Parks introduced a formulation of time dependent weak values in 2008, which is the formalism we use in this paper. In this paper we extend notions from time dependent weak values to show that Hamiltonians associated with weak value measurements can be shown to exhibit even or odd symmetric properties. They exhibit PT or anti-PT symmetry, respectively. These symmetries are manifested during the measurement process as pointer translations, which have vanishing imaginary or vanishing real parts. The consequence of this that one can characterize some of the aspects of these symmetries of the time dependent Hamiltonians that arise from time dependent weak values. This allows one to generalize some work on non-Hermitian variables in quantum mechanics (QM) due to Bender related to weak values and weak measurement. We also speculate how these symmetries might apply to distinguishing between the various two-time interpretations of QM in the Conclusions of this paper.

OBJECTIVES:First, to highlight the major differences among mental health acts in different Canadian jurisdictions as they relate to involuntary admission criteria, treatment authorization, review and appeal procedures, and conditional leave and community treatment orders. Second, to analyze the impact of these differences on the care that individuals with mental illness receive.METHOD:We examined the mental health act provisions of all Canadian jurisdictions to determine how the clinical management of a typical case would differ among jurisdictions. We used a statement of principles for mental health legislation endorsed by the Canadian Psychiatric Association to guide the analysis. We confirmed interpretation of each act and its implementation through key informant contact in each province and territory.RESULTS:We found clinically significant differences among the provinces and territories on all major components of their mental health acts.CONCLUSION:Provisions that prevent patients receiving appropriate clinical care can be found in some Canadian mental health acts. Alternate provisions that support appropriate clinical care, that respect the human rights and personal dignity of patients, and that are consistent with the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms can be found in the legislation of other jurisdictions.

There is a profound disconnect between the positive experiences of many psychiatrists, patients, families, researchers, and reviewers regarding community treatment orders (CTOs) and the conclusions drawn by the authors published in the January 2016 issue of the journal. Worldwide, based on their perception of the benefits of CTOs, more than 75 jurisdictions have enacted CTOs. In Canada, the eight studies reviewed by Kisley all had positive results in terms of variables such as reduced hospitalization and better treatment adherence, community engagement, or improved housing. Psychiatrists, families, and some patients were also positive about CTOs. Kisley concludes, however, that ‘‘the evidence base for the use of CTOs in Canada is limited’’ (p. 7). The five legislated reviews in Canadian provinces that involved providers, recipients, and their families and examined provincial and international data have all recommended CTO laws continue. The latest Ontario review concluded, ‘‘It is clear from this review and from the first review that CTOs are effective for some consumers and that for these consumers and their friends and families, CTOs make a tremendous positive impact on their well-being’’ (p. 73). Kisley dismisses this evidence. Despite these positive Canadian findings and the 20 positive studies since 2006 cited by Rugkåsa, she concludes, ‘‘There is no evidence of patient benefit from current CTO outcome studies.’’ (p. 15). Dawson agrees. Why is there such a profound disconnect between those who find CTOs to be effective in clinical practice and these reviewers’ opinions? We believe that their overreliance on the findings of the three existing flawed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is the major issue. As the British Medical Research Council notes for the evaluation of complex interventions, ‘‘It is further recommended consideration of alternatives to randomized trials.’’ 1655) The OCTET study, an RCT that found no differences in hospitalization, illustrates the issues. First, OCTET did not compare CTO against no CTO but, for ethical reasons, two forms of compulsory care. Second, patients who ‘‘really needed’’ a CTO were excluded by their psychiatrists, because being randomized to the non-CTO group would have been unethical. Third, patients not capable of consenting (probably most of those on CTOs in Canada) were excluded from the study. Fourth, 33% of eligible patients chose not to participate—the very group for whom CTOs are designed. Fifth, 21% of the patients randomized to the CTO group were not put on a CTO. Sixth, 24% of the patients randomized to be discharged without a CTO had to be transferred to a CTO. Needless to say, no drug study with such a high percentage of protocol violations would be used to conclude that a drug was ineffective. Seventh, the findings cannot be generalized to other jurisdictions because of the marked differences in legislation that affect clinical practice. Swanson and Swartz, who reviewed CTO studies, conclude, ‘‘In our view, such evidence is sufficient to justify more widespread implementation of outpatient commitment, accompanied where possible by systematic local evaluations similar to the New York assisted outpatient treatment study.’’ We agree. Yours truly,

This chapter explores the use of coercion, both legislated and informal, in community mental health services in North America, South America, and the Caribbean. Greater detail is provided for the United States and Canada as there has been more research on formal coercion in these jurisdictions, particularly on the use of outpatient commitment (OPC) and community treatment orders (CTOs). Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina are used as examples of the situation in Latin America and Jamaica as an example from the Caribbean. The chapter discusses whether formal coercive approaches are more respecting of rights than the use of informal coercion. It also compares the types of legislative regimes used in North America.

Target tracking in radar and sonar is often done in either spherical or rectangular coordinates. The objective of the work presented here is to provide a means to analytically characterize the probability density function (pdf) of these transformations. Such pdf can be used to accurately characterize the measurement statistics needed for filter design, simulation, and potentially, implementation. The results of this work provide the infrastructure to accomplish such goals for tracking filters.

In Canada the ten provinces and three territories are responsible for their own health laws and services. The 13 mental health acts have core similarities, but there are clinically significant differences. In most Canadian jurisdictions legislation is based on common law; in Quebec, it is based on a civil code. Canadian jurisdictions favour voluntary admission and sometimes make this explicit in their mental health acts. For involuntary admission or compulsory in-patient or community treatment to be valid, three elements must be applied correctly: the process, the criteria and the rights procedures. These are reviewed in this paper.

This report is a revised model for a specific type of cobalt-copper-gold (Co-Cu-Au) deposit that will be evaluated in the next U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) assessment of undiscovered mineral resources in the United States (see Ferrero and others, 2012). Emphasis is on providing an up-to-date deposit model that includes both geologic and geoenvironmental aspects. The new model presented here supersedes previous USGS models by Earhart (1986) and Evans and others (1995), which are based solely on deposits in the Blackbird mining district of central Idaho. This report is a broader synthesis of information on 19 Co-Cu-Au deposits occurring in predominantly metasedimentary successions worldwide (table 1–1) that generally share common geologic, mineralogical, and geochemical features; preliminary summary versions were presented in Slack and others (2010) and Slack and others (2011), which are superseded by this report. As defined herein, the individual Co-Cu-Au deposits are located more than 500 meters from similar deposits and contain 0.1 percent or more by weight of Co in ore or mineralized rock; some deposits included in the database lack reported average Co grades, but they contain high Co concentrations, at least locally. Most of the deposits also have high As contents, present in Co arsenide and sulfarsenide minerals. Type examples of the Co-Cu-Au deposits are those in the Blackbird district, Skuterud in Norway, and Kouvervarra and Juomasuo in Finland. Some deposits in the database have low grades for Cu (for example, NICO in Canada) or Au (for example, Lemmonlampi in Finland), but these deposits are included because their geological, mineralogical, and alteration features are similar to those of the type examples. Several deposits included in the model are partly hosted by metavolcanic or metaigneous rocks (including granite), but regionally these deposits are within metasedimentary successions; no deposits are wholly within granite or other plutonic igneous intrusions.Despite having a lower average Co grade, the Mt. Cobalt deposit in Australia is included here because it has past Co production from higher-grade ore zones (Nisbet and others, 1983). The Black Pine deposit in the Idaho cobalt belt is included because it contains mineable Co- and Au-rich lenses within Cu-rich mineralized zones (Formation Metals, Inc., 2012). Six deposits that lack data for average Co grades are also included because each reportedly contains abundant Co (>0.1 weight percent Co), at least locally. Many of the deposits are noteworthy as possible resources of Ag, Bi, W, Ni, Y, REE, and (or) U. Detailed data on the deposits listed in table 1–1, including references, are available in appendix 1. Significantly, the grouping in this report of Co-Cu-Au deposits in metasedimentary rocks into a single model includes deposits that other workers have previously classified in different ways. For background information, a global overview of different types of Co deposits worldwide is given in Smith (2001).Additional geologically and compositionally similar deposits are known, but have average Co grades less than 0.1 percent. Most of these deposits contain cobalt-rich pyrite and lack appreciable amounts of distinct Co sulfide and (or) sulfarsenide minerals. Such deposits are not discussed in detail in the following sections, but these deposits may be relevant to the descriptive and genetic models presented below. Examples include the Scadding Au-Co-Cu deposit in Ontario, Canada; the Vähäjoki Co-Cu-Au deposit in Finland; the Tuolugou Co-Au deposit in Qinghai Province, China; the Lala Co-Cu-UREE deposit in Sichuan Province, China; the Guelb Moghrein Cu-Au-Co deposit in Mauritania; and the Great Australia Co-Cu, Greenmount Cu-Au-Co, and Monakoff Cu-Au-Co-UAg deposits in Queensland, Australia. Detailed information on these deposits is presented in appendix 2.

The results from an analytical survey of the nutrient content of UK hens' eggs have been published by the Department of Health. The results provide updated data to reflect changes in egg production in the UK and include data for a wide range of nutrients, including fat, fatty acids, protein, and a full range of minerals and vitamins, including new data for vitamin K-2 and choline. Results showed that the nutrient content of eggs was generally similar to analyses carried out in previous surveys; however, there were notable differences in levels of total fat, saturated fatty acids and cholesterol (reflecting changes in the ratio of egg yolk to egg white in whole eggs), vitamin D, E and selenium. The results will be incorporated into the Department of Health's nutrient databanks, which support the National Diet and Nutrition Survey and other surveys. These surveys enable the government to monitor the nation's diet and provide sound evidence for policy recommendations using nutrient intake estimates based on accurate, up-to-date information. The results will also be incorporated into future publications in the McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Foods series.

Introduction Community Treatment Orders (CTOs) are designed to assist people who, because of serious mental illness, do not avail themselves voluntarily of medication, follow-up opportunities and other services for their care and treatment while living in the community and who, without treatment, become psychotic and require repeated hospitalization. CTOs are generally viewed as less restrictive of liberty and individual autonomy than the alternative of involuntary inpatient hospitalization. CTOs have been developed relatively recently in response to the shift from hospital-based to community-based mental health service delivery (e.g. New Zealand) (1) although in some jurisdictions the tipping point for the legislative motivation to enact CTO legislation has been violent incidents involving people with untreated mental illness. Alberta, (2) Ontario (3) and New York (4) are examples. We discuss the Alberta incident and the relationship between mental illness and violent incidents in the last section of this article where we respond to criticisms of CTOs. Alberta is the fifth and most recent province in Canada to enact CTO legislation. In formulating its provisions, Alberta (5) had the benefit of experience in Saskatchewan, (6) Ontario, (7) Nova Scotia (8) and Newfoundland and Labrador (9) as well as in a large number of international jurisdictions. (10) It also had the benefit of extensive information gained from recent scientific studies. (11) In the next section of this article, we compare significant elements of CTOs in Alberta with those in the four other Canadian provinces that have CTOs and, internationally, in New Zealand, and some Australian, United Kingdom and United States jurisdictions. (12) We then address criticisms that have been levelled at CTOs in Alberta and give our conclusion. Significant Elements of CTOs This article focuses on the major substantive and procedural elements in Alberta's CTO scheme including the authority to issue a CTO, the criteria, pre-conditions, consent, treatment planning, duration, compliance, and rights and protections. Authority to issue a CTO CTOs are issued by physicians after examination of the person being assessed for a CTO. Alberta requires separate examination and signature by two physicians, one of whom must be a psychiatrist, within the 72 hours immediately preceding issue of the CTO. (13) In contrast Ontario requires only one physician who does not have to be a psychiatrist. (14) CTO criteria (harm and deterioration) In Alberta, as in other Canadian provinces and most foreign jurisdictions, the criteria for issuing a CTO builds on the criteria for involuntary inpatient hospitalization. In Alberta, in addition to suffering from mental disorder, the individual must be to cause to the person or others or to suffer substantial mental or physical or serious physical impairment (the harm or deterioration criterion) in the absence of intervention. The Alberta wording (which applies to both involuntary inpatient hospitalization and CTOs was previously to present a to himself of others. (15) The new language parallels the wording in the Saskatchewan legislation (16) and is similar to changes in wording that have been made in other provinces. (17) The rewording broadens the basis for intervention with the result that more people are now likely to qualify for a CTO than would have qualified under Alberta's previous danger criterion. Pre-conditions (previous psychiatric history) Even where a person meets the committal criteria for involuntary intervention, all jurisdictions in Canada and some jurisdictions elsewhere impose a pre-condition on CTOs. That is to say, a physician can only issue a CTO where the person has a previous psychiatric history. In contrast, most jurisdictions outside Canada impose no pre-conditions and do not require an inpatient history. …

In this paper, we investigate two topics related to mitigating the effect of radar bias in ballistic missile tracking applications.We determine the absolute bias between two radars in polar coordinates when their relative bias is given in rectangular coordinates.Using this result, we then obtain the optimized steady-state filter to handle the random bias.

The variance of an arbitrary pointer observable is considered for the general case that a complex weak value is measured using a complex valued pointer state. For the typical cases where the pointer observable is either its position or momentum, the associated expressions for the pointer's variance after the measurement contain a term proportional to the product of the weak value's imaginary part with the rate of change of the third central moment of position relative to the initial pointer state just prior to the time of the measurement interaction when position is the observable-or with the initial pointer state's third central moment of momentum when momentum is the observable. These terms provide a means for controlling pointer position and momentum variance and identify control conditions which, when satisfied, can yield variances that are smaller after the measurement than they were before the measurement. Measurement sensitivities which are useful for estimating weak-value measurement accuracies are also briefly discussed.

A compilation of data on global Co-Cu-Au deposits in metasedimentary rocks refines previous descriptive models for their occurrence and provides important information for mineral resource assessments and exploration programs. This compilation forms the basis for a new classification of such deposits, which is speculative at this early stage of research. As defined herein, the Co-Cu-Au deposits contain 0.1 percent or more by weight of Co in ore or mineralized rock, comprising disseminated to semi-massive Co-bearing sulfide minerals with associated Fe- and Cu-bearing sulfides, and local gold, concentrated predominantly within rift-related, siliciclastic metasedimentary rocks of Proterozoic age. Some deposits have appreciable Ag ? Bi ? W ? Ni ? Y ? rare earth elements ? U. Deposit geometry includes stratabound and stratiform layers, lenses, and veins, and (or) discordant veins and breccias. The geometry of most deposits is controlled by stratigraphic layering, folds, axial-plane cleavage, shear zones, breccias, or faults. Ore minerals are mainly cobaltite, skutterudite, glaucodot, and chalcopyrite, with minor gold, arsenopyrite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, bismuthinite, and bismuth; some deposits have appreciable tetrahedrite, uraninite, monazite, allanite, xenotime, apatite, scheelite, or molybdenite. Magnetite can be abundant in breccias, veins, or stratabound lenses within ore or surrounding country rocks. Common gangue minerals include quartz, biotite, muscovite, K-feldspar, albite, chlorite, and scapolite; many deposits contain minor to major amounts of tourmaline. Altered wall rocks generally have abundant biotite or albite. Mesoproterozoic metasedimentary successions constitute the predominant geologic setting. Felsic and (or) mafic plutons are spatially associated with many deposits and at some localities may be contemporaneous with, and involved in, ore formation. Geoenvironmental data for the Blackbird mining district in central Idaho indicate that weathering of abundant Fe, S, As, Co, and Cu in sulfide minerals of the deposits produces acidic waters, especially in pyrite-rich deposits; mine runoff has high concentrations of Fe, Cu, and Mn that exceed U.S. drinking water or aquatic life standards.

Objective: The main objective of this paper is to compare the mental health Acts of the eight Australian jurisdictions and the 13 Canadian jurisdictions on three major issues: involuntary admission criteria, treatment authorization/consent and compulsory treatment in the community, in the light of international trends towards patients’ rights. Method: The legislation was examined against the background of rights instruments such as the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Results: It was found that some Canadian involuntary admission criteria require the likelihood of bodily harm whereas all Australian Acts have broad harm and deterioration criteria. Unlike all Australian jurisdictions, some Canadian jurisdictions allow for the refusal of treatment that may be required for discharge. In addition, Canadian community treatment orders are much more restrictive than in Australia because they require a person to have considerable previous hospitalization despite meeting the committal criteria. Australian jurisdictions can use community treatment orders as a least restrictive alternative to inpatient status without prior hospitalization. Conclusions: The paper concludes that there are significant philosophical differences regarding the purpose of involuntary admission between Australian and some Canadian jurisdictions where treatment refusal is possible. Australian mental health Acts have a relatively stronger ‘treatment’ focus than some Canadian Acts. The apparently stronger ‘rights’ focus of some Canadian laws (such as the permission of treatment refusal) can paradoxically result in a denial of liberty rights. The way in which the relevant legislation is shaped in both countries will increasingly be affected by international trends towards the rights of individuals with disabilities.

Perception is the apparatus of many of the potential new sciences of the twenty-first century. We can imagine science as a symbolic language where there are concrete words which are taken from measurements while abstract words are defined by theory to construct new ways to think about more fuzzy concepts that occur in more human observation based sciences. By considering both semantics and meaning as part of establishing a theory we go beyond where syntax of mathematics has led us to in science. Thus, we argue that extending Shannon's model of communication to the semantic problem of communication is the problem of twenty-first century science and mathematics.

The Supreme Court of Canada's (SCC) first case involving capacity and the refusal of involuntary psychiatric treatment involved a self described "professor" who had been referred to as "Canada's Beautiful Mind". He had been found not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder for uttering death threats. While considered incapable of making a treatment decision by psychiatrists and a review board, three levels of court, including the SCC, found him to be capable. "Professor" Starson therefore continued to refuse treatment for his psychosis and spent over seven years detained because he refused the treatment required to become well enough to be released. This refusal of treatment is permitted under Ontario law, although it is not permitted in some other Canadian provinces, and in many other countries. This article describes Starson's situation, Ontario's law with respect to consent to treatment and relevant Canadian constitutional and criminal law. It provides an analysis of the Consent and Capacity Board decision and the court appeals. Implications from Starson's case are analyzed in relation to what happened to Starson, human rights and comparative law pertaining to involuntary patients' refusal of treatment, especially their relevance to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and laws in some other countries. Many Canadian and foreign jurisdictions where laws apparently accord with human rights codes do not allow a person to refuse the treatment required to restore their liberty. We conclude that a law that allows a person with a mental illness to be incarcerated indefinitely in a "hospital" because needed psychiatric treatment cannot, by law, be provided is not justifiable in a caring democratic jurisdiction.

The Monthly was surprised and gratified when Kevin Rudd offered us his analysis of the global financial crisis, earlier this year. We were, however, puzzled and disappointed by the quality of the media response to it. There have been very many references to the essay in major Australian newspapers. The overwhelming majority have been carping and superficial. Virtually no one has offered a penetrating critique or proposed an alternative account of the most significant economic calamity since the Great Depression. Even on the ABC, no interview has been conducted with the prime minister where his interpretation of the current economic meltdown could have been tested or explored. Several weeks ago, because of what seemed to us the unsatisfactory nature of the Australian public debate, the Monthly invited responses to the Rudd essay from some of the most influential thinkers who had written on matters pertinent to its central themes. The resultant opinions of Eric Hobsbawm, David Hale, Dean Baker, Charles S. Morris and John Gray are thus provided.

Big Bend National Park (BBNP), Tex., covers 801,163 acres (3,242 km2) and was established in 1944 through a transfer of land from the State of Texas to the United States. The park is located along a 118-mile (190-km) stretch of the Rio Grande at the United States-Mexico border. The park is in the Chihuahuan Desert, an ecosystem with high mountain ranges and basin environments containing a wide variety of native plants and animals, including more than 1,200 species of plants, more than 450 species of birds, 56 species of reptiles, and 75 species of mammals. In addition, the geology of BBNP, which varies widely from high mountains to broad open lowland basins, also enhances the beauty of the park. For example, the park contains the Chisos Mountains, which are dominantly composed of thick outcrops of Tertiary extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks that reach an altitude of 7,832 ft (2,387 m) and are considered the southernmost mountain range in the United States. Geologic features in BBNP provide opportunities to study the formation of mineral deposits and their environmental effects; the origin and formation of sedimentary and igneous rocks; Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic fossils; and surface and ground water resources. Mineral deposits in and around BBNP contain commodities such as mercury (Hg), uranium (U), and fluorine (F), but of these, the only significant mining has been for Hg. Because of the biological and geological diversity of BBNP, more than 350,000 tourists visit the park each year. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has been investigating a number of broad and diverse geologic, geochemical, and geophysical topics in BBNP to provide fundamental information needed by the National Park Service (NPS) to address resource management goals in this park. Scientists from the USGS Mineral Resources and National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Programs have been working cooperatively with the NPS and several universities on several research studies within BBNP. Because the last geologic map of the entire BBNP was published in the 1960s, one of the primary goals of the USGS is to provide a new geologic map of BBNP at a scale 1:100,000; this work is ongoing among the USGS, NPS, the Texas Bureau of Economic Geology, and university scientists. This USGS Circular summarizes eight studies funded and primarily carried out by the USGS, but it is not intended to be a comprehensive reference of work conducted in BBNP. This Circular describes topical research of the recently completed interdisciplinary USGS project, which has provided information leading to a more complete understanding of the following topics in BBNP: Tectonic and geologic history (Chapters 1, 2, and 3), Age and formation processes of a skarn mineral deposit (Chapter 4), Geoenvironmental effects of abandoned mercury mines (Chapter 5), Age, source, and geochemistry of surface and subsurface water resources (Chapter 6), Isotopic tracing of food sources of bears (Chapter 7), and Geophysical characteristics of surface and subsurface geology (Chapter 8).Additional information and the geochemical and geophysical data of the USGS studies in BBNP are available on line at http://minerals.cr.usgs.gov/projects/big_bend/index.html.