The Federal government has had many conferences on ethical guidelines involving minorities in research and in genetic testing. Examples of governmental violation of its own ethical precepts will be given with respect to invasion of privacy of employees, dissimulation about the role of abortion in genetic testing, and in sponsoring research abroad that would not be countenanced at home.

Early testing for phenylketonuria, Tay-Sachs disease, and sickle hemoglobin are briefly summarized. The advent of prenatal diagnosis and DNA testing introduced different ethical issues. The out-of wedlock birth rate in the African American community in Chicago is about 83% – thus often obviating the cooperation of the putative mate for genetic testing. Post testing counseling only for those pregnant women who are positive for sickle hemoglobin has been suggested for a busy obstetrician’s office, because the long-established triad of education, testing and counseling in prenatal testing may not be feasible in an obstetrician’s office. DNA testing for a large number of genetic disorders is now possible – thus compromising pretesting education and informed consent. Although it has been suggested that genetic information be denied to insurance carriers, such a practice also would eliminate family history and other pertinent information from the chart. One solution is to radically change our inequitable health care system.

The U.S. Human Genome Project (HGP) is a federally funded effort to produce a detailed genetic and physical map of all human chromosomes. Because of their central role in reproduction and caregiving, women are likely to be affected differently, and more significantly, by the information the HGP generates. It is important to identify inequities that may emerge from gender differences and to consider ways in which they may be avoided, reduced, or overcome. Although this type of analysis is one of the goals of the Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues Program of the National Center for Human Genome Research, few studies have focused explicitly on the impact of the HGP on women. This article describes the potential impact of the "new genetics" on women. Identification of gender differences as they affect both research and clinical practice and the psychosocial, legal, and ethical implications of the HGP should evoke and inform public discussion and policies that may be generated by these issues.

The U.S. Human Genome Project (HGP) is a federally funded effort to produce a detailed genetic and physical map of all human chromosomes. Because of their central role in reproduction and caregiving, women are likely to be affected differently, and more significantly, by the information the HGP generates. It is important to identify inequities that may emerge from gender differences and to consider ways in which they may be avoided, reduced, or overcome. Although this type of analysis is one of the goals of the Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues Program of the National Center for Human Genome Research, few studies have focused explicitly on the impact of the HGP on women. This article describes the potential impact of the "new genetics" on women. Identification of gender differences as they affect both research and clinical practice and the psychosocial, legal, and ethical implications of the HGP should evoke and inform public discussion and policies that may be generated by these issues.

Interspecific analyses of infant growth and the time to maternal reconception (or weaning) demonstrate a consistent threshold for weaning weight at close to four times neonate weight, irrespective of the duration of lactation (Lee et al., [1991] J. Zool. Lond. 225:99-114). Intraspecific variation in the attainment of a threshold weaning weight was determined in a sample of 31 captive infant rhesus macaques, where growth between birth and subsequent parturition was measured along with information on maternal size, weight, and social characteristics. A threshold weaning weight was found, with infants attaining approximately 1,335 g at the time of reconception. Birth weights of the infants were influenced by maternal physical and social variables in that larger mothers, and alpha ranking mothers, produced larger neonates. Postnatal growth rate, which determined the attainment of the threshold weight, was independent of maternal size or condition, but was influenced by offspring sex and the probability of reconception. Future reproductive status of mothers was specifically related to differences in patterns of growth among the infants. Mothers who conceived again at 30 weeks had infants who grew more slowly after the first 12 weeks of life, especially if these infants were sons. Mothers in this colony appeared to make decisions about the need to sustain their infants' growth in relation to their ability to invest in current offspring, which may compromise their subsequent reproduction.

The crypts outside St Bride's Church, London, contain a documented collection of skeletal remains dating from the mid-18th century. Some of these remains became mixed during post-war restoration work on the church. The worst example of such mixing involves ten infants that were boxed all together with their corresponding coffin plates. All the infants were aged between 1 and 4 years at death. Recognized skeletal aging criteria proved unsuccessful in identifying the bodies. A more precise method of age estimation was utilized in order to separate these individuals. Age was determined using the incremental markers found in dental microstructure which are thought to be formed in circadian and circaseptan rhythms. The resulting age estimates were compared with the real ages obtained from the coffin plates and death certificates. Confident identification was achieved in eight out of ten cases. This study illustrates the potential value of a little-known aging method in circumstances where commonly used methods have proved unsuccessful.

The observed variation in the number of cross-striations between Striae of Retzius in a sample of teeth from juveniles buried in the crypts of a London City church is presented. Estimates of intra-and inter-observer error in making such cross-striation counts are discussed, together with implications for the estimation of age from perikymata counts on the tooth surface.

Introduction Samuel Richardson (1689-1761) is generally agreed to be one of the chief founders of the modern novel'. He was a professional printer all his life and began writing, almost by accident, at the age of 50. His first novel started as a series of letters which fellow printers encouraged him to write on the problems of everyday life: these eventually appeared as Pamela, published in 1740-1741. His second novel Clarissa, published in 1747 in the same epistolary style, was undoubtedly his masterpiece and won him a European reputation. A third novel, Sir Charles Grandison, appeared in 1753. Richardson lived and worked all his life near St Bride's Parish Church, Fleet Street. The church ofhis day was one of the first ofWren's city churches to be opened after the Great Fire of London and the sixth church to have been built on the same site. It survived until January 1940 when all but the steeple

A skull from the St Bride's collection showing evidence of gunshot wounds is described. The position of the wounds suggests that they were self-inflicted. Examination of historical records confirms that the individual committed suicide by shooting himself in the mouth. The fact that this individual was buried in the crypt of St Bride's church in 1821 is discussed in relation to early 19th century attitudes to suicide.

most comprehensive treatment of genetic variation and disorders in 'peoples of African origin' yet to appear. It is an encyclopedic work, broad in the scope of its mission and commendable in its achievement. -- American Journal of Human Genetics This volume is an excellent introduction to an interesting and important topic and is recommended for students, practitioners, and teachers in human genetics, biological anthropology, medicine, the health professions, and biology in general. -- Quarterly Review of Biology The misuse of evidence of genetic differences among human populations to prove theories of white supremacy has seriously compromised studies of genetic variation among racial groups. But there is no question, argue James Bowman and Robert Murray, that genetic disorders do vary from one population to another. Emphasizing the positive value of genetic differences, Bowman and Murray offer an overview of the diverse African populations and trace their migrations both within Africa and throughout the world. Topics include skeletal variation, pigmentation, polymorphisms, hemoglobinpathies and thalassemias, malaria, lactose intolerance, multiple births, congenital malformations, hypertension, and diabetes. The authors also explore the ethical and legal implications of genetic counseling for minority populations. Based on a careful survey and collation of the literature as well as on the authors' original research, Genetic Variation and Disorders in Peoples of African Origin provides more information on this subject than has been previously available in a single, concise volume.

The development of techniques for newborn screening and for prenatal diagnosis of sickle hemoglobin and other hemoglobinopathies will have a profound effect on public health policy to a greater extent than did mass population testing that was initiated in the early 1970s. The subject of this conference is newborn screening; however, there is an old aphorism: "One cannot do one thing." Accordingly, when newborn screening for hemoglobinopathies is instituted on a large scale, the public policy consequences will extend far beyond newborn screening. We cannot anticipate all of the effects of such a policy, but some aftermaths may be predicted with near certainty. To understand the possible outcomes of a large-scale newborn screening program for sickle cell disease, some prior court and legislative decisions are pertinent. Legislation, court decisions, state and federal genetics programs, and scholars in the social sciences, humanities, law, medicine, and genetics support discoveries in genetics that now facilitate genetic testing, prenatal diagnosis and selective abortion of fetuses with genetic and other disorders, artificial insemination, and in vitro fertilization. Arguments for and against these procedures are reminiscent of debates about the use of the limited tools of the old eugenics to prevent the birth of children who were considered to be physically, mentally, or socially defective. Some examples of these court and legislative decisions follow: the Supreme Court verdict in Munn v Illinois established that the public interest supercedes the private interests of individuals; Buck v Bell, another Supreme Court ruling, upheld the constitutionality of mandatory sterilization.

Conducting the economic censuses successfully requires systematic planning and cooperation among many Census Bureau organizational units in every stage of operation through the final publication of the results. While large companies complete industry-specific questionnaires about their operations, the censuses are conducted more efficiently, at less cost, and with less burden on the small business community by using data from administrative records of other Federal agencies. Due to major improvements in data processing techniques, the results of the latest censuses, which covered calendar year 1982, were released earlier than ever before. For 1987, the Census Bureau plans further improvements in its processing system, with the goal of still earlier release of data.

The vacuolar membrane ATPase of Neurospora crassa closely resembles the mitochondrial ATPase in its substrate specificity, substrate affinity, and sensitivity to the inhibitor N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. Three different mutants with altered mitochondrial ATPase activity, exhibited as 1) resistance to N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, 2) enhanced sensitivity to N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, and 3) very low specific activity, were found to be unaltered in the vacuolar membrane ATPase. The vacuolar membrane ATPase was similar to the mitochondrial ATPase and approximately 10-fold more sensitive than the plasma membrane ATPase in its sensitivity to the inhibitors 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole, 2',3'-O-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) adenosine 5'-triphosphate, and 5'-adenylylimidodiphosphate. By contrast, the vacuolar ATPase resembled the plasma membrane ATPase in its response to quercetin (both 10-fold more sensitive than the mitochondrial ATPase); it was unique in its sensitivity to KNO3. A N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-binding protein, migrating between molecular weight markers of 14,400 and 21,500, was identified as a putative component of the vacuolar membrane ATPase. Taken together, these findings support the argument that the vacuolar membrane ATPase is a distinct enzyme, more like the mitochondrial F0F1 ATPase than the plasma membrane ATPase.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStress chemiluminescence of polymeric materials; predictive applications to the aging processSuzanne B. Monaco, Jeffery H. Richardson, James D. Breshears, Stanley M. Lanning, James E. Bowman, and Connie M. WalkupCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 1982, 21, 4, 546–549Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/i300008a007https://doi.org/10.1021/i300008a007research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views69Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts

The prevalence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency and sickle cell trait was determined in 371 Cameroonian males and 668 male blood donors in Chicago. The number of males with both sickle cell trait and G6PD deficiency was significantly greater than expected (p less than 0.05) in Cameroon. The number of males with both sickle cell trait and G6PD deficiency in the Chicago population also exceeded the exptected number, although this was not statistically significant (p greater than 0.30). A young red cell population associated with the sickle cell gene leading to elevated G6PD levels in G6PD-deficient males suggests that sickle hemoglobin may exert a beneficial effect on G6PD deficiency, rather than the opposite, as had previously been proposed. These red cells may be better able to deal with oxidative stress, which can precipitate severe hemolytic disease in G6PD deficiency.

Examination of blood samples from 1,183 individuals from Cameroon indicates that sickle cell trait frequencies and G6PD deficiency frequencies were heterogeneous among villages as well as within geographic areas and ethnic groups. Mean parasite counts were significantly correlated with Hb AS frequencies for children 6 years of age and under, although no correlation was found for mean parasite counts and G6PD deficiency frequencies. The mean age of sickle cell trait individuals was found to be significantly greater than the mean age of Hb AA individuals. The mean age of G6PD-deficient males did not differ from the mean age of G6PD-normal males. Hb AA and Hb AS children did not differ significantly in mean positive parasite counts. Falciparum malaria appears to be a selective pressure keeping Hb S frequencies high; yet it may not be the major selective force maintaining the G6PD polymorphism.

The technique of heat denaturation was used in addition to electrophoresis for the detection of thermostability variants of hemoglobin and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in an attempt to measure the amount of genetic variability present in villages in the United Republic of Cameroon, Equatorial Africa. A minimum of three to a maximum of 13 thermostability variants were estimated for HbA and HbS, and a minimum of two to a maximum of ten thermostability variants were estimated for GdA, GdB, and GdA-. It is suggested that hemoglobin and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase thermostability variants are genetically determined and that the sites of these variants are at the hemoglobin and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase structural loci. The evidence for the existence of these hidden variants and their importance in the neutralist v. selectionist controversy are discussed.

We report a case of “naturally‐occurring” (nonred blood cell stimulated) anti‐K1. The patient had never received a blood transfusion. Red blood cell antibody screening panels showed agglutination with KM red blood cells at room temperature and not in the anti‐globulin test. Testing with 2‐mercaptoethanol showed the antibody to be IgM. The antibody is “naturally‐occurring” and may be associated with pulmonary tuberculosis.