HomePlant DiseaseVol. 103, No. 7First Report of Cophinforma atrovirens Causing Stem Rot and Dieback of Cashew Plants in Brazil PreviousNext DISEASE NOTESFirst Report of Cophinforma atrovirens Causing Stem Rot and Dieback of Cashew Plants in BrazilJ. E. Cardoso, W. L. Fonseca, F. M. P. Viana, M. A. Ootani, F. S. A. Araújo, S. O. S. Brasil, A. L. M. Mesquita, and C. S. LimaJ. E. Cardoso†Corresponding author: J. E. Cardoso; E-mail Address: [email protected]http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2844-8451Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Caixa Postal 3761, CEP 6060511-110, Fortaleza, Ceará, BrazilSearch for more papers by this author, W. L. FonsecaEmbrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Caixa Postal 3761, CEP 6060511-110, Fortaleza, Ceará, BrazilSearch for more papers by this author, F. M. P. VianaEmbrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Caixa Postal 3761, CEP 6060511-110, Fortaleza, Ceará, BrazilSearch for more papers by this author, M. A. OotaniEmbrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Caixa Postal 3761, CEP 6060511-110, Fortaleza, Ceará, BrazilSearch for more papers by this author, F. S. A. AraújoEmbrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Caixa Postal 3761, CEP 6060511-110, Fortaleza, Ceará, BrazilSearch for more papers by this author, S. O. S. BrasilEmbrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Caixa Postal 3761, CEP 6060511-110, Fortaleza, Ceará, BrazilSearch for more papers by this author, A. L. M. MesquitaEmbrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Caixa Postal 3761, CEP 6060511-110, Fortaleza, Ceará, BrazilSearch for more papers by this author, and C. S. Limahttp://orcid.org/0000-0003-3214-5901Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, CEP 60356-001, Fortaleza, Ceará, BrazilSearch for more papers by this authorAffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations J. E. Cardoso1 † W. L. Fonseca1 F. M. P. Viana1 M. A. Ootani1 F. S. A. Araújo1 S. O. S. Brasil1 A. L. M. Mesquita1 C. S. Lima2 1Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Caixa Postal 3761, CEP 6060511-110, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil 2Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, CEP 60356-001, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil Published Online:10 May 2019https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-09-18-1574-PDNAboutSectionsSupplemental ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat Cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale L.) is a plant of great economic and social importance for northeastern Brazil. In 2015, while conducting a survey in a newly established 90-ha cashew orchard in Barra do Corda, State of Maranhão (05°30′20″S; 45°14′36″W), a shoot and stem rot followed by dieback symptoms were observed in about 30% of plants (CP 76 and BRS 189 clonal cultivars). Isolations from infected tissues revealed a whitish, cottony fungal colony, which later turned gray on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Upon the absence of sporulation under PDA media, mycelial disks from the edge of the colony were transferred to autoclaved fruits of custard apple (Annona squamosa) and incubated at 25°C (Cardoso et al. 2002). Pycnidia were observed after 4 weeks of incubation over the surface of entire fruits. Conidia were hyaline, unicellular, fusiform, and truncated at the base when newly formed, and 33.95 to 53.44 (avg. 47.38) μm in length and 9.13 to 11.47 (avg. 10.59) μm in width (n = 50). No sexual structure was observed. Genomic DNA was extracted from mycelia and the fragments of the genomic regions of the rDNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS), β-tubulin (TUB2), and the translation elongation factor 1-α (EF-1α) were amplified by PCR using primers ITS1/ITS4, βT2a/βT2b, and EF1-688F/EF1-1251R, respectively (Coutinho et al. 2017). The PCR products were sequenced and the sequences obtained were deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers MF521897 (ITS), MF538773 (βT), and MG209371 (EF1). Multiple alignments of the combined data set of the genomic regions and representative sequences obtained from GenBank were submitted to phylogenetic analysis of maximum parsimony (MP) and maximum likelihood (ML) and the tree topology tested by the bootstrap method with 1,000 replicates. For the phylogenetic tree, the isolated fungus (BOT456) was grouped in a clade with isolates CMM 1390, CBS 117444, and CMW 13433 of Cophinforma atrovirens with 100% bootstrap support for MP and ML (Dissanayake et al. 2016; Phillips et al. 2013). Morphological and molecular information presented in this study confirmed this species as C. atrovirens. The pathogenicity was evaluated in cashew tree seedlings (clone BRS 189) by injecting a conidial suspension (6.96 × 105 conidia ml−1) into young shoots with insulin syringe. Five inoculated plants and five noninoculated plants (injected with sterile distilled water as control) were kept in a greenhouse at 28°C under natural sunlight and irrigated daily. The onset of symptoms was observed 3 days after inoculation, evolving to complete rot and decaying death of the shoots at 7 days. A fungus with the same morphological characteristics as the original isolate was successfully reisolated from infected tissues, confirming Koch’s postulates. C. atrovirens is a fungus of the Botyosphaeriaceae family, which has been reported in association with dieback and cankers in woody plants (Dissanayake et al. 2016; Phillips et al. 2013). The presence of this pathogen in a cashew-growing region, which is commonly subject to water stress, poses a threat to cashew industry development. This is the first report of C. atrovirens on cashew plants in Brazil.The author(s) declare no conflict of interest.References:Cardoso, J. E., et al. 2002. Plant Dis. 86:558. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.5.558B Link, ISI, Google ScholarCoutinho, I. B. L., et al. 2017. Plant Pathol. 66:90. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12565 Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarDissanayake, A. J., et al. 2016. Mycosphere 7:1001. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/si/1b/13 Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarPhillips, A. J. L., et al. 2013. Stud. Mycol. 76:51. https://doi.org/10.3114/sim0021 Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarThe author(s) declare no conflict of interest.DetailsFiguresLiterature CitedRelated Vol. 103, No. 7 July 2019SubscribeISSN:0191-2917e-ISSN:1943-7692 DownloadCaptionApple cultivar Joya Cripps Red lesions caused by Colletotrichum fructicola (Nodet et al.). Photo credit: P. Nodet. Symptoms of Lotus powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe takamatsui (Zhou et al.). Photo credit: C. Liang. Symptoms of tar spot (Phyllachora maydis) on maize leaves (Dalla Lana et al.). Photo credit: F. Dalla Lana. Metrics Article History Issue Date: 20 Jun 2019Published: 10 May 2019First Look: 7 Mar 2019Accepted: 19 Feb 2019 Pages: 1772-1772 Information© 2019 The American Phytopathological SocietyKeywordsfungifruittree fruitspathogen detectionThe author(s) declare no conflict of interest.Cited byFungal Pathogens of Cacao in Puerto Rico15 November 2023 | Plants, Vol. 12, No. 22Disease-Causing Agents in Cashew: A Review in a Tropical Cash Crop18 October 2022 | Agronomy, Vol. 12, No. 10Fungal endophytic community associated with Hevea spp.: diversity, enzymatic activity, and biocontrol potential5 March 2022 | Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, Vol. 53, No. 2

A partir da introducao de clones de cajueiro melhorados (Barros et al., 2000) e de seus plantios em monocultivo em areas extensas, as questoes fitossanitarias tornaram-se mais significativas para o sistema de producao. No que se refere as doencas, a antracnose causada por varias especies do genero Colletotrichum (Veloso et al., 2018) e o mofo-preto (Pilgeriella anacardii Ars & Muller) (Figura 1) passaram a se configurar como importantes problemas fitossanitarios na cajucultura nordestina, principalmente nas regioes litorâneas e nos sertoes de altitude (Cardoso et al., 2013).

Cashewnut (Anacardium occidentale L.) is a very important crop plant native to northern Brazil. In 2010 and following years, a powdery mildew outbreak was observed in over 60% of cashew growing areas in coastal and highland fields in Ceará and Piauí states, which account for over 70% of Brazilian cashewnut production. Disease symptoms commonly appeared as white to gray powder on young shoots, inflorescences, young fruits, and leaves, reducing fruit onset and severely damaging apple and kernels. Highest level of infection was observed by the time of flowering and fruiting plant stages, which occurs from June to September in those particular states. Today, powdery mildew is the main pathological constraint of cashew production in Brazil, as it affects mature trees, nursery stocks, and new plantings. Although there is great variability within cashew genotypes, most growing varieties are susceptible. From 2012 until 2014, field surveys were conducted to collect samples from different environments and host genotypes. Severely infected flushing leaves of BRS 189 cashew clone were collected in Pacajus county, Ceará State, and introduced into the Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Embrapa, for further studies. Due to conspicuous differences between these and commonly known symptoms from early described powdery mildew (Noack 1898), morphological and sequence data molecular studies were then conducted in order to determine the causal fungus. Conidiophores were erect with cylindrical foot cells, average size 100.2 μm. Chasmothecia were absent. Primary conidia were ellipsoid, with a rounded apex and truncate base. Mature conidia were mainly dolioform and formed singly (no catenescent), measuring 26.9 to 31.7 μm long × 14.3 to 20.4 μm wide (avg. 29.9 × 14.8 μm), with length/width ratio of 1.8 on average. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, including 5.8S and partial 28S from genomic DNA extracted, was amplified with ITS1F (5′-TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG-3′) and P3 (5′-GCCGCTTCACTCGCCGTTAC-3′) primers. The amplicon was sequenced by external service (Macrogen, Seoul, South Korea). BLASTn analysis of the ITS sequence (661 pb) Quick Links

Cashew powdery mildew is presently the most important disease of cashew trees in all Brazilian growing regions. Although it was described over a century ago, it had never threatened the Brazilian cashew industry until the first decade of the 21st century. Morphological and pathogenic evidence indicated the possibility of different pathogen species being involved in early and late types of cashew powdery mildew. This study was designed to elucidate this issue by comparing two different powdery mildew fungi occurring on cashew plants in Brazil according to the morphological characteristics, phylogenetic relationships with closely related powdery mildew fungi and pathogenic relationships. Based on morphology, molecular phylogenetics and pathogenicity on cashew, it was shown that two species of powdery mildew specimens are without question associated with cashew trees. One species, which infects young immature tissues such as shiny leaves, flowers and young fruits, is Erysiphe quercicola, while Erysiphe necator is associated exclusively with mature leaves. This is the first report of both E. quercicola and E. necator causing cashew powdery mildew, and the first detection of E. necator on cashew.

ABSTRACT Powdery mildew (Pseudoidium anacardii) quantitatively and qualitatively decreases cashew production in different regions of Brazil. Severe epidemics are frequent, starting during flowering and extending to the end of the plant production cycle. The disease progress is related to the inoculum density in the area with cashew trees, to the environmental factors and to the susceptibility of the plant organs to infection. Given the lack of information on the epidemiology of this disease, the present study aimed to characterize powdery mildew progress in dwarf cashew trees according the plant phenology. Six treatments corresponding to the phenological protection periods were used, including the application of sulfur fungicide to quantify powdery mildew severity in two successive flowering stages. The collected data were used to generate disease progress curves adjusted to linear models. The Monomolecular model best fit to the powdery mildew progress curves for the panicles in periods I and II in the absence of protection with sulfur. According to the Monomolecular model, powdery mildew progress rates were greater in period I compared to period II. On the other hand, the Logistic model showed the best fit when sulfur was introduced to protect the panicles and reduce the epidemics. For longer periods of protection, the models could not be fit due to the low severity of powdery mildew. The Monomolecular model can be used to estimate the disease progress rate, and the delay in the beginning of the epidemics is directly related to the increase in the protection of panicles.

HomePlant DiseaseVol. 102, No. 12First Report of Colletotrichum theobromicola Causing Leaf Spot in Sapote (Manilkara zapota) Seedlings in Brazil PreviousNext DISEASE NOTES OPENOpen Access licenseFirst Report of Colletotrichum theobromicola Causing Leaf Spot in Sapote (Manilkara zapota) Seedlings in BrazilM. V. V. Martins, J. S. Lima, F. S. A. Araújo, M. A. Ootani, F. M. P. Viana, J. E. Cardoso, I. B. L. Coutinho, F. J. T. Gonçalves, and W. L. FonsecaM. V. V. Martins†Corresponding author: M. V. V. Martins; E-mail: E-mail Address: [email protected]http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2728-304X, J. S. Lima, F. S. A. Araújo, M. A. Ootani, F. M. P. Viana, J. E. Cardoso, I. B. L. Coutinho, F. J. T. Gonçalves, and W. L. FonsecaAffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations M. V. V. Martins † J. S. Lima F. S. A. Araújo M. A. Ootani F. M. P. Viana J. E. Cardoso I. B. L. Coutinho F. J. T. Gonçalves W. L. Fonseca , Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, CEP 60110-511, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. Published Online:24 Sep 2018https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-18-0587-PDNAboutSectionsSupplemental ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat Sapote (Manilkara zapota L., family Sapotaceae) is a tropical perennial plant native to Asia largely cultivated on the coastal and semiarid areas of northeastern Brazil, mainly for fresh fruit consumption. Sapote is a succulent and sweet fruit, esteemed as a nutritious food for its content of vitamins A, B1, B2, B5, and C, as well as carbohydrates, calcium, phosphorus, and iron. In 2014, during the April to May rainy season, necrotic leaf spots were observed on 70% of the seedlings in a nursery at Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, in Pacajus, Ceará State. The causal agent was isolated from small pieces of the symptomatic disinfested leaf (70% ethanol, 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, and washed with sterilized distilled water) and plated on potato carrot agar (PCA). After 5 days of incubation at 25°C, the isolated colony (CMM-4726) was grayish-white in color, and conidia were straight, hyaline, aseptate, and subcylindrical with rounded ends, measuring 12.24 to 20.34 µm long and 2.70 to 5.48 µm wide (n = 110). The colony from this isolate was similar in color and shape and was within the range of conidia sizes for Colletotrichum theobromicola described by Santos et al. (2017). A monosporic culture grown in PCA medium was used for DNA extraction according to the method of Zhang et al. (2010). To confirm identification, six genes were amplified and sequenced: internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), actin (ACT), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), calmodulin (CAL), chitin synthase (CHS-1), and β-tubulin (TUB2) (Weir et al. 2012). The ITS, ACT, and TUB2 sequences had 100% sequence similarity with C. theobromicola (KX721068.1, KP642639.1, and KJ883593.1), CAL and CHS-1 sequences had 99% (JX009588.1 and KP642641.1), and GAPDH sequences had 98% (KX721064.1). Based on sequence analysis and morphological characteristics, the isolate CMM-4726 was confirmed to be C. theobromicola, and sequences were deposited in GenBank with accession numbers KY206758 (ITS), KY206759 (ACT), MF685342 (CAL), MF685343 (CHS-1), MF681690 (TUB2), and KY206760 (GAPDH). Pathogenicity was confirmed on 2-month-old sapote seedlings sprayed with a conidial suspension (2 × 106 conidia/ml). Ten inoculated and 10 noninoculated seedlings (only sprayed with sterile water, to serve as controls) were incubated in a growth chamber at 28°C. Leaf spot symptoms were observed 7 days after inoculation, and a fungus with the same morphological characteristics was reisolated from infected tissues. Control seedlings remained asymptomatic. This Colletotrichum species has been reported in other fruit plants in Brazil (Bragança et al. 2014; Santos et al. 2017) and in eucalyptus (Rodrigues et al. 2014). This is the first report of C. theobromicola causing leaf spot on sapote seedlings in a nursery in Brazil.References:Bragança, C. A. D., et al. 2014. Plant Dis. 98:1272. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-01-14-0099-PDN Link, ISI, Google ScholarRodrigues, A. L., et al. 2014. Trop. Plant Pathol. 39:326. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1982-56762014000400007 Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarSantos, R. F., et al. 2017. Plant Dis. 101:506. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-08-16-1196-PDN Link, ISI, Google ScholarWeir, B. S., et al. 2012. Stud. Mycol. 73:115. https://doi.org/10.3114/sim0011 Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarZhang, Y. J., et al. 2010. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 51:114. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2010.02867.x ISI, Google ScholarDetailsFiguresLiterature CitedRelated Vol. 102, No. 12 December 2018SubscribeISSN:0191-2917e-ISSN:1943-7692 Metrics Article History Issue Date: 20 Nov 2018Published: 24 Sep 2018First Look: 4 Jun 2018Accepted: 1 Jun 2018 Page: 2641 Information© 2018 The American Phytopathological SocietyCited byPest categorisation of Colletotrichum aenigma, C. alienum, C. perseae, C. siamense and C. theobromicolaEFSA Journal, Vol. 20, No. 8Colletotrichum theobromicolaCABI Compendium, Vol. CABI CompendiumA serious shoot and leaf disease caused by Colletotrichum theobromicola discovered on eucalypts in South Africa22 March 2022 | Southern Forests: a Journal of Forest Science, Vol. 84, No. 1Colletotrichum species and complexes: geographic distribution, host range and conservation status29 September 2021 | Fungal Diversity, Vol. 110, No. 1Morphological and molecular characterization of Neopestalotiopsis vitis associated with leaf blight disease of Manilkara zapota —a new record from India22 June 2021 | Letters in Applied Microbiology, Vol. 73, No. 3

In the last years, several apple varieties have been well-adapted to grow under the tropical conditions of northeastern Brazil.

Until now, only Lasiodiplodia theobromae has been reported in association with gummosis and dieback of cashew plants and other tropical fruit plants in northeastern Brazil. This study aims to identify and characterize species of Lasiodiplodia associated with gummosis and dieback on tropical fruit plants grown in Ceará, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Piauí and Rio Grande do Norte States in northeastern Brazil with a description of two new species: Lasiodiplodia caatinguensis sp. nov. and Lasiodiplodia pontae sp. nov. Fungal identification was accomplished using a combination of morphophysiological and pathogenic characteristics, together with phylogenetic analyses based on partial translation elongation factor 1‐α sequence ( TEF 1‐α ), internal transcribed spacer ( ITS ) and β‐tubulin ( β‐tub ). Six species of Lasiodiplodia were identified as being associated with several tropical fruit species: Lasiodiplodia brasiliense ( Manilkara zapota , Mangifera indica and Spondias purpurea ), L. caatinguensis sp. nov. ( Anacardium occidentale , Citrus sinensis , S. purpurea and S. lutea ), L. euphorbicola ( Annona muricata and Cocos nucifera ), L. pontae sp. nov. ( A. occidentale and S. purpurea ), L. pseudotheobromae ( A. occidentale , S. purpurea and Tamarindus indica ) and L. theobromae ( A. occidentale , S. purpurea and Talisia esculenta ) . This is the first study to use molecular data of Lasiodiplodia taken from the stems and branches of Annona spp., A. occidentale , M. zapota , T. indica , T. esculenta and Spondias spp. After L. caatinguensis sp. nov., the species L. pseudotheobromae and L. theobromae were the second most frequent species. All identified species were able to cause necrotic lesions at different levels of severity when inoculated on mango fruits and young plants of Annona spp., cashew and Spondias spp.

HomePlant DiseaseVol. 102, No. 1First Report of Colletotrichum theobromicola and C. tropicale Causing Anthracnose on Fruits of Carnauba Palm in Brazil PreviousNext DISEASE NOTES OPENOpen Access licenseFirst Report of Colletotrichum theobromicola and C. tropicale Causing Anthracnose on Fruits of Carnauba Palm in BrazilM. B. M. Araújo, C. S. Lima, F. de A. C. Rabelo Filho, M. A. Ootani, A. M. E. Bezerra, and J. E. CardosoM. B. M. Araújo, C. S. Lima†Corresponding author: C. S. Lima; E-mail: E-mail Address: [email protected]http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3214-5901, F. de A. C. Rabelo Filho, M. A. Ootani, A. M. E. Bezerra, and J. E. CardosoAffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations M. B. M. Araújo C. S. Lima † F. de A. C. Rabelo Filho , Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará 60356-001, Brazil M. A. Ootani , Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Fortaleza, Ceará 60511-110, Brazil A. M. E. Bezerra , Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará 60356-001, Brazil J. E. Cardoso , Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Fortaleza, Ceará 60511-110, Brazil. Published Online:9 Nov 2017https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-06-17-0860-PDNAboutSectionsSupplemental ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat The carnauba palm (Copernicia prunifera [Mill.] H.E.Moore) is used for the production of industrial and artisanal commodities (Gomes and Nascimento 2006). Between 1990 and 2006, the northeast region produced 66,067 t of carnauba wax (Alves and Coelho 2008). In a previous report, the etiology of anthracnose on carnauba palm fruits was attributed to C. gloeosporioides (Freire and Barguil 2009). This study aimed to characterize the etiological agents of anthracnose on carnauba fruits collected in Ceará State, Brazil. Carnauba fruits at physiological maturation stage (yellowish-green color), showing severe anthracnose symptoms, were collected in Bela Cruz, Caucaia, and Paraipaba municipalities. A representative isolate to each municipality was selected for the morphological, molecular, and pathogenic characterization (UFCM 0630-Caucaia; UFCM 0631-Bela Cruz; and UFCM 0632-Paraipaba). The isolates were grown on potato dextrose agar medium at 25°C and a 12-h photoperiod and the morphological characteristics were observed after 4 days of incubation. Fungal DNA of the isolates was extracted (Murray and Thompson 1980), and fragments of the ITS rDNA (ITS), actin (ACT), β-tubulin (TUB2), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and glutamine synthetase (GS) genomic regions (Prihastuti et al. 2009) were amplified and sequenced in both directions (GenBank accession nos. MF289371–85). Multiple alignments of the combined dataset of the isolates and representative sequences obtained from GenBank were phylogenetically analyzed by neighbor-joining and bootstrap with 1,000 replicates. The pathogenicity of the isolates was assessed on carnauba (n = 10, yellowish-green stage) and mango cv. Tommy Atkins (n = 3, yellowish-orange stage) fruits, and on susceptible cashew plantlets (clone BRS 265) (n = 3, 120 days old). Wounded fruits were inoculated with 3-mm agar plugs containing mycelium of the isolates, while control treatments had only the agar. Spore suspensions (2 × 106 conidia ml−1) were sprayed on young leaves of the cashew plantlets, while only water was sprayed on control plants. The UFCM 0630 and UFCM 0632 isolates formed pale olive-gray aerial mycelium and olive-gray pigment in the back of the colonies. Conidia were cylindrical, 5.4 to 13.8 × 1.5 to 4.7 (mean = 9.0 × 2.9, n = 50) µm. Appressoria were subglobose to elliptical, 2.8 to 5.8 × 2.4 to 3.1 (mean = 4.8 × 2.8, n = 10) μm. The UFCM 0631 isolate formed dark gray aerial mycelium and dark greenish-gray pigment in the back of the colonies. Conidia were cylindrical, 13.0 to 17.5 × 2.3 to 5.5 (mean = 12.1 × 3.7, n = 50) µm. Appressoria were subglobose to clavate, 6.0 to 9.5 × 4.2 to 7.6 (mean = 7.8 × 5.9, n = 10) μm. In the phylogenetic tree, the isolates of C. prunifera grouped in two clades of the C. gloeosporioides species complex. UFCM 0630 and UFCM 0632 isolates grouped in C. tropicale and UFCM 0631 grouped in C. theobromicola with 100% bootstrap support to both clades. Koch's postulates were completed on inoculated carnauba fruits to all three isolates representing C. tropicale and C. theobromicola. Only UFCM 0630 and UFCM 0632 isolates were pathogenic to mango fruits and cashew plantlets. This study shows evidence that carnauba palm may serve as an alternative host of C. tropicale and inoculum source for mango and cashew anthracnose in orchards established near to natural areas of carnauba. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. tropicale and C. theobromicola causing anthracnose on carnauba in Brazil.References:Alves, M. O., and Coelho, J. D. 2008. Banco Nordeste Brasil 20:214. Google ScholarFreire, F. das C. O., and Barguil, B. M. 2009. Summa Phytopathol. 35:68. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-54052009000100013 Crossref, Google ScholarGomes, J. M. A., and Nascimento, W. L. 2006. Page 190 in: Cadeia Produtiva da Cera de Carnaúba: Diagnóstico e Cenários. EDUFPI, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil. Google ScholarMurray, M. G., and Thompson, W. F. 1980. Nucleic Acids Res. 8:4321. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/8.19.4321 Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarPrihastuti, H., et al. 2009. Fungal Divers. 39:89. ISI, Google ScholarDetailsFiguresLiterature CitedRelated Vol. 102, No. 1 January 2018SubscribeISSN:0191-2917e-ISSN:1943-7692 Metrics Article History Issue Date: 20 Dec 2017Published: 9 Nov 2017First Look: 13 Sep 2017Accepted: 9 Sep 2017 Page: 244 Information© 2018 The American Phytopathological SocietyCited byTwo additional Colletotrichum species causing leaf spot of rambutan ( Nephelium lappaceum )16 March 2023 | Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Vol. 102Pest categorisation of Colletotrichum aenigma, C. alienum, C. perseae, C. siamense and C. theobromicolaEFSA Journal, Vol. 20, No. 8Colletotrichum tropicaleCABI Compendium, Vol. CABI CompendiumColletotrichum theobromicolaCABI Compendium, Vol. CABI CompendiumA serious shoot and leaf disease caused by Colletotrichum theobromicola discovered on eucalypts in South Africa22 March 2022 | Southern Forests: a Journal of Forest Science, Vol. 84, No. 1Identification and characterisation of Colletotrichum fructicola, C. tropicale and C. theobromicola causing mango anthracnose in the Philippines19 August 2021 | Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Vol. 54, No. 19-20Colletotrichum species and complexes: geographic distribution, host range and conservation status29 September 2021 | Fungal Diversity, Vol. 110, No. 1First Report of Colletotrichum tropicale Causing Anthracnose on Pomegranate in BrazilJ. R. A. Silva-Cabral, L. R. L. Batista, J. F. de O. Costa, M. M. de M. Ferro, S. J. C. Silva, G. S. de A. Lima, and I. P. Assunção17 January 2019 | Plant Disease, Vol. 103, No. 3Diversity of pathogenic and endophytic Colletotrichum isolates from Licania tomentosa in Brazil30 May 2018 | Forest Pathology, Vol. 48, No. 6

HomePlant DiseaseVol. 101, No. 8First Report of Lasiodiplodia brasiliense Causing Postharvest Fruit Rot of Custard Apple (Annona squamosa) in Brazil PreviousNext DISEASE NOTES OPENOpen Access licenseFirst Report of Lasiodiplodia brasiliense Causing Postharvest Fruit Rot of Custard Apple (Annona squamosa) in BrazilJ. E. Cardoso, J. S. Lima, F. M. P. Viana, M. A. Ootani, F. S. A. Araújo, W. L. Fonseca, C. S. Lima, and M. V. V. MartinsJ. E. CardosoSearch for more papers by this author, J. S. LimaSearch for more papers by this author, F. M. P. VianaSearch for more papers by this author, M. A. OotaniSearch for more papers by this author, F. S. A. AraújoSearch for more papers by this author, W. L. FonsecaSearch for more papers by this author, C. S. LimaSearch for more papers by this author, and M. V. V. MartinsSearch for more papers by this authorAffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations J. E. Cardoso J. S. Lima F. M. P. Viana M. A. Ootani F. S. A. Araújo W. L. Fonseca C. S. Lima M. V. V. Martins , Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, Caixa Postal 3761, CEP 6060511-110, Fortaleza, CE Brazil. Published Online:5 Jun 2017https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-03-17-0369-PDNAboutSectionsSupplemental ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat Custard apple is a perennial tropical plant cultivated in Brazil for it fresh consumed fruit, which is commercially sold all over the country. Custard apple is a climacteric fruit so it is harvested and commercialized at an early maturation stage; therefore, it must be incubated for a few days to ensure ripening and consumption. Although it can be found in the market throughout the year, its production peaks during May to July in Northeast Brazil. In June 2016, in Aracoiaba County, Ceará State, Brazil, a fungal fruit rot was observed on approximately 20% of fruits within stored containers for wholesale market. Rotten fruits were taken to the Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Embrapa, to isolate the causal agent. Externally, symptoms were darkening of the grooves, beginning in the peduncle. The lesions expanded rapidly, reaching the entire fruit within 2 to 3 days. Internally, there was discoloration of the pulp, invading the whole fruit. Upon complete infection, which takes approximately 10 days, the whole fruit was covered with an intense mass of pycnidium immersed into a stromal fungal tissue. The fungus was isolated from symptomatic tissues, and cultivated on potato dextrose agar (PDA). The single fungal colony showed a white aerial mycelium that turned dark gray after incubation at 26°C for 1 week. Pycnidia were produced easily on pine needles immersed into 2% water agar under 12 h photoperiod at 26°C for 2 weeks. Conidia were hyaline at a young stage, thick-walled, and ovoid to ellipsoid with a round and slightly tapered apex, continuing with the same form when mature, dark brown color, and with longitudinal striations and one single septum. Measurements of 50 conidia ranged from 20.21 to 27.28 µm in length and 10.44 to 16.70 µm in width. These morphological characteristics matched previous descriptions for Lasiodiplodia brasiliense (Netto et al. 2014). The sequencing of the complete internal transcribed spacer rDNA (ITS), β-tubulin2 (βT), and translation elongation factor 1-α (EF1) genes regions after amplification by PCR using primers ITS1F/ITS4R, βT2a/ βT2b, and EF1-688F/EF1-1251R, respectively, confirmed the identity of the isolate. These sequences were deposited in GenBank as accession numbers KY643656 (ITS), KY711348 (βT2), and KY711349 (EF1-α). Nucleotide BLAST analysis showed a 100, 99, and 100% identity with L. brasiliense matching for ITS, βT2, and EF1-α, respectively. Pathogenicity tests were made by placing a 20 µl drop of a conidial suspension (2.8 × 105 conidia ml−1) on four fresh, unwounded immature fruits (cv. Crioula), two onto the peduncle and two directly onto the fruit surface. Four control fruits were inoculated in similar places with sterile distilled water. Similar symptoms began to be observed after 3 days only on fungus inoculated fruits, evolving to complete rot by 7 days after inoculation. Fruits inoculated on the peduncle developed symptoms faster than the ones inoculated directly on the fruit grooves, suggesting this to be the natural site of infection, but no distinctions were observed in the symptoms between inoculated sites. Isolation from inoculated fruits was done to confirm pathogenicity tests. This is the first report on L. brasiliense causing fruit rot of custard apple in Brazil. This disease requires sanitation measures during harvesting and handling to ensure an extended storage period, and monitoring its spread into other Brazilian regions.Reference:Netto, M. S. B., et al. 2014. Fungal Divers. 67:127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-014-0279-4 Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarDetailsFiguresLiterature CitedRelated Vol. 101, No. 8 August 2017SubscribeISSN:0191-2917e-ISSN:1943-7692 Metrics Article History Issue Date: 12 Jul 2017Published: 5 Jun 2017First Look: 10 May 2017Accepted: 9 May 2017 Pages: 1542-1542 Information© 2017 The American Phytopathological SocietyCited byFungal Pathogens Associated with Aerial Symptoms of Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) Focused on Species of the Family Botryosphaeriaceae25 February 2023 | Microorganisms, Vol. 11, No. 3Lasiodiplodia brasiliensisCABI Compendium, Vol. CABI CompendiumPotential of microbial endophytes to enhance the resistance to postharvest diseases of fruit and vegetables15 October 2020 | Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, Vol. 101, No. 5Botryosphaeriaceae species causing dieback on Annonaceae in Brazil1 July 2019 | Plant Pathology, Vol. 68, No. 7Phylogeny, Distribution, and Pathogenicity of Lasiodiplodia Species Associated With Cankers and Dieback Symptoms of Persian Lime in MexicoM. A. Bautista-Cruz, G. Almaguer-Vargas, S. G. Leyva-Mir, M. T. Colinas-León, K. C. Correia, M. Camacho-Tapia, L. Robles-Yerena, S. J. Michereff, and J. M. Tovar-Pedraza15 April 2019 | Plant Disease, Vol. 103, No. 6Australian cultures of Botryosphaeriaceae held in Queensland and Victoria plant pathology herbaria revisited4 May 2018 | Australasian Plant Pathology, Vol. 48, No. 1

The chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence imaging technique was applied to cashew seedlings inoculated with the fungus Lasiodiplodia theobromae to assess any disturbances in the photosynthetic apparatus of the plants before the onset of visual symptoms. Two-month-old cashew plants were inoculated with mycelium of L. theobromae isolate Lt19 or Lt32. Dark-adapted and light-acclimated whole plants or previously labelled, single, mature leaf from each plant were evaluated weekly for Chl fluorescence parameters. From 21 to 28 days, inoculation with both isolates resulted in the significantly lower maximal photochemical quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm) than those for control samples, decreasing from values of 0.78 to 0.62. In contrast, the time response of the measured fluorescence transient curve from dark-acclimated plants increased in both whole plants and single mature leaves in inoculated plants compared with controls. The Fv/Fm images clearly exhibited photosynthetic perturbations 14 days after inoculation before any visual symptoms appeared. Additionally, decays in the effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry and photochemical quenching coefficient were also observed over time. However, nonphotochemical quenching increased during the evaluation period. We conclude that Fv/Fm images are the effective way of detecting early metabolic perturbations in the photosynthetic apparatus of cashew seedlings caused by gummosis in both whole plants and single leaves and could be potentially employed in larger-scale screening systems.

O conteudo e apresentado em oito capitulos: 1 - Resumo; 2 - Abstract; 3 - Introducao; 4 - Material e metodos; 5 - Resultados e discussao; 6 - Conclusoes; 7 - Agradecimentos; 8 - Referencias.

Members of Botryosphaeriaceae family are associated with serious diseases in different plants across the world. In cashew nut plants (Anacardium occidentale), the fungus Lasiodiplodia theobromae causes a severe group of symptoms related to gummosis that results in decreased nut production. The aim of this work was to develop an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with sufficient sensitivity and specificity to detect the fungus both in vitro and in planta (artificially and naturally infected) and to increase the detection specificity within the fungi group using primers specific for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. A collection of L. theobromae isolates was obtained, and antisera against the fungus were raised in rabbits. Cross-reactivity against Neofusicoccum sp., Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Phomopsis anacardii and Pestalotiopsis guepinii was examined. Naturally and artificially infected vegetal material were employed in the ELISAs. The fungi ITS sequences were determined, and single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified and used for primer design. For the naturally infected plants, there was an approximately fourfold variation in the absorbance values. Some positive readings for asymptomatic samples were detected. For the artificially infected samples, an ELISA-based weekly time-course analysis was conducted, and the values for samples from 0 and 7 days were lower than the threshold value. Beginning on day 14, the infection could be detected, with rates varying from 40% on day 14 to 80% on day 21 and 100% by the end of the experiment. The ITS sequencing revealed few polymorphisms among the L. theobromae isolates, but for C. gloeosporioides, P. anacardii, P. guepinii and Neofusicoccum sp., the sequences were sufficient to permit reliable discrimination. The feasibility of ELISA as an early detection technique to assist in gummosis management was demonstrated. PCR amplification based on ITS regions increases and complements serological specificity.

O conteudo e apresentado em oito capitulos: 1 - Resumo; 2 - Abstract; 3 - Inrtoducao; 4 - Material e metodos; 5 - Resultados e discussao; 6 - Conclusoes; 7 - Agradecimentos; 8 - Referencias.

Lasiodiplodia theobromae is a phytopathogenic fungus causing gummosis, a threatening disease for cashew plants in Brazil. In an attempt to investigate the ultrastructural features of the pathogen colonization and its response to immunofluorescence labeling, light, confocal and electron microscope studies were conducted on different severity scale patterns of diseased plants. Lasiodiplodia-antisera was checked for cross reactivity against common cashew plants fungi. Optical microscopy analysis revealed a longitudinally sectioned hyphae located within the xylem vessels, showing an extensive hyphal development in the secondary xylem tissue. SEM images demonstrated that the fungus was found in some asymptomatic samples, particularly within the xylem vessels as confirmed by the optical images. Symptomatic sample images showed an extensive distribution of the fungus along the secondary xylem, within the vessels, infecting xylem parenchyma. A closer look in the secondary xylem parenchyma reveals a heavy and profuse invasion of the cells with a distinguishable cell wall disintegration and fully hyphae dispersal. There was no reactivity of Lasiodiplodia-antisera against mycelial extracts of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Phomopsis anardii and Pestalotiopsis guepinii. Following incubation of sections with the polyclonal antisera, the hyphae were intensely and regularly labeled. Rays, vessels and parenchyma cells were the preferred pathway for L. theobromae colonization. Artificial infection provides the information that the vascular cylinder is undoubtedly employed and used by the fungus for hyphae distribution. Immunofluorescence assay employed in situ was applied and the polyclonal antisera produced was able to recognize the fungus and proved to be a sensitive technique to detect it.

Roses are a high-value niche crop in the higher altitudes of northeastern Brazil. From July of 2007 and throughout 2008, severe stem rot and wilting of rose seedlings were observed in commercial fields in the São Benedito District, Ceará State, Brazil. Although economic losses due to the disease are unknown, it poses a threat to the growing rose industry in that region. Symptoms included leaf yellowing and abscission followed by plant collapse. Symptoms appeared earlier when grafted seedlings were produced during periods of high relative humidity (80 to 98%) and warm temperatures (20 to 31°C). In the laboratory, symptomatic seedlings were rinsed with distilled water, surface sterilized with 0.5% NaOCl, and incubated on PDA at 26 ± 2°C. Fusarium oxysporum was consistently isolated from infected scions and rootstocks. Identification of F. oxysporum was based on colony and conidia morphology obtained from single-spore colonies. Five 4-week-old rose ('Carola') seedlings were inoculated with a culture of fungus by spraying the needle-wounded scion with a spore suspension (1 × 105 CFU/ml). The spore suspension was obtained from a 1-week-old PDA culture incubated at 26 ± 2°C. Control seedlings were sprayed with sterile water. Inoculated seedlings were incubated for the first 48 h in a saturated humidity chamber. After 20 days at room temperature, the scion tissue of inoculated seedlings turned necrotic. Two symptomatic seedlings were placed in a saturated humidity chamber for 24 h to determine if fungal sporulation could be observed on the surface of the tissue. After 5 to 7 days, a white mycelium was observed over the necrotic tissue. Seedlings sprayed with sterile water remained symptomless. F. oxysporum was reisolated from symptomatic tissue. An isolate of F. oxyporum (No. 1484) was deposited in the Mycology Collection of Lavras (Minas Gerais State, Brazil). To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. oxysporum causing a disease on rose seedlings in Brazil.