The purpose of this study was to explore how a group of students experienced cultural adaptation during a short-term study abroad program in Paris, France. The intrinsic case study was used and data collection methods included pre-experience questions, reflective journaling, post-experience questions, and participant observation. The grounded theory analysis method was used to identify the following eight stages of cultural adaptation: a) Initial Feelings, b) Cultural Uncertainty, c) Cultural Barriers, d) Cultural Negativity, e) Group Dynamics, f) Academic and Career Growth, g) Feelings throughout the Program, and h) Cultural Growth. Findings indicated that participants experienced cultural adaptation in a non-linear fashion and study abroad facilitators should incorporate and encourage cultural learning.

American Journal of Agricultural EconomicsVolume 97, Issue 5 p. 1515-1517 Book Review Open Innovation in the Food and Beverage Industry James A. Sterns, Corresponding Author James A. Sterns [email protected] Oregon State University [email protected]Search for more papers by this author James A. Sterns, Corresponding Author James A. Sterns [email protected] Oregon State University [email protected]Search for more papers by this author First published: 27 January 2015 https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aav002 © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Agricultural and Applied Economics Association. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: [email protected] Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. References ChesbroughH.2003. Open Innovation: the New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press. LevinsR.CochraneW.1996. The Treadmill Revisited. Land Economics 72 (4): 550–53. CochraneW.1958. Farm Prices: Myth and Reality. St. Paul: University of Minnesota Press. Volume97, Issue5October 2015Pages 1515-1517 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Cotton, both a source of livelihood for millions of poor rural households and a major source of export revenues, is a vital commodity for the economic and social development of Mali. Inefficiencies in the Malian cotton system at the ginnery and producers’ cooperative levels (e.g., late payment to farmers and poorly functioning credit schemes) have recently led to an important decline in supply, threatening the sustainability of the sector. Using regional data from 1998/1999 to 2008/2009, this study aims to quantitatively assess the contribution of key determinants, such as cotton prices and timely payment, toward the downward trend in cotton area. A dynamic supply model, based on adaptive expectations and partial adjustment, is employed to estimate the effects of prices and institutional factors, such as credit recovery rates and date of payment to farmers, on the Malian cotton supply. Results show that supply responds significantly to cotton prices relative to cereal and fertilizer prices. Date of payment varies across agricultural cycles and late payment negatively influences land devoted to cotton. Low credit repayment rates create disincentives to grow cotton. Therefore, the revitalization of the Malian cotton sector depends upon getting both prices and institutions right.

The market of local and organic food is still a niche market in the USA, despite its strong growth rates. Both offer consumers an alternative to a globalized anonymous food supply chain. Yet local food and organic food seem to beoverlapping and to some degree competing food concepts. While the organic food market somehow has managed to “mature”, being widely distributed in national supermarket chains, local food in the US still seems to be tied to a“grassroots food movement”, being mainly distributed over short food supply chains. With several trends indicating sustained growth for local and organic consumption, this paper first addresses different connotations of local foodand compares them to standard definitions of organic food. The main focus is to explore the perception of US consumers towards local and organic food, using results from two different studies. Both studies use laddering techniques and word association tests, which were undertaken at Cornell University in New York State and at the University of Florida in the city of Gainesville. These findings are used to achieve a better understanding of the image of local and organic food, and the motives and values of local and organic food consumers.

Given the geography and agroclimatic conditions of the Southeast, coupled with continued population expansion from in-migration, local foods markets may be a promising niche market for some farms in the region. The Southeast has more small farms than any other U.S. region. Using farm-level data, we address the question of how successful southeastern farms engaged in direct sales to consumers differ from other farms. We also include a case study of a marketing association in the panhandle of Florida. In both analyses, we focus on the role of the supply chain for direct sales in explaining farm returns.

Cotton, both a source of livelihood for millions of poor rural households and a major source of export revenues, is a vital commodity for the economic and social development of Mali. Inefficiencies in the Malian cotton system at the ginnery and producers’ cooperative levels (e.g., late payment to farmers and poorly functioning credit schemes) have recently led to an important decline in supply, threatening the sustainability of the sector. Using regional data from 1998/1999 to 2008/2009, this study aims to quantitatively assess the contribution of key determinants, such as cotton prices and timely payment, toward the downward trend in cotton area. A dynamic supply model, based on adaptive expectations and partial adjustment, is employed to estimate the effects of prices and institutional factors, such as credit recovery rates and date of payment to farmers, on the Malian cotton supply. Results show that supply responds significantly to cotton prices relative to cereal and fertilizer prices. Date of payment varies across agricultural cycles and late payment negatively influences land devoted to cotton. Low credit repayment rates create disincentives to grow cotton. Therefore, the revitalization of the Malian cotton sector depends upon getting both prices and institutions right.

I. Introduction to the Study of the Economic Role of Government: Alternative Approaches to Law and Economics

Applying John R. Commons's institutional economic framework, this paper analyzes the evolution of key institutions in the Malian cotton sector, starting with Mali's independence in 1960 to the ongoing market-oriented reforms in the 2000s. In accordance with Commons's economic theory, institutional changes in the Malian cotton sector have led to both intended and unintended consequences, impacting economic performance at the farm, gin, and state levels. This has, in turn, contributed to the emergence of new limiting factors. At present, lack of adequate technical advising, indebtedness, issues related to input access, discordance between farmers and their union leader representatives, unreasonable seed cotton prices, delays in payment, and low cotton yields are the current limiting factors to desired economic performance. Based on these findings, we draw policy recommendations for revitalizing the Malian cotton sector.

Applying John R. Commons institutional economic framework, this paper analyzes the evolution of the key institutions in the Malian cotton sector starting with the CFDT contract following the country‘s Independence in 1960; the nationalization of the cotton gin company, CMDT, in 1974; the completion of a vertically integrated market structure from the mid-1980s to mid-1990s; and, finally, to the current state of the market-oriented reforms in 2010. In accordance with John R. Commons’ economic theory, institutional changes in the Malian cotton sector have led to both intended and unintended consequences impacting economic performance at the farm, gin, and State levels, which in turn, has contributed to the emergence of new limiting factors. At present, the limiting factors to desired economic performance in the Malian cotton sector are: the lack of adequate extension services, high rates of indebtedness at both farmer and cooperative levels, difficulty in farming in an integrated system due to the limited access to cereal inputs on credit, low yields, delays in payment, and discordance between farmers and their union‘s leaders. Based on these findings, policy recommendations to revitalize the Malian cotton sector are drawn.

The processed citrus industries of Sao Paulo, Brazil and Florida, United States collectively account for over 80 percent of world orange juice production. In recent years, both industries have been confronted with serious plant disease outbreaks. Porter’s Diamond framework is used to assess the strenghts and weakness of the processed citrus industry in each country to confront the combined challenge of effectively combating these diseases while maintaining market competitiveness. Although Sao Paulo and Florida produce a similar product, the Porter’s Diamond framework reveals that there are significant diffences in the organizational structure of the two industries. The article concludes with an analysis of how these differences will impact each industry’s ability to sustain its global leadership in the international processed citrus market.

Marketing in the food system has at least three broad categories: physical functions, exchange functions, and facilitating functions. Physical functions include those activities that alter the form or place utility of produce. Form utility refers to the appearance the produce will have. Manufacturing, processing, and packaging create additional value for the consumer that prefers the product in an altered state. Place utility refers to the time and location at which the produce is consumed. Some degree of physical transportation and storage is used in selling fresh produce. Exchange functions are activities related to the possession utility of a product. Individuals or firms with knowledge of buyers and sellers can facilitate exchange between these two groups. Buyers and sellers must agree on setting a price for the product and ownership transfer. Fluctuation risks are borne by the owner. In the case of fresh produce, facilitating functions can be thought of as the actions that allow the system to function at peak efficiency. Such types of actions provide conduits for information and capital flows in the produce supply chain. Private firms, government, and industry groups have all historically served in facilitating roles for fresh produce. Standards and grades can ensure the flow of uniform products; financing provides the capital needed to operate the system; market intelligence can drive competition and communication efforts serve to inform the final consumer.

From 2000 through 2004, per-capita orange juice purchases decreased by 12.3 percent in the United States, while the popularity and media coverage of low-carbohydrate dieting exploded. Content analysis was used to count selected newspaper articles topically related to low-carbohydrate dieting, the Atkins diet, and the South Beach diet. These data were included in a national orange juice demand model, where purchase data served as the independent variable and proxy for consumer demand of orange juice. Results indicate that media coverage of low-carbohydrate diets and dieting was negatively and significantly related to demand for orange juice in the United States. Fruit and fruit juices have been generally accepted by the public and nutritionists as excellent nutrient sources and important additions to a healthy diet, and are included within the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture dietary guidelines for healthy eating (USDHHS and USDA 2005). Culturally, orange juice has a direct association with break- fast meals. In the United States, these preferences have come under attack by low-carbohydrate diet proponents and adherents. In the 1970s, a book detailing the benefits and

From 2000 through 2004, per capita orange juice purchases decreased by 12.3 percent while the popularity and media coverage of low-carbohydrate dieting exploded. Content analysis was used to count selected Southern region newspaper articles topically related to low- carbohydrate dieting, the Atkins diet, and the South Beach diet. This data was included in a Southern region orange juice demand model, where purchase data served as the independent variable and proxy for consumer demand of orange juice. Results indicated that media coverage of low-carbohydrate diets and dieting was negatively and significantly related to demand for orange juice in the Southern region.

From 2000 through 2004, per-capita orange juice purchases decreased by 12.3 percent in the United States, while the popularity and media coverage of low-carbohydrate dieting exploded. Content analysis was used to count selected newspaper articles topically related to low-carbohydrate dieting, the Atkins diet, and the South Beach diet. These data were included in a national orange juice demand model, where purchase data served as the independent variable and proxy for consumer demand of orange juice. Results indicate that media coverage of low-carbohydrate diets and dieting was negatively and significantly related to demand for orange juice in the United States.

From 2000 through 2004, per capita orange juice purchases decreased by 12.3 percent while the popularity and media coverage of low-carbohydrate dieting exploded. Content analysis was used to count selected Southern region newspaper articles topically related to low-carbohydrate dieting, the Atkins diet, and the South Beach diet. This data was included in a Southern region orange juice demand model, where purchase data served as the independent variable and proxy for consumer demand of orange juice. Results indicated that media coverage of low-carbohydrate diets and dieting was negatively and significantly related to demand for orange juice in the Southern region.