Background: Safe water and adequate sanitation are basic to the health of every person, yet many people throughout the world do not have access to these needs. Access to these basic services is not only a fundamental right, but also a steppingstone to sustainable development of the country. Objective of this study was conducted to measure the proportion of slum households using improved drinking water and sanitation facilities.Methods: Study was conducted among 620 slum households in Belagavi from by interviewing one member from each household using WHO/UNICEF joint monitoring program core questions on drinking water and sanitation for household surveys.Results: All the slum households (100%) used improved drinking water source; piped water in yard or plot (68.22%) being the primary source. 94.35% of households used improved water source for cooking and/or hand washing purpose. 49.03% of households used improved sanitation facilities and 55.97% used unimproved sanitation facilities. Proportion of households with no latrine facilities and practicing open defecation were 13.06%. About 27.69% households had reported diarrheal events in children in the previous month. Type of latrine used by households was found significantly associated with the diarrheal events in children.Conclusions: Utilization of safe drinking water in Belagavi slums has increased when compared to global and national levels but households with piped water supply are still low. Access to improved sanitation facilities is still lacking in many households. Increasing access to basic sanitation at the household level and behavior change awareness programs could help in achieving universal sanitation coverage.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes is a major disease burden in India, and we are home to the second largest number of diabetes cases in the world with currently over 72 million cases of diabetes. The reported prevalence of obesity in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was 60%–90%. Obesity and overweight pose a major risk for chronic diseases and are considered to be a strong risk factor for the development of T2DM. AIMS: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of obesity among T2DM patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among T2DM patients residing in areas under Ashok Nagar and Rukmini Nagar Urban Health Centres, Belagavi. Three hundred and eighty T2DM patients were included in the study over a period of 1 year (January 1–December 31, 2017). Predesigned and pretested questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic profile, and patient's height and weight were measured, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated and categorized based on Asian population. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Statistical analysis was done using the Chi-square test for categorical variables. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The prevalence of generalized obesity (GO), abdominal obesity (AO), and combined obesity (CO) among T2DM patients were 58.68%, 81.84%, and 53.42%, respectively. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that female gender and hypertension were significantly associated with GO, AO, and CO. Physical inactivity and hyperglycemic state were significantly associated with AO and CO but not with GO. The duration of T2DM was significantly associated with AO but not with GO and CO. CONCLUSIONS: Our study concluded that obesity is a highly prevalent comorbidity in diabetic patients. AO appears to be a better indicator of diabetic risk than BMI. The combination of a low-calorie diet, increased physical activity, and behavioral therapy as the first-line intervention for weight loss should be stressed for the effective management of T2DM.