Plant breeders are primarily involved in improving complex quantitative traits (QTL) that are controlled by many genes. Molecular markers linked to QTL will help breeders to monitor the hereditary materials associated with the QTL. Recently, our research unit reported a linkage map of a class of molecular markers called Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) and QTL using a second-generation (F2) population of improved upland cotton cultivars. The objective of this paper is to identify the chromosomal location of some of the RFLP and QTL linkage map that our unit reported.

The breeding of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., to improve lint yield and fiber quality is an on going process. To meet textile mill requirements and producer demands both fiber quality and lint yield must be increased. The U. S. collection of primitive cotton accessions contains a broad range of variability for pest resistance and agronomic traits; however, because many of the accessions are photoperiodic, this variability is not readily useable by plant breeders. Day-neutral selections have been made that contain variability for agronomic and fiber traits. A study was conducted to evaluate yield, yield components and fiber quality traits when fourteen day-neutral lines derived from selected primitive accessions with high fiber strength were crossed as male parents to each of five commercial cultivars. The F2 hybrids and parents were grown in two different field locations in 1998 and 1999; whereas the F3 hybrids and parents were grown in two locations in 2000. Combination of locations and years were considered as environments for data analyses. All traits measured were significantly affected by environment with genotype by environment interactions. The cultivars produced more yield, had larger bolls and higher lint percentages than the accession-derived male parents. Fiber strength for male parents exceeded that of cultivars. The mean lint yield for F2 and F3 hybrids exceeded the mid-parent value within each environment. Lint percentage, boll size, micronaire, elongation, and fiber length were similar between F2 and F3 hybrids. Most traits were highly correlated between F2 and F3 generations; however, seed cotton yield and lint yield were not correlated between F2 and F3. Genetic variance components analyses revealed that additive, dominance, and additive by additive epistasis effects were significant for most traits measured. Additive effects were important for controlling lint percentage, fiber length and fiber strength; whereas, dominance effects were important for yield and boll size. This study will contribute to the use of primitive accession germplasm in cotton breeding programs.

Verticillium wilt (VW, caused by Verticillium dahliae Kleb) is a destructive fungal soil-borne disease in Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). High levels of VW resistance can be transferred into Upland from Pima cotton (G. barbadense L.) through interspecific introgression breeding. In this greenhouse study, VW resistance was evaluated in a multi-parent advanced generation inter-cross (MAGIC) introgressed line (IL) population, derived from a random mated Barbadense Upland population with five generations of intermating (called RMBUP-C4) between three Upland cotton cultivars and 18 CS-B Upland lines each carrying a pair of G. barbadense chromosome or arm in the TM-1 background. The objectives of this study were to, (1) evaluate VW resistance of 530 MAGIC ILs in the greenhouse; and (2) to identify lines with VW resistance in the MAGIC population based on a total of three replicated greenhouse tests. Approximately 8 plants for each line in each replicate were grown and screened for VW resistance using three parameters i.e., disease leaf severity rating, percentage defoliated leaves, and percentage infected plants, with a total of ~ 25,190 plants evaluated. A correlation analysis indicated that the three parameters were significantly and positively correlated with one another in each test. The disease leaf severity rating was the best parameter to assess VW resistance due to its relatively low coefficient of variation and its higher resolution to differentiate resistant genotypes from susceptible ones. Of the 530 genotypes, 5 showed resistance to VW, namely, NMIL348, NMIL518, NMIL405, NMIL290, NMIL307 and had higher levels of resistance to VW with mean disease leaf severity ratings, percentage of defoliated leaves, and percentage of infected plants across three tests ranging from 0.58–1.46, 9.46–26.74, and 25–95%, respectively. These lines can be used as parental lines to improve VW resistance in cotton breeding programs.

Six upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) germplasm lines, M Rk‐Rn 1(Reg. No. GP‐1015, PI 678938), M Rk‐Rn 2 (Reg. No. GP‐1016, PI 678939), M Rk‐Rn 3 (Reg. No. GP‐1017, PI 678940), M Rk‐Rn 4 (Reg. No. GP‐1018, PI 678941), M Rk‐Rn 5 (Reg. No. GP‐1019, PI 678942), and M Rk‐Rn 6 (Reg. No. GP‐1020, PI 78943), with resistance to root‐knot nematode [Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood], and reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford and Oliveria) were jointly released by the USDA‐ARS and the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station in 2016. The source of resistance to root‐knot nematode was M‐240 RNR (PI 592511) and to reniform nematode was M713 Ren1 (PI 665928). The two lines were crossed and plants were selected using markers with subsequent crosses to ‘Sure‐Grow 747’ (PI 656375), followed by marker selection. The germplasm lines were selected using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers CIR 316 and BNL 3661 that are linked to root‐knot resistance and GH 132, BNL 3279, and BNL 569 that are linked to reniform resistance genes. Egg production of root‐knot and reniform nematodes was suppressed significantly from the susceptible check Sure‐Grow 747 in growth chamber tests. In addition to resistance to both nematodes, these lines, which also exhibit differences for agronomic and fiber traits such as length, strength, and micronaire, should be valuable to cotton breeding programs. The successful use of these specific SSR markers further validates their use in selection of nematode‐resistant plants in segregating generations.

A random-mated population involving four cultivars of Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and 30 day-neutral primitive accessions, RMPAP-C4 (Reg. No. GP-980, PI 670133) was developed and jointly released by the USDA–ARS and the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station in 2014. This population involved five cycles of random mating following the cross of 30 day-neutral primitive accessions to the conventional cultivars Sure-Grow 105, DP 393, FM 458, and ST 474. Random mating was facilitated by hand emasculation and bulk pollen methodology. The aim of this project was to incorporate alleles from day-neutral primitive accessions into a population useful to cotton breeding programs for trait improvement and genetic diversity. The mean values for agronomic traits measured following five cycles of random mating were not significantly different from those of cultivars, except for lint percentage, which was lower. Small nonsignificant changes occurred for fiber quality traits, except for fiber uniformity, which increased following random mating. Morphological trait diversity is also present in this population. This unique population should offer new genetic combinations and genetic diversity that may be useful to Upland cotton breeding programs.

Three upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) germplasm lines, M713 Ren1 (Reg. No. GP‐958, PI 665928), M713 Ren2 (Reg. No. GP‐959, PI 665929), and M713 Ren5 (Reg. No. GP‐960, PI 665930) resistant to the reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford and Oliveria were developed and jointly released by the USDA‐ARS and the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station in 2012. The day‐neutral, reniform‐resistant germplasm lines originated from the photoperiodic G. barbadense L. accession GB713 and were selected using the tightly linked simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers GH 132, BNL 3279, and BNL 569. Egg production of the reniform nematode was suppressed to approximately 90% below that of the susceptible check, ‘Deltapine 61’ in greenhouse tests. The lines exhibit considerable differences for agronomic and fiber traits such as length, strength and micronaire, and with their high level of resistance they should be valuable to cotton breeding programs. The successful use of marker assisted selection for these specific SSR markers further validates their use in the selection of resistant plants in segregating generations.

RMBUP‐C4 (random‐mated barbadense Upland population cycle 4) (Reg. No. GP‐961, PI 665950) is a unique random‐mated germplasm population of Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) with introgression of G. barbadense L. alleles. This population involved five cycles of random mating beginning with 53 top‐crossed F1 lines. The germplasm was developed through cooperative research by the USDA‐ARS, the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, and Cotton Incorporated. The cultivars ‘Sure‐Grow 747’ (PVP 9800118), ‘PSC 355’, and ‘FM 966’ (PVP 200100209) were each crossed with 18 lines with chromosome substitution from G. barabadense (CS‐B); however, the seed of PSC 355 × CS‐B22sh was lost, resulting in 53 topcross populations. The bulked‐pollen method of pollination was used in the development, and there were five cycles of random mating with the intercrossing of F1 lines considered as cycle zero. After each cycle of random mating, F1 lines were combined on the basis of the original CS‐B parents, thus producing 18 individual populations. These were planted as 18 individual populations and randomly mated among populations each additional cycle. Because the CS‐B lines were each euploid chromosome substitution lines with entire chromosomes or arms from G. barbadense substituted into Upland, we should have achieved considerable introgression of alleles from G. barbadense into this randomly mated population. This population should be of value to cotton breeders and geneticists across the U.S. Cotton Belt as a unique population with G. barbadense introgression.

The untapped potential of the beneficial alleles from Gossypium barbadense L. has not been well utilized in G. hirsutum L. (often referred to as Upland cotton) breeding programs. This is primarily due to genomic incompatibility and technical challenges associated with conventional methods of interspecific introgression. In this study, we used a hypoaneuploid-based chromosome substitution line as a means for systematically introgressing G. barbadense doubled-haploid line '3-79' germplasm into a common Upland genetic background, inbred 'Texas marker-1' ('TM-1'). We reported on the chromosomal effects, lint percentage, boll weight, seedcotton yield and lint yield in chromosome substitution CS-B (G. barbadense L.) lines. Using an additive-dominance genetic model, we studied the interaction of alleles located on two alien substituted chromosomes versus one alien substituted chromosome using a partial diallel mating design of selected CS-B lines (CS-B05sh, CS-B06, CS-B09, CS-B10, CS-B12, CS-B17 and CS-B18). Among these parents, CS-B09 and CS-B10 were reported for the first time. The donor parent 3-79, had the lowest additive effect for all of the agronomic traits. All of the CS-B lines had significant additive effects with boll weight and lint percentage. CS-B10 had the highest additive effects for lint percentage, and seedcotton and lint yield among all of the lines showing a transgressive genetic mode of inheritance for these traits. CS-B09 had greater additive genetic effects on lint yield, while CS-B06, CS-B10 and CS-B17 had superior additive genetic effects on both lint and seedcotton yield compared to TM-1 parent. The 3-79 line had the highest dominance effects for boll weight (0.513 g) and CS-B10 had the lowest dominance effect for boll weight (-0.702). Some major antagonistic genetic effects for the agronomic traits were present with most of the substituted chromosomes and chromosome arms, a finding suggested their recalcitrance to conventional breeding efforts. The results revealed that the substituted chromosomes and arms of 3-79 carried some cryptic beneficial alleles with potential to improve agronomic traits including yield, whose effects were masked at the whole genome level in 3-79.

Three upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) germplasm lines, MT2468 Ren1 (Reg. No. GP‐944, PI 663908), MT2468 Ren2 (Reg. No. GP‐945, PI 663909), and MT2468 Ren3 (Reg. No. GP‐946, PI 663910), that are moderately resistant to the reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford and Oliveria) were jointly developed and released by the USDA‐ARS and the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station in 2011. The day‐neutral germplasm lines originated from the photoperiodic G. hirsutum accession T2468. Resistance to the reniform nematode suppresses reproduction approximately by one‐half of that occurring on a susceptible check. The lines exhibit considerable differences for agronomic and fiber traits, and their moderate level of resistance should be valuable to cotton breeding programs.

Genetic diversity is the foundation of any crop improvement program, but the most cultivated Upland cotton [Gossypium hirsutum L., 2n = 52, genomic formula 2(AD)(1)] has a very narrow gene pool resulting from its evolutionary origin and domestication history. Cultivars of this cotton species (G. hirsutum L.) are prized for their combination of exceptional yield, other agronomic traits, and good fiber properties, whereas the other cultivated 52-chromosome species, G. barbadense L. [2n = 52, genomic formula 2(AD)(2)], is widely regarded as having the opposite attributes. It has exceptionally good fiber qualities, but generally lower yield and less desirable agronomic traits. Breeders have long aspired to combine the best attributes of G. hirsutum and G. barbadense, but have had limited success. F(1) hybrids are readily created and largely fertile, so the limited success may be due to cryptic biological and technical challenges associated with the conventional methods of interspecific introgression. We have developed a complementary alternative approach for introgression based on chromosome substitution line, followed by increasingly sophisticated genetic analyses of chromosome-derived families to describe the inheritance and breeding values of the chromosome substitution lines. Here, we analyze fiber quality traits of progeny families from a partial diallel crossing scheme among selected chromosome substitution lines (CS-B lines). The results provide a more detailed and precise QTL dissection of fiber traits, and an opportunity to examine allelic interaction effects between two substituted chromosomes versus one substituted chromosome. This approach creates new germplasm based on pair wise combinations of quasi-isogenic chromosome substitutions. The relative genetic simplicity of two-chromosome interactions departs significantly from complex or RIL-based populations, in which huge numbers of loci are segregating in all 26 chromosome pairs. Data were analyzed according to the ADAA genetic model, which revealed significant additive, dominance, and additive-by-additive epistasis effects on all of the fiber quality traits associated with the substituted chromosome or chromosome arm of CS-B lines. Fiber of line 3-79, the donor parent for the substituted chromosomes, had the highest Upper Half Mean length (UHM), uniformity ratio, strength, elongation, and lowest micronaire among all parents and hybrids. CS-B16 and CS-B25 had significant additive effects for all fiber traits. Assuming a uniform genetic background of the CS-B lines, the comparative analysis of the double-heterozygous hybrid combinations (CS-B × CS-B) versus their respective single heterozygous combinations (CS-B × TM-1) demonstrated that interspecific epistatic effects between the genes in the chromosomes played a major role in most of the fiber quality traits. Results showed that fiber of several hybrids including CS-B16 × CS-B22Lo, CS-B16 × CS-B25 and CS-B16 × TM-1 had significantly greater dominance effects for elongation and hybrid CS-B16 × CS-B17 had higher fiber strength than their parental lines. Multiple antagonistic genetic effects were also present for fiber quality traits associated with most of the substituted chromosomes and chromosome arms. Results from this study highlight the vital importance of epistasis in fiber quality traits and detected novel effects of some cryptic beneficial alleles affecting fiber quality on the 3-79 chromosomes, whose effects were not detected in the 3-79 parental lines.

P>As new technology in the textile industry demands higher quality fibres, improving cotton fibre quality has become increasingly important. Twelve cotton lines selected from different breeding programmes with diverse fibre characteristics were used for this study. These lines and their F-2 hybrids were grown at the Mississippi State University research farm in three environments. Agronomic and fibre traits were measured and analysed by the additive-dominance genetic model. Significant additive effects were detected for all traits except seed cotton yield and fibre elongation. Dominance effects were significant for all traits. All MD lines and CS-B16 showed positive additive effects for lint percentage (LP), indicating that these lines can be used as general combiners to improve LP. MD90ne was a good general combiner for cotton yield. MD51ne, MD52ne, MD90ne and three derived day-neutral lines were associated with increased additive effects for fibre strength. Some F-2 hybrids with positive middle-parent heterosis for both yield and fibre quality were identified. This study revealed that these genetic lines can be used for inbred line and/or hybrid development.

RMUP‐C5 (Random Mated Upland Population Cycle 5) (Reg. No. GP‐893, PI 652942) is a unique random mated germplasm population of Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) involving six cycles of random mating beginning with an 11 parent half diallel. This germplasm was developed through cooperative research by the USDA‐ARS, Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, North Carolina State Agricultural Experiment Station, and Cotton Incorporated. Parents used in development represented nonrelated or distantly related cultivars or breeding lines from across the U.S. Cotton Belt. The bulked pollen method of pollination was used in the development, and there were six cycles of random mating, with intercrossing of the F1 considered cycle zero. Selfed seed of C5S1 has been released. Changes in correlations between traits among parents, C0, and C5 cycles show that after random mating, the C5 population has recombinations that should be useful for selection and cultivar development. Because this germplasm represents random mating among 11 very diverse breeding programs and includes parents from the major seed breeding companies, this population should be of value to breeders across the U.S. Cotton Belt.

Backcrossed chromosome substitution lines (CS-B) have been developed with a homologous pair of chromosomes or chromosome arms of Gossypium barbadense (3-79) germplasm substituted for the homologous Gossypium hirsutum(TM-1) chromosomes or chromosome segments. We report on agronomic and fibre trait performance of four backcrossed chromosome or chromosome arm substitution lines including chromosomes 01, 11sh (chromosome 11 short arm), 12 sh and 26 Lo (chromosome 26 long arm). Data for agronomic and fibre traits were collected from replicated field experiments at two different locations in 2 years, and analysed under an additive dominance genetic model. CS-B 12sh had higher, while CS-B 01 and CS-B 26Lo had lower boll weight than TM-1. The presence of significant negative additive effects for micronaire with CS-B 01 and significant positive additive effects for elongation and fibre strength with CS-B 11sh suggested the substituted chromosome arms of 3-79 in these CS-B lines were more likely carrying genes causing these effects. Results revealed that several CS-B lines had significant homozygous and heterozygous dominance effects for different agronomic and fibre traits suggesting that specific CS-B lines may be useful for improving agronomic and fibre traits in hybrid cottons. These CS-B lines also provide novel genetic resources for improving upland cotton germplasm.

A complex trait like crop yield is determined by its component traits. Multivariable conditional analysis in a general mixed linear model is helpful in dissecting the gene expression for the complex trait due to different effects, such as environment, genotype, and genotype × environment interaction. A recursive approach is presented for constructing a new random vector that can be equivalently used to analyze multivariable conditional variance components and conditional effects. End-of-season plant mapping data, including lint yield and three yield components for nine cultivars of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) were used to detect the conditional variance components and conditional effects using this new approach, which can help identify genotypes to be used in selection studies.

ABSTRACTGossypium barbadense L. line 3–79 is lower in yield, has smaller bolls and longer, finer, and stronger fibers than upland cotton G. hirsutum L. Thirteen chromosome substitution (CS‐B) lines with individual 3–79 chromosomes or arms substituted into TM‐1, G. hirsutum, were top crossed with five elite cultivars and additive and dominance effects for the yield components, lint percentage, boll weight, seed cotton yield, and lint yield, were measured over four environments. Additive effects were greater than dominance effects for all traits. CS‐B lines had smaller additive and homozygous dominance effects than the cultivars for most traits. Many CS‐B lines had negative additive effects; however, chromosome substituted arms 22sh and 22Lo showed additive effects for lint yield that were significantly greater than homologous chromosome arms in TM‐1. Hybrids of DP90 × CS‐B15sh, ST 474 × CS‐B17, and FM 966 × CS‐B02 had positive dominance effects for lint yield significantly greater than the homologous chromosomes in TM‐1. Several chromosomes or arms were associated with significant negative additive or dominance effects. These data provide a valuable baseline on yield components for the utility of these CS‐B lines in commercial breeding programs. When individual chromosomes or chromosome arms, via CS‐B lines, are used in crosses with cultivars, alleles for yield components on specific G. barbadense chromosomes were uncovered that showed positive interactions with alleles in elite germplasm.

In addition to additive (A) and dominant (D) genetic effects, the A × A interaction (or A × A epistatic) effects that control many quantitative traits are important for genetic and breeding studies. To estimate these genetic variance components, including genotype × environment (G × E) interaction, one usually expects to have data from at least two generations (i.e., F1 and F2) and parents with the same entries in all environments. Practical difficulties may arise in implementing such a design. In this study, we performed Monte Carlo simulations to compare the estimated variance components between four partial and two complete genetic designs (GDs) using the mixed linear model approach. Our definition for GD is different from the traditional definitions of genetic mating designs. Simulation results showed that the estimated genetic variance components for A, A × E, A × A epistatic, and A × A × E effects were unbiased for the six designs. Among four partial designs, two provided the comparable results for D and D × E effects compared with the complete GDs, but with slightly larger mean square errors (MSEs), indicating that some partial GDs can be used when the genetic resources are limited.

Crop ScienceVolume 45, Issue 6 p. 2668-2669 Registration Registration of 14 Primitive Derived Cotton Germplasm Lines with Improved Fiber Strength J.C. McCarty, Corresponding Author J.C. McCarty [email protected] USDA-ARS, Crop Sci. Res. Lab., P.O. Box 5367, Mississippi State, MS, 39762 Corresponding author ([email protected])Search for more papers by this authorJ.N. Jenkins, J.N. Jenkins USDA-ARS, Crop Sci. Res. Lab., P.O. Box 5367, Mississippi State, MS, 39762Search for more papers by this author J.C. McCarty, Corresponding Author J.C. McCarty [email protected] USDA-ARS, Crop Sci. Res. Lab., P.O. Box 5367, Mississippi State, MS, 39762 Corresponding author ([email protected])Search for more papers by this authorJ.N. Jenkins, J.N. Jenkins USDA-ARS, Crop Sci. Res. Lab., P.O. Box 5367, Mississippi State, MS, 39762Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 November 2005 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2005.0281Citations: 10 Contribution of the USDA-ARS in cooperation with the Mississippi Agric. and Forestry Exp. Stn., Mississippi State, MS. Registration by CSSA. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. REFERENCES Bridge, R.R. 1978. Registration of DES 56 Cotton. Crop Sci. 18: 524 http://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1978.0011183X001800030054x McCarty, J.C., J.N. Jenkins, and J. Wu. 2003. Use of primitive accessions of cotton as sources of genes for improving yield components and fiber properties. Bull. 1130. Mississippi Agric. For. Exp. Stn., Mississippi State. Available online at msucares.com/pubs/bulletins/b1130.pdf (verified 17 July 2005). McCarty, J.C. 2004a. Primitive accession derived germplasm by cultivar crosses as sources for cotton improvement: I. Phenotypic values and variance components. Crop Sci. 44: 1226–1230 http://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2004.1226 McCarty, J.C. 2004b. Primitive accession derived germplasm by cultivar crosses as sources for cotton improvement: II. Genetic effects and genotypic values. Crop Sci. 44: 1231–1235 http://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2004.1231 Percival, A.E. 1987. The national collection of Gossypium germplasm. South. Coop. Ser. Bull. No. 321. Dep. Agric. Comm., Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX. Citing Literature Volume45, Issue6November–December 2005Pages 2668-2669 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Crop ScienceVolume 45, Issue 6 p. 2663-2665 Registrations of Germplasm Registration of 17 Upland (Gossypium hirsutum) Cotton Germplasm Lines Disomic for Different G. barbadense Chromosome or Arm Substitutions D.M. Stelly, Corresponding Author D.M. Stelly [email protected] Dep. of Soil & Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843-2474 Corresponding author ([email protected])Search for more papers by this authorS. Saha, S. Saha USDA-ARS, Crop Science Research Laboratory, Mississippi State, MS, 39762Search for more papers by this authorD.A. Raska, D.A. Raska Dep. of Soil & Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843-2474Search for more papers by this authorJ.N. Jenkins, J.N. Jenkins USDA-ARS, Crop Science Research Laboratory, Mississippi State, MS, 39762Search for more papers by this authorJ.C. McCarty Jr., J.C. McCarty Jr. USDA-ARS, Crop Science Research Laboratory, Mississippi State, MS, 39762Search for more papers by this authorO.A. Gutiérrez, O.A. Gutiérrez USDA-ARS, Crop Science Research Laboratory, Mississippi State, MS, 39762Search for more papers by this author D.M. Stelly, Corresponding Author D.M. Stelly [email protected] Dep. of Soil & Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843-2474 Corresponding author ([email protected])Search for more papers by this authorS. Saha, S. Saha USDA-ARS, Crop Science Research Laboratory, Mississippi State, MS, 39762Search for more papers by this authorD.A. Raska, D.A. Raska Dep. of Soil & Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843-2474Search for more papers by this authorJ.N. Jenkins, J.N. Jenkins USDA-ARS, Crop Science Research Laboratory, Mississippi State, MS, 39762Search for more papers by this authorJ.C. McCarty Jr., J.C. McCarty Jr. USDA-ARS, Crop Science Research Laboratory, Mississippi State, MS, 39762Search for more papers by this authorO.A. Gutiérrez, O.A. Gutiérrez USDA-ARS, Crop Science Research Laboratory, Mississippi State, MS, 39762Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 November 2005 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2004.0642Citations: 75 Cooperative investigation of the Texas Agric. Exp. Stn., USDA-ARS, and the Mississippi Agric. and Forestry Exp. Station. Registration by CSSA. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume45, Issue6November–December 2005Pages 2663-2665 RelatedInformation