Objective: To study the expression of receptors allowing adhesion-mediated binding of Escherichia coli to urogenital tissues ranging from the kidney to the vagina in cynomolgus monkeys using an in situ assay. Material and Methods: Receptors specific for four relevant adhesins were investigated: PapG and PrsG of P-fimbriae binding to gal-alpha(1-4)gal glycospingolipids (preferentially globoside and the Forssman antigen, respectively): and two variants of FimH of type 1 fimbriae, one binding to monomannose/trimannose and the other to trimannose only. To ascertain the specificity of the observed bindings we used adhesion inhibition by receptor analogues as well as E. coli adhesin knockout mutants. Results: The distributions of PapG and FimH receptors in monkey tissues showed great similarities to available data in humans. Whilst monomannose receptors were expressed on the surface epithelium in both the monkey bladder and ureter, trimannose receptors were not. The different distribution of FimH isoreceptors and the heterogeneity of FimH adhesin variants among E. coli may explain contradictory earlier findings in type 1 fimbriae-mediated adhesion to the human bladder and to renal tissues. We also found evidence of a hitherto unknown type of host-aggressor interaction on vaginal and urethral mucosa, which was not discovered until type 1 fimbriae had been eliminated. Conclusions: a precise molecular fit between host receptors and bacterial lectins is important an infectious pathogenesis. We conclude that urinary tract infection in the cynomolgus monkey is a relevant model of the human disease because of the similarity in the expression of receptors for E coli adhesins on epithelial surfaces in the two species.

This article reviews 30 years of work demonstrating that interactions between mother and newborn infant in the period just after birth influence the physiology and behavior of both. Close body contact of the infant with his/her mother helps regulate the newborn's temperature, energy conservation, acid-base balance, adjustment of respiration, crying, and nursing behaviors. Similarly, the baby may regulate--i.e., increase--the mother's attention to his/her needs, the initiation and maintenance of breastfeeding, and the efficiency of her energy economy through vagus activation and a surge of gastrointestinal tract hormone release resulting in better exploitation of ingested calories. The effects of some of these changes can be detected months later. Parallels to animal research and possible mechanisms are discussed.

Breastfeeding (BF) is part of a complex spectrum of intimately related mother-infant interactions unfolding after delivery, serving energy economy, feeding, protection and attachment. It is hypothesized that these behaviors are partly genetically based, selected by evolution because of their survival value and that physical proximity promotes their expression and perception. With this hypothesis as a backbone it is possible to make a number of testable predictions about behaviours and reactions of mothers and newborns when cared for together and when separated. The results suggest that exposure to contexts contingencies that are evolutionary unexpected - such as separation, Caesarean section, stress in delivery rooms, neonatal and maternal wards - can create pathology, for example failure of BF. To promote BF, care in delivery units/maternal and neonatal wards should aim at a fit with the biology of mother/newborn and a strengthening of maternal selfconfidence, which seems to be fragile in many mothers. If we believe in the health benefits of breastmilk, it would be a first priority to improve the prerequisites for successful BF, by improving the conditions for mothers both at the hospital and the society level.

Thirty-one neonates delivered by cesarean section were exposed to an odor for 30 min shortly after birth. Fifteen births had uterine labor contractions before delivery; 16 were without contractions. All babies were later tested (median age = 80 hr) for their responses to the familiar exposure odor and a novel odor presented on either side of the face. Overall, the babies spent more time turned toward the exposure odor than toward the novel scent. Babies in the labor condition, but not those bom without labor, displayed a significant preference for the exposure odor. Norepinephrine (NE) levels were higher in babies who oriented preferentially toward the exposure odor. Brief exposure immediately after birth is sufficient for the development of olfactory learning. Heightened learning by neonates from births with contractions may reflect locus coeruleus and NE activation. Olfactory learning may therefore be particularly efficient shortly after birth.

Newborn infants in intensive care units are exposed to several unfamiliar smells, mostly related to the nosocomial environment. How the preterm baby perceives these olfactory stimulations remains unclear. Near-infrared spectroscopy can be performed noninvasively above the olfactory cortex to monitor changes of cerebral blood flow as an indicator of cortical activation. The aim of this study was to explore by near-infrared spectroscopy how odorous substances routinely used in the neonatal intensive care unit influence bilateral cortical hemodynamics in the olfactory region of the brains of preterm infants. Specifically, a detergent (Neomidil) and an adhesive remover (Remove) have been tested. Twenty preterm neonates of gestational age 30–37 wk (mean 33.7 ± 2.3 SD) and postconceptional age 32–37.3 wk (mean 35.5 ± 2.75 SD) were monitored by near-infrared spectroscopy. Two optode pairs were placed above the anterior orbitofrontal gyri, which is involved in olfactory processing, on each side of the skull. Fifteen babies were exposed to the smell of a disinfectant and five babies to that of a detergent, both applied to small cotton pads. Changes of oxygenated Hb and deoxygenated Hb were recorded before, during, and after a 10-s stimulus. In 17 out of 20 babies, there was a decrease in oxygenated Hb and total Hb after the exposure to the substances. The decrease was significantly greater in the right side than in the left side. This change was different from that observed in our previous study after exposure to colostrum and the pleasant smell of vanilla, which elicited an increase in blood oxygenation in the same region. The biologic significance of this finding is unknown. We conclude that cortical hemodynamic modifications occur in the preterm newborn after exposure to preparations commonly used in the neonatal intensive care unit. A lateralization seems to occur in processing unpleasant olfactory cues.

Escherichia coli FimH adhesin mediates binding to the bladder mucosa. In mice, a FimH vaccine protects against bacterial challenge. In this study, 4 monkeys were inoculated with 100 microgram of FimCH adhesin-chaperone complex mixed with MF59 adjuvant, and 4 monkeys were given adjuvant only intramuscularly. After 2 doses (day 0 and week 4), a booster at 48 weeks elicited a strong IgG antibody response to FimH in the vaccinated monkeys. All 8 monkeys were challenged with 1 mL of 108 E. coli cystitis isolate NU14. Three of the 4 vaccinated monkeys were protected from bacteruria and pyuria; all control monkeys were infected. These findings suggest that a vaccine based on the FimH adhesin of E. coli type 1 pili may have utility in preventing cystitis in humans.

In mammals, perception of smells during the first hours of life is an essential prerequisite for adaptation of the newborn to the new extrauterine world. Functional magnetic resonance studies have shown that olfactory impression is processed in the lateral and anterior orbito-frontal gyri of the frontal lobe. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) can detect changes in oxygenated [Hb O2], and deoxygenated [Hb H] Hb during cortical activation. The aim of this study was to assess by NIRS olfactory cortex activity in newborn infants receiving olfactory stimuli. Twelve males and 11 females were studied when awake at 6 h to 8 d after birth. NIRS monitoring was carried out using two optodes placed above the left anterior orbito-frontal gyri. Each newborn was exposed for 30 s to two different smell stimuli—mother's colostrum and vanilla—and to a negative control, distilled water. Changes in Hb concentration were measured over the orbito-frontal region. During exposure to vanilla, [Hb O2] increased significantly over the left orbito-frontal area in all babies. The magnitude of the [Hb O2] increase over the illuminated region during colostrum exposure was inversely related to postnatal age. We conclude that monitoring Hb changes by NIRS can be valuable in assessing olfactory responsiveness in infants.

Activation of the cerebral cortex after administration or unpleasant smells in newborn infants in intensive care unit: A functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy preliminary study

Human infants are particularly responsive to olfactory cues emanating from their mother's nipple/areola region. Beginning within minutes after birth, maternal breast odors elicit preferential head orientation by neonates and help guide them to the nipple. Such odors also influence babies' general motor activity and arousal, which may contribute further to successful nipple localization and sucking. The role of maternal olfactory signals in the mediation of early breast-feeding is functionally analogous to that of nipple-search pheromone as described in nonhuman mammals. To some extent, the chemical profile of breast secretions overlaps with that of amniotic fluid. Therefore, early postnatal attraction to odors associated with the nipple/areola may reflect prenatal exposure and familiarization. Although newborns are generally attracted to breast odors produced by lactating women, breast-fed infants rapidly learn their mother's characteristic olfactory signature while sucking at her breasts and can subsequently recognize her by that unique scent alone. Early odor-based recognition may be an important factor in the development of the infant–mother bond.

Acta PaediatricaVolume 87, Issue 7 p. 723-725 Do neonatal pain and stress program the brain's response to future stimuli? J Winberg, J Winberg Department of Paediatrics, Karolinska Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, SwedenSearch for more papers by this author J Winberg, J Winberg Department of Paediatrics, Karolinska Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, SwedenSearch for more papers by this author First published: 02 January 2007 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.1998.tb01735.xCitations: 18AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume87, Issue7July 1998Pages 723-725 RelatedInformation

The aim of this study was to find out whether the hormonal patterns of oxytocin, prolactin and cortisol differed between women delivered by emergency section or by the vaginal route and if these patterns show any relation to the duration of breastfeeding. Seventeen mothers with emergency section (C.S.) and 20 mothers with normal vaginal delivery (V.D.) were blood sampled in connection with breastfeeding on day 2 post partum for oxytocin, prolactin and cortisol. The number of oxytocin pulses as calculated with the PULSAR program occurring during the first 10 min of the breastfeeding session varied between 0 and 5. The V.D. mothers had significantly more pulses than the C.S. ones. Furthermore the C.S. women lacked a significant rise in prolactin levels at 20–30 min after the onset of breastfeeding. Logistic regression analysis revealed mode of delivery and infant's age at first breastfeed to be the most important, independent variables showing a relation to the release pattern of oxytocin on day 2. Correlations between oxytocin pulsatility on day 2 and the duration of the exclusive breastfeeding period in the V.D. group suggest that development of an early pulsatile oxytocin pattern is of importance for breastfeeding.

Acta PaediatricaVolume 84, Issue 5 p. 465-467 Examining breast feeding performance: forgotten influencing factors J Winberg, Corresponding Author J Winberg Institution of Women and Child Health, Karolinska Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, SwedenJ Winberg, Department of Paediatrics, Karolinska Hospital, 104 01 Stockholm, SwedenSearch for more papers by this author J Winberg, Corresponding Author J Winberg Institution of Women and Child Health, Karolinska Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, SwedenJ Winberg, Department of Paediatrics, Karolinska Hospital, 104 01 Stockholm, SwedenSearch for more papers by this author First published: May 1995 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.1995.tb13675.xCitations: 10AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume84, Issue5May 1995Pages 465-467 RelatedInformation

Acta PaediatricaVolume 83, Issue s397 p. 1-2 The neurobiology of infant—parent interaction in the newborn: an introduction Ingemar Kjellmer, Ingemar KjellmerSearch for more papers by this authorJan Winberg, Jan WinbergSearch for more papers by this author Ingemar Kjellmer, Ingemar KjellmerSearch for more papers by this authorJan Winberg, Jan WinbergSearch for more papers by this author First published: June 1994 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.1994.tb13258.xCitations: 7AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume83, Issues397June 1994Pages 1-2 RelatedInformation