E. Tierney, S. E. Tierney Research Laboratories, Swift & Company, Chicago, Ill.Search for more papers by this authorJ. R. Taylor, J. R. Taylor Research Laboratories, Swift & Company, Chicago, Ill.Search for more papers by this authorRobert D. Harlow, Robert D. Harlow Dept. of Biochemistry & Nutrition, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station, TexasSearch for more papers by this authorO. S. Privett, O. S. Privett The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minn.Search for more papers by this authorE. Christense Nickell, E. Christense Nickell The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minn.Search for more papers by this authorN. Nicolaides, N. Nicolaides Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Oregon Medical School, Portland, Ore.Search for more papers by this authorFritz Laves, Fritz Laves Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Oregon Medical School, Portland, Ore.Search for more papers by this authorDonald G. Theriault, Donald G. Theriault U. S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Mass.Search for more papers by this authorNicholas Pelick, Nicholas Pelick Applied Science Laboratories, Inc., State College, Penn.Search for more papers by this authorRobert S. Henly, Robert S. Henly Applied Science Laboratories, Inc., State College, Penn.Search for more papers by this authorRobert F. Sweeney, Robert F. Sweeney Applied Science Laboratories, Inc., State College, Penn.Search for more papers by this authorK. K. Carroll, K. K. Carroll Collip Medical Research Laboratory, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont.Search for more papers by this authorGeorge Rouser, George Rouser Department of Biochemistry, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, Calif.Search for more papers by this authorGene Kritchevsky, Gene Kritchevsky Department of Biochemistry, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, Calif.Search for more papers by this authorDorothy Heller, Dorothy Heller Department of Biochemistry, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, Calif.Search for more papers by this authorEllen Lieber, Ellen Lieber Department of Biochemistry, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, Calif.Search for more papers by this authorF. A. Vandenheuvel, F. A. Vandenheuvel Canada Dept. of Agriculture, Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 March 1963 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02640707AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume40, Issue3March 1963Pages 8-8 RelatedInformation

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