Heat stress exerts a substantial negative impact on the dairy industry with expected annual economic losses of approximately $40 billion in the United States. Dairy cows are highly susceptible to heat stress, reducing their milk production and reproductive efficiency. Previous studies reported that fans and sprinkler systems can mitigate heat stress to some extent. However, their effects on blood parameters, indicating systemic responses, are largely unexplored. In this study, 24 lactating Holstein cows were divided into heat stress (HS) group and heat stress abatement (HA) group, which had limited or full access to fan and sprinkler (automatically on at 74 °F, for 3 min on and 5 min off throughout the day) cooling system in the barn, with ad libitum access to feed during a 14-day period in summer. Respiration rate, feed intake, and milk yield were recorded regularly. Blood samples were collected on days 0 and 14 to assess the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and cortisol levels in the blood plasma. Regardless of fan and sprinkler system, average temperature-humidity indexes of both pens were above 72 (8am: 73.0±4.18 vs 72.5±3.61, 12pm: 77.9±3.28 vs 78.0±3.06, 8pm: 77.1±3.39 vs 76.6±3.09; p=0.46) throughout the daytime of the trial. Respiration rate showed no significant difference on day 0 between the two groups but was significantly higher in the HS group on day 14 compared to the HA group (84.4±8.36 breaths/min vs. 58.3±9.46 breaths/min, p< 0.01). Average feed intake was also significantly lower in the HS group compared to the HA group (44.7±9.36 kg/day vs 57.6±8.18 kg/day, p< 0.01). However, the average milk yield was not found to be significantly different within the 14-day period (15.8±4.62 kg vs 16.3±4.50 kg, p=0.27) between the two groups. There were no significant differences in plasma HSP70 and cortisol concentrations between the HS and HA group on both day 0 (HSP70, p=0.16; Cortisol, p=0.45) and day 14 (HSP70, p=0.97; Cortisol, p=0.87), respectively. Notably, at day 0, a significant positive correlation between respiration rate and HSP70 was observed in both HS (RPearson = 0.58, p=0.05) and HA groups (RPearson = 0.62, p=0.03), but this positive correlation was only observed in HS group on day 14 (RPearson = 0.57, p=0.05) compared to the HA group. Additionally, a significant positive correlation was also observed between HSP70 and cortisol concentration (RPearson = 0.73, p=0.007) in the HS group on day 14 but not in the HA group. These findings suggest that short-term fan and sprinkler cooling strategies can reduce physiological heat stress and mitigate systemic stress responses in certain animals but not efficiently for the overall HA group.

Global warming exacerbates heat stress in dairy cattle, impacting their productivity and welfare due to high metabolic heat production. Heat stress causes reduced feed intake, panting, and prolonged standing-like behavior in dairy cows, which are key welfare indicators of heat stress. While various mitigation strategies exist, their limitations highlight the urgent need for more efficient, cost-effective approaches to enhance animal welfare in response to thermal stress. This pilot study aimed to assess whether the topical application of menthol, a natural, FDA-approved-safe cooling agent obtained from the Mentha piperita plant, and a specific agonist of cold receptor Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 8 (TRPM8), around the auricular vagal region of cattle’s ear could alleviate heat stress by stimulating the vagus nerve. Twelve lactating Holsteins were divided into three groups: negative control (NC, n=3), plain wax (PW, n=3), and menthol wax (MW, n=6) and kept in the heat stress condition for 14 days, with limited access to sprinklers. The PW and MW groups were topically applied with menthol wax (100mM) and olive-oil-based plain wax during the morning (5:30 AM) and afternoon (5:30 PM) feedings on both ears from day 0 to 14, respectively. The stress behaviors recorded included eating, lying, and standing, monitored over 14 hours on day 0, day 6th of the trial, and day 13th of the trial. Observations were conducted from 8:00 AM to 3:00 PM and from 8:00 PM to 3:00 AM following wax application to assess behavioral responses under stress conditions. Visual live observations on menthol sensing behavior were observed just after the menthol and plain wax application on the MW and PW group animals. Behavior phenotypes during the 14-hour interval were monitored per animal per group in recorded videos, and differences between groups were assessed using Linear Mixed Model (LMM). Interestingly, menthol application in the MW group caused ear drooping immediately, lasting up to 30 minutes. This response, absent in the PW group, suggests that cows perceived menthol stimulation. The total time spent eating reduced in the NC on day 13th, i.e., 54 min cow-1 day-1 compared to MW and PW group i.e. 93 min cow-1 day-1 and 72.3 min cow-1 day-1 respectively, although not significant (P = 0.59). Based on estimated feed intake, the MW group exhibited significantly higher daily feed intake compared to the combined NC and PW groups (51.64 ± 5.81 kg/cow vs 46.03 ± 7.49 kg/cow, P=0.03). The total time spent standing and lying showed no significant differences (P > 0.05) between the three groups during the trial. These findings suggest that topical menthol application has the potential to alleviate heat stress in dairy cows, but further blood and physiological parameter analysis is needed to explore its broader effects.

Forty barrows (average body weight 21.5 +/- 2.50 kg) used in two feeding trials (20 pigs each) were randomly assigned to four treatment groups. Groups 1 and 2 received a basal diet, Group 3 received a DL-Met-supplemented diet, and Group 4 received an MHA-Ca-supplemented diet. After 3 weeks feeding, pigs were injected with 10 mL saline (Group 1) or 10 mg/kg-BW diquat in 10 mL saline (Groups 2, 3, and 4), and then continually fed for one more week and euthanized at the ends of the trials. Ileal tissue samples were collected for histomorphometric analysis of villus height, villus width (VW), crypt depth, and goblet cell counts. Additionally, the mRNA expression levels of the gut permeability-and immunity-associated marker genes were also respectively determined. Results showed that the VW in Group 4 was shorter (P = 0.01) than in Group 3. Group 2 showed lower ileal mRNA levels of Muc-4 and ZO-3 (P < 0.05) compared to Group 1. Group 3 showed higher Muc-2 (P < 0.05) and lower TNF-alpha (P < 0.05) levels compared to Group 2. Group 4 showed higher (P < 0.05) IL-6 and TNF-alpha level compared to Group 3. These results suggest that at an equivalent bioefficacy level, DL-Met is more effective than MHA-Ca in enhancing the small intestinal immunity.

Abstract The behavior of dairy cattle can be both an indicator and a determinant of their productivity and health. Additionally, animal behavior is also associated with their gastrointestinal microbiota through the bi-directional pathways of the gut-brain axis, influencing nutrient utilization and gut health. Few studies have looked at the dynamics of neonatal calf behaviors and their associations with early microbiota development. Therefore, the objective of this study is to observe feeding behaviors and activity of neonatal dairy calves and investigate its associations with the diversity and composition of early-stage gut microbiota. We used Holstein-Angus crossed calves (n = 25) raised in individual outdoor hutches and bucket-fed milk replacer twice daily. The number of milk exposures until calves were successfully bucket trained was recorded, along with milk consumption times during the AM feedings on d 7, 11, and 14. We also monitored the activity of the calves using HOBO Pendant G Data Logger accelerometers secured on the right hind leg of each calf to monitor standing and lying behavior from d 3 to d 13. Fecal samples were collected from the recto-anal junction of the calves at d 7 and 14 after birth and gut microbiota were analyzed using full-length 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing on an Oxford Nanopore sequencer. The Generalized Linear Model (GLM) was applied to evaluate effects of gender and birth weight on behavior and gut microbiota using RStudio 4.2.1. The Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) was used to determine the unique bacterial species for each behavioral group. The results revealed that there was no influence of sex or birth weight on bucket training or consumption time; however, male calves exhibited significantly increased total standing time compared with female calves. We found no significant difference in microbiota between fast-learning calves (one milk exposure; n = 3) and slow-learning calves (5 or more exposures; n = 3). We observed greater alpha diversity of slow drinking calves (top 25%; n = 6) compared with fast drinking calves (top 25%; n = 6) on d 7 (Chao1; P = 0.03). The LEfSe analysis identified Akkermansia muciniphilia to be more abundant in fast drinking calves, and Megasphaera elsdenii to be more abundant in slow drinking calves. Additionally, a trend of differing microbiota composition was observed between the most active and least active calves (n = 4 per group) on d 14 (Bray-Curtis; P = 0.1), and many Prevotella species were more abundant in the most active calves. In conclusion, this study sheds light on the gut-brain axis of neonatal dairy calves at the species-level and provides further insights into cognitive, consumptive, and active behaviors.

Oxidative stress impairs pigs’ health and production performance. This study examined the effects of level and source of methionine (Met) supplementation against the diquat-induced oxidative stress in pigs. Forty growing barrows were randomly assigned to four groups. Groups 1 and 2 received a basal diet that was adequate in energy and nutrients (Diet 1), Group 3 received a DL-Met-supplemented diet, and Group 4 received an MHA-Ca-supplemented diet. After 3 weeks of feeding (Phase 1), pigs were injected with 10 mL saline (Group 1) or 10 mg/kg-BW diquat in 10 mL saline (Groups 2, 3, and 4), and then continually fed for one week (Phase 2). During or at the end of Phase 1, there were no differences in nearly all of the growth performance and redox parameters among the four groups. During or at the end of Phase 2, however, the ADFI and ADG were lower (p < 0.01) in Group 2 than in Group 1 while the serum malondialdehyde content was higher (p < 0.05) in Group 2 than in Group 1. The serum glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity and liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were lower (p < 0.05) in Group 2 than in Group 1. The serum GPX activity, the serum total antioxidant capacity, and the liver GPX activity were higher (p < 0.05) in Group 3 than in Group 2. There were nearly no differences in these redox parameters between Groups 3 and 4. In conclusion, MHA-Ca and DL-Met, when used at an equivalent bioefficacy level, had similar effects on the pigs’ growth performance and antioxidative status. Therefore, increased Met supplementation can improve pigs’ antioxidative status.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of pegbovigrastim injection (Imrestor, Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN) on production parameters and postpartum disease occurrence (retained placenta, metritis, displaced abomasum, and clinical mastitis) in dairy cows. Study cows (n = 270) were blocked by parity group (multiparous or primiparous) and randomly assigned to control (CON, n = 144) or pegbovigrastim treatment (IMR, n = 126). Ten ± 4 days before expected calving and again at calving, IMR cows received 2.7 mL of Imrestor and CON cows received 2.7 mL of 0.9 % saline. Milk yield, fat, protein, lactose, solids nonfat (SNF) percent, and somatic cell count (SCC), body condition, hygiene, and lameness were evaluated weekly. Animals were evaluated for metritis twice weekly through rectal temperature, palpation, and uterine discharge evaluation until 30 days in milk. Farm personnel recorded other postpartum diseases. The MIXED procedure of SAS was used to evaluate milk composition and milk yields were analyzed as repeated measures in time with block, treatment, calving month, and lactation week included in mixed models. The GLIMMIX procedure was used to evaluate mastitis and metritis occurrence. Variables entered a model if P ≤ 0.10 when screened individually. Variables with P ≤ 0.10 were kept in the final model. Milk yield, fat, protein, lactose, SNF, and log of SCC were not significantly affected by treatment. Clinical mastitis occurrence did not differ between treatments, but only 17 cases were detected. Compared to CON, IMR treated cows had increased clinical metritis incidence, and were 2.46 times more likely to develop the disease. No difference was observed on puerperal metritis ocurrence. Cows given pegbovigrastim injections had increased odds of developing clinical signs of metritis, but no negative effects on milk production or composition were observed.

Previous research suggested that arsenic (As) is required by pigs, while inorganic As is a non-threshold carcinogen to humans. This research was conducted to study the As tissue distribution in pigs fed As-containing rice bran (833 ppb). Twenty individually penned gilts (26.3 kg) were randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatments (n = 6 or 7) with Diets I, II, and III containing 0, 306, and 612 ppb As, respectively. Pigs were fed ad libitum for 6 weeks, and the blood and hair samples were collected immediately before and after. Pigs were harvested at the end of the 6-weeks, and the liver, kidney, and muscle samples were collected. The total As contents in all samples were determined by a commercial laboratory. Data were analyzed with ANOVA, Tobit, or ordinary least squares regression model where appropriate. No pig displayed any poisoning signs throughout the trial. The hair As concentrations of Diets II and III pigs were both higher (P < 0.003) than Diet I pigs, and the hair As concentration of Diet III pigs was higher (P = 0.007) than Diet II pigs. The blood As concentrations were all below the detection limit. In kidney and liver, the As concentrations in Diets II and III pigs were higher (P = 0.01) and numerically higher (P < 0.30), respectively, than Diet I pigs, and there was no difference (P > 0.10) between Diets II and III pigs. In skeletal muscle, the As concentrations were all below 10 ppb. These As tissue distribution data indicate that the absorbed As was rapidly cleared from the blood with some retained in various organs. While pigs’ hair retained the highest level of As, the retention is much lower in the liver and kidney. The muscle As data suggest that the pork produced from the pigs fed a typical As-containing rice bran is safe for human consumption.

Using alternative feedstuffs can be a feasible measure to reduce swine production cost. GuarPro F-71 (GP71), a newly developed guar meal product, is considered as a potential protein source for pigs. This preliminary study was conducted to evaluate the effects of GP71 inclusion in feed on growth performance and nutrient metabolism of growing pigs. Sixty crossbred barrows (31.9±1.84 kg body weight (BW)) were allotted to one of five dietary treatments in a completely randomised experiment design, with four pens/treatment and three pigs/pen. Diet 1 was a maize- and soybean-based basal control diet formulated to meet NRC recommendations. GP71 was used to replace 25, 50, 75, and 100% soybean meal in diet 1 (on an equivalent crude protein (CP) basis) to generate diets 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. Crystalline amino acids were used to balance the essential amino acid concentrations across the five diets. Inclusion of GP71 quadratically reduced average daily feed intake (ADFI) ( P =0.01) with no observed clinical signs of unhealthiness of pigs. The blood plasma concentrations of six metabolites, including urea nitrogen, total protein, albumin, glucose, total cholesterol and total triglycerides, were not affected ( P >0.30), indicating that the pigs’ metabolic utilisation of nutrients was not compromised. The cubic effect ( P <0.05) of dietary GP71 inclusion on G:F ratio suggested that the level of soybean meal replacement (up to 75% soybean meal) did not negatively affect feed efficiency in pigs. In short, the feed intake reduction due to the dietary GP71 inclusion was, if not solely, responsible for the average daily gain (ADG) and final BW reduction. This study suggested that using GP71 to replace soybean meal up to 75% (on an equivalent CP basis) can negatively affect ADFI and ADG, but not feed efficiency, in growing pigs. The reasons for the ADFI and ADG reduction need to be understood in future research.

This research was conducted to study the growth performance, arsenic (As) tissue distribution, and As excretion of pigs fed As-containing rice bran. Twenty gilts (26.3 kg) were randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatments (n = 6 or 7) with Diets I, II, and III containing 0, 36.7, and 73.5% rice bran and 0, 306, and 612 ppb As, respectively. Pigs were fed for 6 weeks, and their growth performance and daily activities were examined. Fecal, blood, and hair samples were collected immediately before and after the 6-weeks. At the end of the 6-weeks, pigs were slaughtered; the liver, kidney, muscle, and urine samples were collected. No pig showed any unhealthy signs throughout the trial. The average daily feed intake, average daily gain, and final body weight of Diet III pigs were lower (p ≤ 0.001) than Diet I pigs. The gain to feed ratios were not different among the treatments. The fecal, hair, kidney, and urinary As concentrations of both Diets II and III pigs were higher than Diet I pigs. The hair As concentration of Diet III pigs was higher than Diet II pigs, but no difference was found in the fecal, urinary, kidney, or muscle As concentrations between Diets II and III pigs. The blood and muscle As concentrations were below 10 ppb. These results suggest that 73.5% dietary rice bran inclusion compromised growth performance, whereas the 36.7% inclusion did not. The fecal As data imply that dietary As was poorly absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract. The tissue As data indicate that the absorbed As was rapidly cleared from the blood with some retained in various organs and others eliminated via urine. The hair As concentration was much higher than that of liver and kidney. The muscle As data suggest that the pork produced from the pigs fed a typical As-containing rice bran as used in this study is safe for human consumption.

Using alternative feedstuffs can be a feasible measure to reduce swine production cost. GuarPro F-71, a newly developed guar meal product, is considered as a potential protein source for pigs. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary GuarPro F-71 inclusion on growth performance and nutrient metabolism of growing pigs. Sixty crossbred barrows (31.9 ± 1.84 kg BW) were allotted to 5 dietary treatments according to a completely randomized experiment design with 4 pens/treatment and 3 pigs/pen. Diet 1 was a corn-and-soybean-meal based diet with nutrient composition following NRC (2012) recommendations. GuarPro-71 was used to replace 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of soybean meal (on equivalent CP basis) in Diet 1 to generate Diets 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. Crystalline amino acids were used to balance the essential amino acid concentrations across the 5 diets. Dietary inclusion of GuarPro-71 reduced ADFI (P < 0.01), whereas no clinical signs of unhealthiness of pigs were observed. The magnitude of ADFI reduction showed linear but also quadratic relationships (P < 0.05) with the GuarPro-71 inclusion rate. The blood plasma concentrations of six metabolites (urea nitrogen, total protein, albumin, glucose, total cholesterol, and total triglycerides) were not affected (P > 0.30), indicating that the pigs’ metabolic utilization of nutrients was not compromised. The cubic effect (P < 0.05) of dietary GuarPro-71 inclusion on the G:F suggests that the level of soybean meal replacement up to 75% by GuarPro-71 did not negatively affect feed efficiency in pigs. In short, the feed intake reduction due to the dietary GuarPro-71 inclusion should be, if not solely, responsible for the ADG and final BW reduction. Overall, this study suggests that the dietary inclusion of GuarPro-71 can negatively affect ADFI and ADG in growing pigs. The reason for the ADFI reduction warrants further investigation.

Abstract High feed cost is a major economic concern in animal production industries, largely due to the increasing global demands for foods, feeds, and biofuels. Animal producers, especially animal nutritionists, have been searching for alternative feedstuffs to reduce the feed cost. Guar meal is the main by-product from the guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoba L.) gum industry. Although said to be unpalatable and maybe toxic, the new guar meal products, such as GuarPro F-81, possess promise to be alternatives for feeding animals, mainly because they contain great amounts of protein and carbohydrates and are inexpensive. The proximate nutrient values and amino acid profile of GuarPro F-81 have been previously reported, and this study was conducted to test the hypothesis that the mineral contents of GuarPro F-81 are comparable to that of soybean meal. Three GuarPro F-81 samples were randomly collected from a guar meal production company in India and aliquoted to 30 to 100 g/sample after arrival for analysis in four university and commercial laboratories. The results showed that GuarPro F-81 contained (as-fed basis; mean ± SD, n = 4) 0.22 ± 0.015% calcium, 0.77 ± 0.022% phosphorus, 0.40 ± 0.023% magnesium, 1.67 ± 0.079% potassium, 0.016 ± 0.012% sodium, 249 ± 42.8 ppm iron, 21.3 ± 1.78 ppm manganese, 72.8 ± 9.00 ppm zinc, and 11.5 ± 7.25 ppm copper. The sulfur content was 0.54 ± 0.177% (n = 2) and the nickel content was 5.30% (n = 1). When compared with soybean meal (dehulled, solvent extracted), the contents of iron, magnesium, zinc, sulfur, and phosphorus in GuarPro F-81 are approximately 154, 50, 49, 34, and 8% greater, respectively, while the contents of copper, potassium, calcium, manganese, and sodium are approximately 24, 25, 34, 40, and 80% less, respectively. Nonetheless, the bioavailabilities of these minerals warrant further investigation.

Feed is the most expensive component in raising agricultural animals such as pigs in the United States Guar meal is the main by-product from the guar gum production from guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoba) seed. Although said to be unpalatable and possibly toxic, the recently improved products possess promise to be alternative protein-providing feedstuffs for animal industries, primarily because they contain great amounts of protein and are inexpensive. This study was conducted to mainly evaluate the amino acid profile of GuarPro F-81, a newly developed guar meal product in India. Three samples were randomly collected from a production company in India and aliquoted to multiple sub-samples (20 to 200 g/sub-sample), after received, for nutrient evaluation in 2 to 7 laboratories. Results showed that GuarPro F-81 contained (as-fed basis, ±SD) 97.1 ± 1.92% dry matter (n = 7), 57.9 ± 1.29% crude protein (n = 7), 7.17 ± 0.38% crude fat (n = 5), 3.24 ± 1.06% crude fiber (n = 4), 4,440 ± 622 kcal/kg gross energy (n = 2), and 5.40 ± 0.43% ash (n = 5). The amino acid contents (as-fed basis, ±SD, n = 3) were 2.30 ± 0.102% lysine, 0.61 ± 0.032% methionine, 0.68 ± 0.029% cysteine, 1.57 ± 0.009% threonine, 0.80 ± 0.048% tryptophan, 7.43 ± 0.149% arginine, 3.10 ± 0.064% leucine, 1.70 ± 0.095% isoleucine, 1.99 ± 0.073% valine, 1.42 ± 0.075% histidine, 2.14 ± 0.030% phenylalanine, 1.53 ± 0.352% tyrosine, 2.79 ± 0.027% glycine, 2.40 ± 0.190% serine, 1.85 ± 0.108% proline, 2.04 ± 0.015% alanine, 11.14 ± 0.268% glutamic acid, and 5.53 ± 0.096% aspartic acid. While the contents of alanine, cysteine, tyrosine, methionine, valine, phenylalanine, leucine, threonine, isoleucine, lysine, and proline were approximately 0.9 to 27% less than that in soybean meal (a dehulled, solvent extracted product), the contents of serine, aspartic acid, histidine, tryptophan, glutamic acid, glycine, and arginine were approximately 1.8 to 115% higher than those in soybean meal, and so was the crude protein content which was approximately 21.3% higher. While the crude fiber content was approximately 17% less, the crude fat and gross energy contents were approximately 372% and 4% higher than that in soybean meal, respectively.

Journal Article 517 Amino Acid Profile of Guarpro F-71, a Potential Protein Source for Swine and Other Agricultural Animals in the United States. Get access R M Humphrey, R M Humphrey Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Z Yang, Z Yang Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar M S Hasan, M S Hasan Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar M A Crenshaw, M A Crenshaw Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar J Brett, J Brett Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar B J Rude, B J Rude Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar H B Bubba Burch, H B Bubba Burch Nutrix Organics, USA, Lafayette, LA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar S F Liao S F Liao Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Animal Science, Volume 96, Issue suppl_2, April 2018, Pages 275–276, https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/sky073.514 Published: 10 April 2018

High feed cost is a major economic concern in animal production industries, largely due to the increasing global demands for foods, feeds, and biofuels. Animal producers (especially, animal nutritionists) have been searching for alternative feedstuffs to reduce the feed cost. Guar meal is the main by-product from the guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoba L.) gum industry. Although said to be unpalatable and maybe toxic, the new guar meal products, such as GuarPro F-71, possess promise to be alternatives for feeding animals, mainly because they contain great amounts of protein and carbohydrates, and are inexpensive. The proximate nutrient values and amino acid profile of GuarPro F-71 have been previously reported, this study was conducted to test the hypothesis that the mineral contents of GuarPro F-71 are comparable to that in soybean meal. Three GuarPro F-71 samples were randomly collected from a guar meal production line in India and aliquoted to 30 to 100 g/sample after arrival for analysis in four university and commercial laboratories. The results showed that GuarPro F-71 contained (as-fed basis; ± SD, n = 4) 0.19 ± 0.009% calcium, 0.75 ± 0.018% phosphorus, 0.37 ± 0.012% magnesium, 1.63 ± 0.055% potassium, 119 ± 73 ppm sodium, 182.5 ± 28.03 ppm iron, 20.1 ± 0.81 ppm manganese, 56.9 ± 2.63 ppm zinc, and 10.6 ± 6.61 ppm copper. The sulfur content was 0.55 ± 0.198% (n = 2) and the nickel content was 5.30% (n = 1). When compared with the commonly used soybean meal (dehulled, solvent extracted), the contents of phosphorus, zinc, magnesium, sulfur, and iron in GuarPro F-71 are approximately 5, 17, 37, 38, and 86% greater, respectively, while the contents of potassium, copper, calcium, manganese, and sodium are approximately 27, 30, 42, 43, and 85% less, respectively. Nevertheless, the bioavailabilities of these minerals warrant further investigation.