Abstract The economic importance and phenology of litchi and longan are reviewed, along with the key pest infesting the crop. Notes are presented on the distribution, biology, monitoring and control of the pests and the extent of damage they cause to the crop.

Blueberry maggot, Rhagoletis mendax Curran, eggs and larvae infesting highbush 'Bluecrop' and 'Elizabeth' blueberries, Vaccinium corymbosum L. (Ericaceae), were treated with 4-1200 Gy of gamma radiation. The treatment reduced the number of immature stages that pupated and the number of adults that emerged from puparia. The lethal dose for 99.9968% mortality (LD 99.9968%) [lower and upper fiducial limits (FL)] estimated by linear regression analysis to stop pupariation was 1486 (1400-1585) Gy, at the 95% confidence level. The LD 99.99968% (lower and upper FL) estimated to stop flies emerging from puparia irradiated as immature stages was 88 (83-93) Gy, at the 95% confidence level as estimated by regression analysis. An estimated 100 762 larvae were killed, with no survivors, by irradiating 853 918 'Bluecrop' blueberries in bulk quantities with 71-776 Gy with a commercial irradiator. No flies or parasites emerged from puparia irradiated as larvae with greater than or equal to 71 and >80 Gy using commercial and research irradiators, respectively. Infestation rate of blueberry maggot larvae in nonirradiated 'Bluecrop' and 'Elizabeth' blueberries averaged 11.1 +/- 1.2% and 14.3 +/- 2.4%, respectively; the range of infestation rate was from 6.3% to 14.8% and 9.8% to 18%, respectively. Parasitism of blueberry maggot larvae by the larval-puparial parasite, Diachasmimorpha (Opius) mellea (Gahan) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), averaged 10.1 +/- 2.4% (range 3-13.3%).

Our investigation estimates time-temperature relationships and demonstrates the effect of rapid heating on mortality of Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew). Mature larvae (third instars) in water were exposed to each of seven temperatures (44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, and 50 degrees C) and each of five power levels (11, 27.5, 55, 88, and 122 W) in a research-quality microwave oven. Controls were immersed in water for 30 min and not exposed to microwave energy. Data were analyzed by a probit model with three explanatory variables. The variables were time to reach target temperature, power, and final temperature. Temperature needed to control the larvae increased as power increased. Of the power-temperature levels, the only combinations that resulted in >99% mortality were the lowest power (16 W) at 49 or 50 degrees C and 30 W at 50 degrees C. Time required for >99% mortality decreased with increased power. Thus, as power delivered to larvae increased and time needed to reach exposure temperature deceased, percent mortality decreased. We conclude that rapid heating imposes serious constraints on the use of heat-induced mortality; this result raises important questions that must be addressed because quarantine security may be jeopardized.

Laboratory tests examined mortality of 3rd-instar Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew), exposed to 40 degrees C in water baths. Larvae chilled to 4 degrees C before treatment had similar percentage survival (94%) as larvae held at ambient temperature (approximate to 25 degrees C) after exposure to 40 degrees C for 10 min. Significant differences for percentage survival were found between larvae exposed for various durations in sealed metal tubes with rearing diet and larvae exposed in fabric-sleeved cylinders with no diet. Submersion of larvae for 2 h in water at approximate to 25 degrees C before treatment in a 40 degrees C water bath for 67 min did not influence survival. When larvae were exposed to 40 degrees C for 67 min in empty tubes (no diet), larval cohorts at low densities (32 +/- 14 larvae per tube) had higher survival (85.8%) than survival (19.4%) of larvae treated at higher densities (361 +/- 155 larvae per tube). Temperature regimes alone did not explain larval mortality. Other factors such as larval density, substrate, and environmental factors could contribute to mortality.

The effect of larval density on survival of 3rd instars of the Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew), was studied in the laboratory. No difference in mortality rates was observed among different densities held at ambient temperatures (approximate to 25 degrees C) in closed containers. However, when larvae were treated in closed containers at 40 degrees C for 67 min, survival rates rapidly decreased with the increase in infestation density, then leveled off at approximate to 20% survival; this relationship was described by a nonlinear regression mathematical model. Similar results were obtained with the same treatment for larvae in open containers. Further studies showed that increased mortality was related to density, not increased numbers of larvae. The presence of rearing diet during treatment reduced survival regardless of the density level. The implications of these findings in the development of quarantine treatments are further discussed.

A single-stage, hot-air quarantine treatment was used to kill Caribbean fruit By Anastrepha suspensa (Loew), mature 3rd instars in Florida-grown 'Golden' navel orange, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck Treating infested navel orange with 48 +/- 0.3 degrees C forced air for 55.9 +/- 0.3, 73.7 +/- 1.3, and 119.4 +/- 0.7 min, to reach final center pulp temperatures of 36-37, 40-41, and 44-45 degrees C, respectively, when initial center pulp temperatures were 22.3 +/- 0.2, 21.2 +/- 0.2, and 20.5 +/- 0.3 degrees C, respectively, reduced the number of surviving puparia that developed from treated larvae. The exposure time needed to reach Q99.9968% mortality was 108.6 min (lower and upper fiducial limits were 88.4 and 200.3 min, respectively) when the final mean center pulp temperature was greater than or equal to 44 degrees C. A large-scale confirmatory test resulted in no survivors when 113,676 Caribbean fruit fly larvae in 1,200 manually infested navel oranges were heated with 48 +/- 0.3 degrees C forced air at an average 0.75 m(3)/s air flow rate until the center pulp temperatures were greater than or equal to 44 degrees C, which required 100.2 +/- 3.0 min of heating when initial center pulp temperatures were 23.2 +/- 0.4 degrees C. Relative humidity ranged from 63.5% at the start of the test to 77.3% when the test was finished. After treatment at 48 +/- 0.3 degrees C for 105 min and 1 mo of storage at 5 degrees C, there was no significant difference in quality characteristics between heated and unheated navel oranges.

Roots of sweetpotatoes [ Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] were treated with 200 to 1000 Gy of ionizing radiation from a 60 Co source. Within this range, radiation dosage had no effect on surface injury and decay when roots were evaluated after 1 month of storage at 13C and 90% relative humidity. During storage, weight loss by irradiated roots was 0.5% to 3.3% over that of nontreated roots, which, in some instances, affected root firmness. Changes in peel color were visually imperceptible, but raw medullar tissue of the staple-type, white-fleshed cultivar Picadito had a more intense yellow hue with increasing irradiation. The greatest differences were evident after roots had been baked. The hue of the cooked medullar tissue of the sweet, orange-fleshed cultivar Jewel was not changed by increasing irradiation, although roots were darker and had a lower color intensity. With baking, the medullar tissue of irradiated roots of `Picadito' lost some of its yellow tinge, but it also became darker with increased irradiation. Taste panelists reported that irradiated roots were sweeter, but these were not preferred to nonirradiated roots, due, in part, to the darkened appearance of treated samples.

Hot-water immersion was tested as a potential commodity treatment for guavas infested with third instars of the Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew). Infested guavas were immersed in water at 46.1 +/- 0.5-degrees-C for various time periods. Probit 9 (99.9968%) mortality was estimated to occur at 32.7 min. A large-scale test with 2,450 guavas containing an estimated 181,556 larvae treated for 35 min at 46.1 +/- 0.5-degrees-C produced no survivors. Hydrocooling guavas immediately after hot-water treatment until fruit center temperatures returned to 24 +/- 2-degrees-C did not significantly affect mortality. Guavas tolerated 35 min at 46.1 +/- 0.5-degrees-C with only slight reduction in quality. Treated guavas held at 10 +/- 0.5-degrees-C maintained acceptable quality 7 d longer than guavas held at 24 +/- 2-degrees-C.

The seasonal flight activity of grape root borer, Vitacea polistiformis (Harris), was monitored with sticky traps baited with a 99:1 blend of the sex pheromone (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadienyl acetate and (Z,Z)-3,13-octadecadienyl acetate, at nine locations in Florida. In northern Florida, at Chattahoochee, Freeport, and Alachua, flight activity began in June or early July and continued through October. In central Florida, at Leesburg, Kathleen, and Alva, activity began in late July or early August and often continued into December. On the west coast, at Odessa, emergence began earlier (late June) than at central inland sites and ended by mid- to late November. On the east coast, at Fort Pierce, the first grape root borers were trapped in early May, and flight activity continued into December. On the lower east coast, at Miami, the first grape root borers were trapped in late July with flight activity continuing through December. A few moths were captured in Miami in january in both years that traps were operated.

Journal Article Cold-Storage Quarantine Treatment for Carambolas Infested with the Caribbean Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Get access Walter P. Gould, Walter P. Gould Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, USDA-ARS, Miami, Florida 33158 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Jennifer L. Sharp Jennifer L. Sharp Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, USDA-ARS, Miami, Florida 33158 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 83, Issue 2, 1 April 1990, Pages 458–460, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/83.2.458 Published: 01 April 1990 Article history Received: 02 March 1989 Accepted: 14 July 1989 Published: 01 April 1990

A hot-water immersion appliance (HWIA) was assembled and used as a research tool in the development of a hot-water immersion quarantine treatment to disinfest mangos in Haiti, Mexico, and Florida that were infested with immature Tephritidae. The HWIA consists of a metal container (approximately 57.2 cm inside diameter and 85.1 cm height) adapted with a metal screen platform positioned inside the container 25.4 cm above the bottom. A submersible pump mounted to the bottom of the platform Circulated 1,5.14-1,893 liters heated water per hour within the container through flexible polybutylene tubing. The water was heated by flames provided by a two-burner, propane. gas, hot plate located below the container. The HWIA was easily assembled, durable, mobile, and inexpensive.

Journal Article Flexible Acoustical Device to Detect Feeding Sounds of Caribbean Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Larvae in Mango, Cultivar Francis Get access Jennifer L. Sharp, Jennifer L. Sharp Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Miami, Florida 33158 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Ronald K. Thalman, Ronald K. Thalman Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Miami, Florida 33158 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar J. C. Webb, J. C. Webb Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Miami, Florida 33158 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Shuichi Masuda Shuichi Masuda Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Miami, Florida 33158 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 81, Issue 1, 1 February 1988, Pages 406–409, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/81.1.406 Published: 01 February 1988 Article history Received: 12 January 1987 Accepted: 28 August 1987 Published: 01 February 1988

Leather dispensers, rubber septa (stopper), a polyethylene vial, polyurethane foam (2 pore sizes), and a hollow fiber dispenser, each charged with (E,Z)-3, 13-octadecadien-1-ol acetate (EZ-ODDA), the sex pheromone of the lesser peachtree borer, Synanthedon pictipes (Grote & Robinson), were evaluated for longevity of attractiveness in field tests in north central Florida in 1978–79. Except for traps baited with hollow fiber dispensers charged with 16 mg of EZ-ODDA, more males were captured in traps with a leather dispenser charged with 500 μg than in traps with other dispensers similarly charged. Traps with the leather dispenser (charged once) captured 1.8–2.4× more males in 3 tests in 1978, an 8-wk period, and 1.3 – 2.3× more males in 2 tests in 1979, also for 8 wk, than traps with rubber stoppers charged every 3 wk.

Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) flies, laboratory reared from bagasse diet and then sterilized with 10 kr of gamma radiation 2 days before eclosion, and unirradiated flies were compared to native flies from guava with a device which measured propensity for flight to an overhead light source. Native males were 27% more responsive (significantly less sedentary) than unirradiated males and 43% more responsive than irradiated males. Unirradiated males were 22% more responsive than irradiated males. Native females were 20% more responsive (significantly less sedentary) than unirradiated females and 29% more responsive than irradiated females. Unirradiated females were 11% more responsive than irradiated females. Since unirradiated laboratory reared flies had a lower flight propensity than unirradiated flies, irradiation could reduce the chances for survival of flies during stressful situations, such as in field release programs.

Translucent, white plastic wet traps containing a 1:1 volumetric mixture of heptyl butyrate and octyl butyrate and painted buttercup yellow captured significantly more Vespula squamosa (Drury) from Jan. to Sept., whereas traps painted saturn yellow captured significantly more yellowjackets from Oct. to Dec. than unpainted traps or traps painted other colors. The reflected light determined by regression analysis (r = 0.95) to be the most attractive to the yellowjackets during Jan.–Sept. was in the 590 nm region; it was 520 nm from Oct. to Dec. We therefore concluded that V. squamosa distinguish yellow-orange and green colors.