The commentaries in this issue raise many insightful questions and considerations regarding the Livanis and Geringer (Thunderbird International Business Review, 2023, 64) study and we address a few of these. In particular, we focus on the following five areas: (i) the relationship of international business (IB) publications with the English language, (ii) resource constraints and IB research, (iii) institutional rewards and IB research, (iv) methodological considerations in evaluating IB research productivity, and (v) opportunity costs of pursuing a Ph.D. and IB research and publication.

Background: Researchers have suggested a transition from historical hegemony by authors and institutions from the U.S. is underway, reflecting an internationalization of IB research. These studies indicate that European and Asia-Pacific business schools and their faculty members are helping to lead this transition.Aims: This study examines whether U.S. dominance of IB research has truly reached its end, or whether the extent of this transition to non-U.S. authors and institutions has been overstated. To the extent that U.S. hegemony has declined, this study examines what strategies may have assisted non-U.S. nations and their business schools to emerge as leaders in producing IB research.Materials & Methods: This study employs an in-depth, time-series analysis of the evolution of IB research over a 45-year period, 1976-2020, to examine trends in institutional and national productivity globally.Results: Despite declines in overall dominance of U.S. authors and institutions, the extent varies by type of journal and U.S. impact remains profound through Ph.D. training and collaboration. In addition, novel findings include the emergence of three distinct business models that non-U.S. institutions have followed to enhance their global rankings in publication of IB research.Discussion: We discuss the 3-part typology of strategies by which non-U.S. institutions have enhanced their productivity and international rankings.Conclusions: Key conclusions from the study, including contributions and their implications, are presented along with considerations for further research.

This study employs an in-depth, time-series analysis of the evolution of IB research over a 45-year period, 1976-2020, to examine trends in institutional and national productivity globally. Despite declines in overall dominance of U.S. authors and institutions, the extent varies by type of journal and U.S. impact remains profound through Ph.D. training and collaboration. A typology of business strategies is identified by which non-U.S. institutions have enhanced their global rankings in publication of IB research.

Taking a transaction costs economics perspective of the financing behavior of firms, we propose that the firm’s innovation strategy relative to its peers is associated non-linearly with its demand for leverage. Specifically, demand for leverage is negatively related for firms with low emphasis on innovation relative to peers but positively related for firms with high emphasis. We further propose that the firm’s international diversification strategy moderates this relationship, resulting in the two strategies being substitutes or complements, depending upon the level of innovation strategy. These arguments are tested with data from U.S. public firms during 1980 to 2018.

This study measures and ranks the performance of nations and academic institutions based on a 45-year analysis of international business (IB) publications, including 5853 academic authors from 1542 affiliated institutions. Examining authors' academic origin and university of affiliation, and with a focus on the European nations that participated in the production of IB research, we make several novel contributions to the field: (1) identifying a unique internationalization process of IB research that consists of three distinct stages driven by international collaboration, (2) highlighting the role of international collaborations in overcoming publication barriers at the regional and country level, and (3) highlighting the role of both scale and scope of international collaborations in achieving a top-ranked position in the production of IB research.

Why might nations vary in whether and how fast to adopt potentially disruptive innovations? Our study investigates this issue, specifically how a nation's adoption of creatively destroying innovations is related to two previously unexplored variables: cultural looseness, which is a norm-based measure of informal institutions, and global connectedness. To highlight potential contributions from these new variables, we control for within-nation contextual variables examined in prior research, including formal institutions, Hofstede's dimensions of cultural values, socioeconomic attributes, and between-nation economic grouping. Our empirical analysis of a specific disruptive innovation, agricultural biotechnology adoption, covers 47 nations over a 14-year period and provides broad support for the usefulness of cultural looseness and global connectedness for understanding innovation adoption. Cultural looseness is significantly related to adoption of agricultural biotech. Global connectedness dimensions of depth and breadth are not directly related to adoption, only interactively with cultural looseness. These findings highlight the role of informal institutions and global connectedness in shaping complex interactions between disruptive innovation and industrial evolution within and across nations. The findings also have implications for what public policy makers might do to influence the extent of adoption of such innovations.

We consider a three-stage, non-cooperative game between two countries and two firms (duopoly) under a “reciprocal market model” to identify the optimal trade policy in the presence of tariffs and subsidies, but also allowing each country to commit to free trade. Even in the presence of demand uncertainty and horizontal product differentiation, it is established that there always exists a subgame perfect equilibrium in which one of the countries chooses protection while the other country chooses free trade.

Using agency theory and transaction cost economics as a conceptual foundation, this study uses backward- and forward-looking measures, sales instability and market leverage, to examine likelihood of financial restatement. We test hypotheses using a sample of 43,876 firm-year observations from 2005-2018, involving 5,397 firms and 3,991 restatements. As hypothesized, higher levels of sales turbulence as well as higher levels of market leverage increase likelihood of restatement. Although firms evidencing sales increases over prior years have lower likelihood of restatement, examination of interaction reveals this effect is reduced when such increases occur in the context of increased sales turbulence or increased levels of leverage.

This study examines the relationships of environmental uncertainty and leverage with financial restatements, using a sample of 5,454 organizations that were audited by 582 unique auditors, including 3,406 restatements. As hypothesized, we find a higher likelihood of subsequent restatement of an organization’s financial statements, both overall and for Big R restatements, for organizations with increased environmental uncertainty and higher relative levels of leverage. The interaction of environmental uncertainty and leverage was also linked to increased likelihood of restatement. Implications for theory and practice are addressed.

This study investigates the relationship of national culture and global connectedness with the creative destruction process. Hypotheses are developed regarding the extent of a nation’s adoption of creatively destroying technologies based on cultural dimensions of uncertainty avoidance and cultural tightness (vs. looseness), and on global connectedness dimensions of depth and breadth. An analysis of agricultural biotechnology adoption in 58 nations provides broad and robust support for the theoretical framework and shows significance for interaction between tightness and dimensions of global connectedness. These findings provide insight into the role of intranational informal institutions and global connectedness in shaping complex interactions between technological change and industrial evolution.

This study measures and ranks the performance of countries and academic institutions based on a 40-year analysis of publications appearing in 14 leading business and management journals. The focus is on the evolution of Asia-Pacific institutions in international business research output during this period. In addition, an examination is performed to identify factors associated with Asia-Pacific institutions that have achieved the highest rankings. This research shows that the Journal of International Business Studies and the Journal of World Business were central in spreading international business research, as well as in supporting research by authors from the Asia-Pacific region. Further, schools such as Harvard, Wharton, and University of South Carolina have maintained the highest ranks in research output throughout the 40-year period, but recent years have witnessed the emergence of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and University of Hong Kong, among others, in those top ranks.

The music business is a case study in how macro-environmental factors can radically transform an industry. Developments such as digital production and distribution, coupled with social media, crowdfunding, and changing consumer preferences, have dramatically transformed the business model for the recorded music industry in recent years and spurred the development of entrepreneurial business models to enable musicians to survive in their changing environment. As a solo artist and founding member of the musical groups Jefferson Airplane and Hot Tuna, Rock and Roll Hall of Fame musician Jorma (“The Captain”) Kaukonen has recorded albums for major labels such as RCA, Sony, and Columbia, as well as independent labels such as Relix and Red House Records. In this interview, Jorma and his wife and business manager, Vanessa Kaukonen, discuss their experiences as musical entrepreneurs in the digital age, including their founding of the unique Fur Peace Ranch guitar camp in the hills of Appalachia. The entrepreneurial business undertakings of the Kaukonens highlight the potential for entrepreneurial musicians to develop innovative and sustainable business models for surviving in this new world of music.

Thunderbird International Business ReviewVolume 54, Issue 2 p. 263-269 Research Article Firmly rooting international business research in the soil of relevance: Integration and recommendations J. Michael Geringer, Corresponding Author jmichaelgeringer@yahoo.com O'Bleness Chair of International Strategy and director of the Center for International Business Education and Development, Ohio University's College of BusinessCenter for International Business Educaton and Development, College of Business, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701Search for more papers by this authorWilliam Pendergast, Professor of international business management, California Polytechnic State University (San Luis Obispo)Search for more papers by this author J. Michael Geringer, Corresponding Author jmichaelgeringer@yahoo.com O'Bleness Chair of International Strategy and director of the Center for International Business Education and Development, Ohio University's College of BusinessCenter for International Business Educaton and Development, College of Business, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701Search for more papers by this authorWilliam Pendergast, Professor of international business management, California Polytechnic State University (San Luis Obispo)Search for more papers by this author First published: 21 February 2012 https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.21459Citations: 2AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume54, Issue2March/April 2012Pages 263-269 RelatedInformation

This paper presents an instructional technique, customised video case studies, which is particularly relevant for delivering complex, interdisciplinary content as part of an online management course. The conceptualisation, preparation and online delivery of video cases is discussed, along with potential pedagogical benefits and limitations.