While cities are facing increasing challenges of flood risk due to combined effects of climate change and socioeconomic development, understanding of the complexity of urban flood risk is still limited, hampering decision-making and urban adaptation planning. This study presents a qualitative system dynamics modelling framework to investigate urban flood risk and adaptation under climate change in a coupled socio-ecological system, the city of Hamburg. The developed integrated conceptual model provides a holistic understanding of key physical and socio-economic processes and the role of feedback loops underlying the urban system, and contributes to the understanding of vicious cycles of barriers that perpetuate and hinder adaptation processes within cities. The qualitative approach can help to break down silo-thinking in urban flood risk assessments. Decision-makers could use the framework to understand the complexity of interactions among multiple drivers of flood risk to overcome barriers and lock-in effects to adaptation in cities.

Estuaries are contested spaces and subject to highly variable environmental conditions and increasing human and climate change impacts. This leads to socio-economic and environmental conflicts and raises the question of how to achieve effective estuary governance that is capable of dealing with existing and future challenges. This article presents a systematic literature review and meta-synthesis of estuary governance using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 protocol. The review shows that, starting in 2010, research on estuary governance has slowly developed since then in various scientific disciplines, such as the environmental sciences, social sciences, and studies dealing with environmental governance. In recent years, this research has gained momentum, although it continues to exhibit notable terminological and conceptual ambiguity. In the context of this ambiguity, collaborative governance, a theory-based approach, provides both a conceptual foundation and an analytical lens to address and structure key aspects identified in the review. Conceptually seen, collaborative governance presents an approach in which state and non-state stakeholders work together to balance competing interests and try to achieve a common goal. Although some aspects, such as stakeholder engagement and knowledge integration, have—albeit mostly unintentionally—already been incorporated into the approach of estuary governance studies, there still exists a lack of studies applying collaborative governance in the field. To fill this gap, the paper proposes a conceptual framework for collaborative estuary governance informed by already existing approaches. We thus expand the “system context” of current approaches for estuarine realities by including concepts such as “environmental context” and “conflict context.” In brief, the paper suggests a structural re-conceptualization of estuary governance, as seen through a collaborative governance lens.

AbstractIn this paper, the authors consider the implementation and design of a Fab City as an urban transformation model from the perspective of transition governance. The Fab City approach requires a high degree of cooperation and coordination between a variety of actors in the city system. Transition research provides insights into the nature of transformation processes, who is driving them and how, and, thus, makes analysis of these processes and practical recommendations for possible action. Using Hamburg as a case study, this paper discusses insights from transition governance research for the governance setting of a Fab City. For this purpose, the transition management model, an operational, action-oriented approach from the transformation literature, is presented, which offers clues as to how transformation processes can be promoted and co-designed.

Zusammenfassung Stadtplanung und Public Health sind zentrale Handlungsfelder, um Stadtentwicklung aus einer gesundheitlichen Perspektive zu betrachten. In beiden Handlungsfeldern spielen Politik und Verwaltung ebenso wie urbane Initiativen eine gestaltende Rolle. Das Handeln richtet sich auf die gemeinsamen übergeordneten Themenlinien Zukunftsfähigkeit, soziale Gerechtigkeit und umweltbezogene Gerechtigkeit aus. Diese Gemeinsamkeiten spiegeln sich in unterschiedlichen Memoranden wider. Trotz dieser gemeinsamen Basis von Stadtplanung und Gesundheitswesen gibt es Spannungsfelder, die unter anderem in verschiedenen rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen und Handlungslogiken begründet liegen. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden Empfehlungen für die Wissenschaft, die Förderlandschaft, die Praxis sowie die Aus- und Weiterbildung formuliert.

The globally dominant food system—from production and processing, to trade, consumption, and disposal—has stressful impacts on the environment as well as the socioeconomic system. Thus, the sustainable transition of the food system is a core objective for this century. With its intersections to land use, mobility, quality of life, urban society, and many more the food system is widely connected to urban development and spatial planning. Against this background, planning has identified the food system as key field of sustainability transition on a local, resp., regional level. As a strategic tool, food strategies have become increasingly promising to contribute to a widely accepted transition of the urban food system. Against the theoretical background of transition theory and multilevel perspective, this chapter discusses restrictions and supporting factors of local food strategies. Case studies are Bristol, United Kingdom, and Vancouver, Canada.

City-regional discourses around organisational forms offer little evidence to analyse and guide cooperative processes in a context-specific way. Design criteria can contribute to overcoming this deficit. This paper operationalises a proposed set of design criteria by drawing on the discourses on collaborative governance and land management. Subsequently, these design criteria are used to analyse an ongoing process for the development of a housing development concept in the Leipzig city region and to reflect on the criteria. This contributes to the question of how collaborative governance of land-use development in city regions should be designed. Important points of reference for the design of cooperations are the conscious selection of the actors to be involved and the development of mutual trust between them, joint definition of rules of the game for cooperation, determination of the nature of the emerging institution, orientation of the joint work towards the future and the development of a common understanding of the situation to be improved.

Wie kann eine klimagerechte Stadt in Zukunft aussehen? Ziele für diese Zukunft sind in zahlreichen Klimagesetzen und Klimaschutzplänen formuliert, aber der Weg dahin ist überwiegend unklar. Realexperimente in Form von temporär autofreien Zonen können Wege zu einer klimaverträglichen Gestaltung von Städten weisen.To reduce CO2 emissions to a sufficient extent, transformations are needed that have an impact and inspire people to imagine different futures. Real-life experiments (e. g., temporary car-free zones) are seen as a suitable instrument to induce transformation and to contribute to the mobility transition. Through a literature review on transformative research and the empirical case analysis of two temporary car-free zones in Hamburg, Germany, the transformative effect of real-life experiments was investigated. In this article, the history and evolution of experimental practice in urban spaces is described and four types of car-free zones are introduced. The analysis demonstrates that real-life experiments are drivers of transformation. A newly developed ideal-typical process, consisting of eight steps for initiating and planning temporary car-free zones is presented. It is aimed at helping practitioners design such zones to optimize their transformational power for sustainable urban development.

Der Klimawandel stellt bereits heute eine der zentralen gesellschaftlichen und volkswirtschaftlichen Herausforderung unserer Zeit dar, die insbesondere für Städte einen realen Veränderungsdruck erzeugt. Maßnahmen des Klimaschutzes und der Klimafolgenanpassung gewinnen daher zunehmend an Bedeutung, um Städte für die Herausforderungen von Morgen vorzubereiten. Die Maßnahmen betreffen dabei vielfältige Themenfelder wie Siedlungs- und Freiraumplanung, Mobilität, Land-, Wald- und Forstwirtschaft, über Naturschutz, Biodiversität, Energieversorgung und bis hin zu Gesundheitsschutz, Aufklärung und Einbindung der Öffentlichkeit. Dies stellt jedoch für viele Kommunen eine große Herausforderung dar, nicht zuletzt aufgrund der Komplexität des politischen Gefüges einer Stadt (Stichwort: Multilevel-Governance), der langwierigen Entscheidungs- und Planungsprozesse, dem Denken und Handeln in Ressortstrukturen sowie der angespannten finanziellen Lage deutscher Kommunen. Entsprechend stehen Städte bei zunehmendem Handlungsdruck immer wieder vor der Frage, mit welchen Instrumenten eine intelligente Steuerung von Klimaschutz und -anpassungsmaßnahmen erfolgen kann.Ziel des Projekts SMARTilience ist es daher, kommunale Entscheidungs- und Handlungsträgerinnen und -träger beim vorausschauenden, effizienten Klimahandeln zu unterstützen. Dazu wird im Projekt ein integriertes, sozio-technisches Steuerungsmodell für klimaresiliente Stadtentwicklung, eine sog. „Urban Governance Toolbox“, konzipiert und als Prototyp entwickelt. Entworfen und erprobt wird das Steuerungsmodell mit und in den Städten Halle (Saale) und Mannheim. In beiden Städten besteht bereits ein erhöhter Anpassungsdruck in Bezug auf verschiedene klimawandel-bedingte Fragestellung, wobei sich beide Städte an unterschiedlichen Punkten im Fortschritt ihrer Aktivitäten zu Klimaschutz und -anpassung befinden. Diese Bedingungen ermöglichen die Entwicklung eines praxisnahen und am Ende auf weitere deutsche Städte übertragbaren Steuerungsmodells.Das Poster hat zum Ziel, zum einen das Projekt kurz, aber zum anderen vor allen das Produkt Toolbox vorzustellen. Derzeit befindet sich die Toolbox in der Entwicklung. In den kommenden Monaten steht der Prototyp zu Verfügung, um entsprechend auf dem Plakat in Aufbau und Funktionsweise veranschaulicht zu werden.

The successful implementation of transition toward sustainable energy systems requires suitable governance approaches on the local level that contribute to fundamental changes in the whole of the societal system. The decentralized orientation of renewable energies offers many options to a wide range of local stakeholders to actively contribute to energy transition. To activate and involve local business players as well as citizens, governance instruments should consider (apart from regulatory and legally binding as well as economic instruments) softer communicative and persuasive approaches. As a whole, cities have to deal with the challenge of implementing new forms of governance that meet the multi-dimensional nature of sustainability, the dynamics of structural change, and are suitable for the specific local and cultural circumstances.

Dieses Kapitel des Klimaberichts befasst sich mit den Handlungsspielräumen für lokalen Klimaschutz, die spezifischen Formen lokaler Klima‐Governance sowie der Einbindung Hamburgs und der Metropolregion in ein komplexes Mehrebenensystem der Klima‐Governance. Da im vergangenen Klimabericht der Fokus auf Adaptationsprozessen lag, wird im Folgenden insbesondere das Thema Mitigation (Klimaschutz) beleuchtet. Anders als in der Anpassungsproblematik wird für das Ziel der Mitigation häufig infrage gestellt, dass die lokale Ebene einen wichtigen Beitrag leisten kann. Daher wird hier zunächst eine grundlegende Einführung in die Möglichkeiten lokaler Klima‐Governance im Rückgriff auf die breit gefächerte internationale Forschungsliteratur geleistet, bevor auf dieser Grundlage eine Einordnung der spezifischen Bedingungen und Potenziale für den Klimaschutz in Hamburg erfolgt. Ein besonderer Fokus liegt dabei erstens auf einer Betrachtung der formal‐rechtlichen Instrumente und zweitens auf den weiteren informellen Governance‐Instrumenten. Dem Status von Hamburg als Stadtstaat kommt dabei eine besondere Bedeutung zu. Ausgeklammert bleibt eine ausführliche Darstellung der Literatur zu finanziellen Anreizsystemen. Eine systematische Betrachtung der technischen Optionen (im Unterschied zu den Governance‐Aspekten) wird erst in Kap. 15 geleistet.

Managing urban growth has become one of the important challenges of the 21st century in the Global South, where agglomerations are being formed by the coalescence of urban and rural areas. The scale and speed of transformation have outstripped the capacity of local governments to provide adequate basic amenities. Using the National Capital Region as a case study, and census data and spatial boundaries, this chapter attempts to understand the process of urbanization underway in India. Results show that the region is currently in the stage of sub-urbanization, and that recent growth has been predominantly in ‘census towns' as informal urbanization. Three main reforms are required to achieve sustainable urbanization: First, integration of infrastructure development into spatial planning at the national level and in lower tiers of planning. Second, empowering local authorities to incentivize urban development in order to fund urban infrastructure. Third, notifying census towns with municipalities, thereby providing for urban infrastructure and controlling unplanned growth.

I. A Conceptual Framework for Soft Spaces 1. Soft spaces, planning and emerging practices of territorial governance Phil Allmendinger, Graham Haughton, Jorg Knieling and Frank Othengrafen II. Soft Spaces in France, Germany, The Netherlands and England 2. Merseybelt (Manchester-Liverpool) Ian Deas, Stephen Hincks and Graham Haughton 3. Governance Arrangements in the Hamburg Metropolitan Region: Between Hard and Soft Institutional Spaces Marta Jacuniak-Suda, Cormac Walsh and Jorg Knieling 4. The Sillon Lorrain (Nancy, Metz, Epinal, Thionville) Anna Geppert 5.Evolving regional spaces: shifting levels in the southern part of the Randstad Marjolein Spaans and Wil Zonneveld 6. Ashford and Cambridge - two Growth Areas, three soft spaces Phil Allmendinger III. Cross-Border Soft Spaces 7. Soft Spaces across the Fehmarn Belt: Cross-border Regionalism in Practice Cormac Walsh, Marta Jacuniak-Suda and Jorg Knieling 8. Cross-border soft spaces of the Upper Rhine. Overlapping initiatives from the Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Orthenau to the Trinational Metropolitan Region of the Upper Rhine Anna Geppert 9. Creating a Space for Cooperation: Soft Spaces, Spatial Planning and Cross-Border Cooperation on the Island of Ireland Cormac Walsh IV. Conclusions and Outlook 10. Conclusion: What difference do soft spaces make? Frank Othengrafen, Jorg Knieling, Graham Haughton and Phil Allmendinger

In the introductory chapter we set out an ambitious challenge. Our argument broadly speaking was that we have begun to see a whole range of new planning spaces emerging which operate in parallel to the formal scales of statutory planning, drawing in new constellations of actors to create spatial strategies that could accompany formal planning strategies. Typically, these new spaces involved the creation of new geographies, sometimes by eschewing existing political boundaries altogether, sometimes creating spaces by blending existing governmental units. These new geographies typically came with new governance arrangements, outside the ballot box in terms of accountability, even though many retained a link to democratic processes through engagement with elected politicians. Such arrangements might operate above or below existing levels of local or regional government, allowing their proponents to claim that they were able to work more creatively at a strategic or operational level, whilst also being presented, rhetorically at least, as complementing rather than competing with the formal strategies drawn up under the aegis of democratically elected bodies. The new soft spaces of governance, however, came with a whole series of selectivities, around the actors who would be ‘enfranchised’by their establishment and those who would be marginalised, and around which types of policy intervention might be ‘privileged’by such arrangements with a potential fast track to government investment. The flipside of soft spaces then was that potentially democratic structures and processes might be being circumvented and accountability for …

The argument here is not that planners are shifting from one set of spaces to another, but rather that they are learning to acknowledge that they must work within multiple spaces, and as part of this adapting to and even adopting the tactics of soft spaces and fuzzy boundaries where these help deliver the objectives of planning.(Allmendinger and Haughton, 2009: 619)