Heat treatment produces very small ferrite grains in carbon and C-Mn stools, which con boost strength and toughness. induction is the method of choice to provide the required rapid heating.

Heattoheat variations in GTA weld penetration of six austenitic stainless steels are shown to be controlled by the CaO content in oxide inclusions. The three test sheets with shallow weld pool penetration had relatively high CaO contents (> 10 pct) in numerous inclusions, but two readily weldable sheets included practically no CaO, and the third one contained CaO and a great amount of oxides improving penetration. The maximum welding speeds of two test sheets were improved by shot blasting with glass beads, by a thin layer of waterglass, and by utilizing Ar + 0.3 pct CO-2 as a shielding gas, the latter two methods being the most effective.