Resistant starches (RS) are dietary compounds processed by the gut microbiota into metabolites, such as butyrate, that are beneficial to the host. The production of butyrate by the microbiome appears to be affected by the plant source and type of RS as well as the individual's microbiota. In this study, we used in vitro culture and metaproteomic methods to explore individual microbiome's functional responses to RS2 (enzymatically-resistant starch), RS3 (retrograded starch) and RS4 (chemically-modified starch). Results showed that RS2 and RS3 significantly altered the protein expressions in the individual gut microbiomes, while RS4 did not result in significant protein changes. Significantly elevated protein groups were enriched in carbohydrate metabolism and transport functions of families Eubacteriaceae, Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae. In addition, Bifidobacteriaceae was significantly increased in response to RS3. We also observed taxon-specific enrichments of starch metabolism and pentose phosphate pathways corresponding to this family. Functions related to starch utilization, ABC transporters and pyruvate metabolism pathways were consistently increased in the individual microbiomes in response to RS2 and RS3. Given that these taxon-specific responses depended on the type of carbohydrate sources, we constructed a functional ecological network to gain a system-level insight of functional organization. Our results suggest that while some microbes tend to be functionally independent, there are subsets of microbes that are functionally co-regulated by environmental changes, potentially by alterations of trophic interactions.

Resistant starches (RS) are dietary compounds processed by the gut microbiota into metabolites, such as butyrate, that are beneficial to the host. The production of butyrate by the microbiome appears to be affected by the plant source and type of RS as well as the individual’s microbiota. In this study, we used in vitro culture and metaproteomic methods to explore the consistency and variations in individual microbiome’s functional responses to three types of RS - RS2(Hi Maize 260), RS3(Novelose 330) and RS4(Fibersym RW). Results showed that RS2 and RS3 significantly altered the levels of protein expression in the individual gut microbiomes, while RS4 did not result in significant protein changes. Significantly elevated protein groups were enriched in carbohydrate metabolism and transport functions of families Eubacteriaceae, Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae. In addition, Bifidobacteriaceae was significantly increased in response to RS3. We also observed taxon-specific enrichments of starch metabolism and pentose phosphate pathways corresponding to this family. Functions related to starch utilization, ABC transporters and pyruvate metabolism pathways were consistently increased in the individual microbiomes in response to RS2 and RS3; in contrast, the downstream butyrate producing pathway response varied. Our study confirm that different types of RS have markedly variable functional effects on the human gut microbiome, and also found considerable inter-individual differences in microbiome pathway responses.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTProteomic and Metaproteomic Approaches to Understand Host–Microbe InteractionsAmanda E. Starr*†, Shelley A. Deeke†, Leyuan Li†, Xu Zhang†, Rachid Daoud†, James Ryan†, Zhibin Ning†, Kai Cheng†, Linh V. H. Nguyen†, Elias Abou-Samra†, Mathieu Lavallée-Adam†, and Daniel Figeys*†‡§View Author Information† Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada‡ Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada§ Molecular Architecture of Life Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1M1, Canada*E-mail: [email protected]*E-mail: [email protected]Cite this: Anal. Chem. 2018, 90, 1, 86–109Publication Date (Web):October 23, 2017Publication History Published online9 November 2017Published inissue 2 January 2018https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04340Copyright © 2017 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSACS AuthorChoiceArticle Views7700Altmetric-Citations31LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (3 MB) Get e-AlertsSUBJECTS:Bacteria,Biological databases,Peptides and proteins,Protein identification,Proteomics Get e-Alerts

Open source encryption technologies have been widely available for over 15 years, yet even today the vast majority of email is transmitted over the Internet in plaintext. While studies indicate that most novice users of the Internet are aware of viruses, spyware and online fraud such as phishing, very few know what encryption is, or how to use it to protect their email communications during transit. The authors believe that the primary barrier to adoption by novice users of encryption technologies is usability. The authors have developed a product that uses AJAX technology to offer users a desktop-like user interface experience similar to popular Mail User Agents while offering end to end encryption seamlessly and transparently. In the hopes that this technology reaches a wide audience, the authors have released the source code of the product under the GNU General Public License.

The five major monitoring programs the pesticide program administered by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are reviewed. Gas chromatographic (GC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods used by each EPA program for organic analysis are described. Quality control is the major difference amoung methods in different programs. Trends for the future of environmental analyses in the US are discussed.

Traditionally, new technology has been slow to enter the paper industry, which turns over its capital stock in about 40 years. In this paper, we will examine some of the reasons for this long transition period and the implications of such a transition period for government policy. If the turnover time could be cut in half, the potential energy savings could be 4 quadrillion Btu (Quads) in 20 years. Examples of new technologies that will become prominent throughout the paper industry by the year 2000 include vapor recompression evaporation, oxygen bleaching, twin-wire forming and extended nip pressing. We present explicit projections of production shares (based on a computer model) for selected new technologies.

Government policy supports the customary industrial goal of putting new technology to work in industry as quickly as possible, so as to enhance productivity and save energy. There is continuing debate over how to achieve this goal, specifically as to the impact of legislation on efforts to improve industrial energy conservation. The Office of Technology Assessment has studied the effects of four types of legislation on four large energy-using industries: Chemicals, paper, petroleum refining and steel. The legislative options include fuel taxes, changes in depreciation rules, energy tax credits, and lower interest rates. The analysis indicates that reasonable levels of the first three of these will not be persuasive in motivating new investments, and will not speed up the rate of new technology penetration. The limits of new technology introduction are set by capital availability and cash flow. Accordingly, lower interest rates which promote capital availability would indeed increase the levels of capital spending and hence accelerate energy conservation.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEffect of reagent impurity on chromotropic acid method for determination of chlorideBadar K. Afghan and James F. RyanCite this: Anal. Chem. 1976, 48, 6, 912–915Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1976Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1976https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60370a044https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60370a044research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views39Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNew automated colorimetric method for the determination of chloride using chromotropic acidBadar K. Afghan, Ricky. Leung, Achut V. Kulkarni, and James F. RyanCite this: Anal. Chem. 1975, 47, 3, 556–559Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1975Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1975https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60353a011https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60353a011research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views95Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDetermination of nanogram quantities of carbonyl compounds using twin cell potential sweep voltammetryBadar K. Afghan, Achut V. Kulkarni, and James F. RyanCite this: Anal. Chem. 1975, 47, 3, 488–494Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1975Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1975https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60353a008https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60353a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views58Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

This report describes the automation of colorimetric and fluorometric methods for the determination of low levels of formaldehyde and related compounds in drinking water, natural water and industrial effluents. The colorimetric method utilizes chromotropic acid and the fluorometric method is based on the reaction of formaldehyde with 2, 4 - pentanedione and ammonia to form a fluorescent product. The fluorometric method was found to be much more specific than the colorimetric procedure and both methods are capable of determining formaldehyde down to 10 ug/litre at a rate of 10–20 samples per hour. The results of a preliminary survey concerning the occurrance of formaldehyde and related compounds in a wide variety of samples, ranging from drinking waters to industrial effluents, are also reported. The results indicate that considerable quantities of these compounds are present in some waters receiving industrial wastes and these results also show that those samples which contain formaldehyde also indicate the presence of other carbonyl compounds. Key Words: Determinationautomated colorimetric methodautomated fluorometric methodformaldehydecarbonyl compoundswaterindustrial effluents

An automated method for the determination of citric acid in sewage and sewage effluents is described. The method is based on Furth-Herman reaction by which citric acid is first converted to citraconic anhydride and then condensed with pyridine to form a fluorescent product. The above reaction has been automated to allow the analysis of 10 samples h −1 down to 10 μg 1, without any separation or preconcentration.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAutomated method for determination of nitrilotriacetic acid in natural water, detergents, and sewage samplesBadar K. Afghan, Peter D. Goulden, and James F. RyanCite this: Anal. Chem. 1972, 44, 2, 354–359Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1972Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1972https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60310a006https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60310a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views57Altmetric-Citations23LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

Preliminary results indicate that it may be possible to identify the functional group present in many organic compounds from chemical ionization mass spectra recorded with nitric oxide as the reagent gas.

An automated method for the determination of boron in natural waters, detergents and sewage effluents is described. The method is based on the reaction of 4'-chloro-2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (CHMB) with boron to produce fluorescent species, in a 90% sulfuric acid medium. The method has been made specific to remove any interferences from all major and minor ions and other organic compounds normally present in water. The method is capable of measuring different chemical forms of boron such as boric acid, borax, sodium perborate and tetraphenyl boron. The method analyses 10 samples per hour, in the 5–100 μg 1−1 boron range. The rate of sample analysis can be increased to 20 per hour at higher concentration ranges. The limit of detection is 1 μg 1−1 boron.