British Journal of School NursingVol. 8, No. 7 RepresentationLooking at student cohorts and other issues influencing SCPHN coursesJane WrightJane WrightSearch for more papers by this authorJane WrightPublished Online:27 Sep 2013https://doi.org/10.12968/bjsn.2013.8.7.362AboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail View article References Department of Health (2011) Health Visitor Implementation Plan 2011-15-A Call to Action. www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/213759/dh_124208.pdf (accessed 6 September 2013) Google Scholar FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails 1 September 2013Volume 8Issue 7ISSN (print): 1752-2803ISSN (online): 2052-2827 Metrics History Published online 27 September 2013 Published in print 1 September 2013 Information© MA Healthcare LimitedPDF download

200 British Journal of School Nursing May 2012 Vol 7 No 4 Consent can be defined as an agreement between individuals to a particular act or proposal to act. The ability to understand the implications of agreeing to specific acts is a crucial consideration, and two aspects of consent apply to the role of school nurses. The first is informed consent to treatment and the second is the age of consent to sexual activity. The contentious issues surrounding consent range from philosophical debates about the rights of individuals to self-determination to the collective responsibility of society to protect the vulnerable. The age of consent becomes a public health issue when it has an impact on the lives of young people, their sexual health, their loss of innocence and the impact that has on the population and health service. Historically, the appropriate age at which individuals came together in sexual union was something either for the family to decide or a matter of social custom (Bullough, 2004). These decisions seem likely to have been based on the need to form alliances either with other households, families or different tribes. These ages are still, today, average for the menarche in girls and the start of puberty for boys. In the 16th century, some of the literature offers an insight into issues of consent and marriage. For example, in Shakespeare’s work Romeo and Juliet, Juliet’s mother is keen for her to wed:

British Journal of School NursingVol. 7, No. 6 Public Health in HistoryEnvironmental health and the rise of epidemiologyJane WrightJane WrightSearch for more papers by this authorJane WrightPublished Online:16 Aug 2013https://doi.org/10.12968/bjsn.2012.7.6.304AboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail View article References Chartered Institute of Environmental Health (2012) Our history. www.cieh.org/about_us/history.html (accessed 25 June 2012) Google ScholarChadwick E (1834) Poor Law Commissioners' Report of 1834: Copy of the Report Made in 1834 by the Commissioners for Inquiring into the Administration and Practical Operation of the Poor Laws […] www.econlib.org/library/YPDBooks/Reports/rptPLC0.html (accessed 26 June 2012) Google ScholarCostello A, Abbas M, Allen A et al. (2009) Managing the health effects of climate change. Lancet 373(9676): 1693–733 Crossref, Google ScholarDepartment of Health (2010) Healthy Lives, Healthy People. The Stationery Office, London Google ScholarDepartment of Health (2012) Healthy Lives, Healthy People; improving outcomes and supporting transparency. The Stationery Office, London Google ScholarJones, HW (1945) John Graunt and his Bills of mortality. Bull Med Libr Assoc 33(1): 3–4 Google ScholarGraunt J (1662) Natural and Political Observations based upon Bills of Mortality. Google ScholarSaracci R (2010) Epidemiology, A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, Oxford Crossref, Google ScholarWorld Health Organization (2012) The top ten burden of disease. www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/index.html (accessed 25 June 2012) Google Scholar FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails 1 July 2012Volume 7Issue 6ISSN (print): 1752-2803ISSN (online): 2052-2827 Metrics History Published online 16 August 2013 Published in print 1 July 2012 Information© MA Healthcare LimitedPDF download

British Journal of School NursingVol. 7, No. 2 Public Health in HistoryRunning for life: A history of physical exerciseJane WrightJane WrightSearch for more papers by this authorJane WrightPublished Online:16 Aug 2013https://doi.org/10.12968/bjsn.2012.7.2.94AboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail View article References Ancient Greece (2012) Olympics. www.ancient-greece.com/s/Olympics/ (accessed 26th Feb 2012) Google ScholarBliss Reed E (1906) Selections of the work of Addison. www.archive.org/stream/selections-fromw01addigoog/selectionsfromw01addigoog_djvu.txt (accessed 26th Feb 2012) Google ScholarBoddy K (2008) Boxing: a cultural history. London, Reakton books Google ScholarFIFA (2012) History of Football–the origins. www.fifa.com/classicfootball/history/game/historyg-ame1.html (accessed 26th Feb 2012) Google ScholarGrimm VE (1996) From Feasting to Fasting: The Evolution of a Sin. London, Routledge Google ScholarHornblower S, Spawforth A (1998) Classical Civilisation. Oxford University Press, Oxford Google ScholarRobertson WH (1835) A Popular Treatise on Diet and Regimen Intended as a Textbook for the Invalid and the Dyspeptic. Charles Tilt, London Google ScholarStow D (1850) The Training System, The Moral Training School and the Normal Seminary. 8th edn. Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, London Google ScholarTeaford MF, Ungar PS (2000) Diet and the evolution of the earliest human ancestors. PNAS 97(25): 13506–11 Crossref, Google Scholar FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails 1 March 2012Volume 7Issue 2ISSN (print): 1752-2803ISSN (online): 2052-2827 Metrics History Published online 16 August 2013 Published in print 1 March 2012 Information© MA Healthcare LimitedPDF download

British Journal of School NursingVol. 7, No. 3 Public Health in HistoryFrom childhood to adulthood: Looking at rites of passageJane WrightJane WrightSearch for more papers by this authorJane WrightPublished Online:16 Aug 2013https://doi.org/10.12968/bjsn.2012.7.3.148AboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail View article References Backshall S (2008) Bitten by the Amazon. The Times 6 January 2008 Google ScholarBlack DC (1872). On the Functional Diseases of the Renal, Urinary and Reproductive organs.Lindsay & Blakiston Google ScholarDepartment of Health (2012) Getting it right for children and young people: maximising the contribution of school nursing. The Stationery Office, London Google ScholarGenesis 17: 10—14. King James Bible Google ScholarHerbert M (2005) Developmental Problems of Childhood and Adolescence: Prevention, Treatment and Training. Blackwell, Oxford Crossref, Google ScholarLeviticus 15:19. King James Bible Google ScholarMomoh C (2005) Female Genital Mutilation. Radcliffe Publishing Ltd, Abingdon Google ScholarMorris D (1997) The Human Sexes. Documentary TV series. BBC Google ScholarWilson-Tagoe N (2004) National Healths:Gender, Sexuality and Health in a Cross-cultural Context. UCL press, London Google ScholarMcVeigh T, Sutton T (2010) British girls undergo horror of genital mutilation despite tough laws. www.guardian.co.uk/society/2010/jul/25/female-circumcision-children-british-law (accessed 28 March 2012) Google Scholar FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails 1 April 2012Volume 7Issue 3ISSN (print): 1752-2803ISSN (online): 2052-2827 Metrics History Published online 16 August 2013 Published in print 1 April 2012 Information© MA Healthcare LimitedPDF download

British Journal of School NursingVol. 7, No. 6 Book ReviewsSexual exploitation: resource packJane WrightJane WrightSearch for more papers by this authorJane WrightPublished Online:16 Aug 2013https://doi.org/10.12968/bjsn.2012.7.6.301AboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail View article FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails 1 July 2012Volume 7Issue 6ISSN (print): 1752-2803ISSN (online): 2052-2827 Metrics History Published online 16 August 2013 Published in print 1 July 2012 Information© MA Healthcare LimitedPDF download

British Journal of School NursingVol. 7, No. 5 Public Health in HistoryFrom survival to safeguarding: A history of child protectionJane Wright, Kate PotterJane WrightSearch for more papers by this author, Kate PotterSearch for more papers by this authorJane Wright; Kate PotterPublished Online:16 Aug 2013https://doi.org/10.12968/bjsn.2012.7.5.250AboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail View article References BBC (2010) Suffer the Little Children. first broadcast DEC 2010. BBC, London Google ScholarGalton F (1904) Eugenics, its definition, scope and aims. The American Journal of Sociology X: 1 Crossref, Google ScholarHeywood, C (2001) A History of Childhood. London, Polity Press Google ScholarKirby P (2003) Child Labour in Britain 1750-1870. Palgrave Macmillan Google ScholarLaming Lord (2009) The Protection of Children in England: A progress report. The Stationery Office, London Munro Google ScholarE (2011) The Munro Review of Child Protection. Final report. A child-centred system. The Stationery Office, London Google ScholarNational Archives (2008) 1833 Factory Act. www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/lesson13.htm (accessed 24 May 2012) Google ScholarPorter L (2012) The Foundling Museum– History: The story of London's abandoned children. http://golondon.about.com/od/londonmuseums/a/foundlinghist.htm (accessed 24 May 2012) Google ScholarUK Parliament (2012a) The 1833 Factory Act. www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/trans-formingsociety/livinglearning/19thcentury/overview/laterfactoryleg// (30 May 2012) Google ScholarUK Parliament (2012b) Later factory legislation. www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/livinglearning/school/overview/1870educationact/ (accessed 24 May 2012) Google ScholarWofinden RC (1945) Problem families-subject for discussion. In: Women Public Health Officers’ Association. A refresher course for health visitors and school nurses: summarised report of the lectures given at the University, Hull, from 25th August-8th September, 1945. WPHOA, London Google Scholar FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails 1 June 2012Volume 7Issue 5ISSN (print): 1752-2803ISSN (online): 2052-2827 Metrics History Published online 16 August 2013 Published in print 1 June 2012 Information© MA Healthcare LimitedPDF download

British Journal of School NursingVol. 6, No. 1 Public Health in HistoryLooking at nutrition, part 1: fast and feastJane WrightJane WrightSearch for more papers by this authorJane WrightPublished Online:16 Aug 2013https://doi.org/10.12968/bjsn.2011.6.1.44AboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail View articleAbstract References BBC (2011)Oceans—Into the Blue. Human Planet. Broadcast 13 January 2011. BBC One Google ScholarBBC News (2011) Q&A: Why food prices and fuel costs are going up. www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-11177214 (accessed 19 January 2011) Google ScholarDarwin C (1859) On the origin of the species by means of natural selection: Or the presevation of favoured races in the struggle for life London, John Murry, Albemarle Street Google ScholarFlandrin JL (1999) Food: a culinary history New York, Columbia University Press Google ScholarFood Standards Agency (2011) Eat well, be well. www.eatwell.gov.uk/agesandstages/pregnancy/whenyrpregnant/ (accessed 19 January 2011) Google ScholarGraves R (1934) I Claudius. Penguin Books Google ScholarLind J (1753) A Treatise of the Scurvy in Three Parts. Containing an inquiry into the Nature, Causes and Cure of that Disease, together with a Critical and Chronological View of what has been published on the subject. A Millar, London Google ScholarMcGreat C (2008) Magabe accused of using food as political weapon in Zimbabwe ONLINE available from http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/ jun/04/unitednations.zimbabwe (accessed 19 January 2011) Google ScholarPilcher JM (2006) Food in World History Oxford, Routledge books Google ScholarTanahill R (1973) Food in History. New York Google ScholarTeaford MF, Ungar PS (2000) Diet and the evolution of the earliest human ancestors PNAS, Dec 2005, vol 97, no 25 p13506–13511 Google ScholarToussaint-Samat M (1987) History of food. Blackwell Publishing, London Google Scholar FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited ByLooking at nutrition, part 2: Obesity and body image16 August 2013 | British Journal of School Nursing, Vol. 6, No. 2 1 February 2011Volume 6Issue 1ISSN (print): 1752-2803ISSN (online): 2052-2827 Metrics History Published online 16 August 2013 Published in print 1 February 2011 Information© MA Healthcare LimitedNext time, the phenomenon of obesity will be explored in a historical context and how our diet has changed over time to cause this public health crisis.PDF download

148 British Journal of School Nursing April 2011 Vol 6 No 3 Recommendations about what we should eat and what we should not eat to keep us healthy seem to change daily in the media. Over history, trends in diets have also changed but the general recommendations for healthy living have remained relatively constant. A ‘balanced’ diet of the main constituents (proteins, carbohydrates, dairy produce and fruit and vegetables) has survived the test of time. There have been attempts to establish exactly what proportions of the diet should be filled with particular foodstuffs and how they should be eaten throughout history. Early scholars recommended that food should balance the four humours and therefore maintain the equilibrium of the body and this was dependent on individual temperaments (Wright, 2010).

252 British Journal of School Nursing June 2011 Vol 6 No 5 I t can be argued that the discovery of vaccines that you could inoculate the population with in order to immunize against infectious diseases is the most successful public health initiative in history. Immunization Against Infectious Diseases (Department of Health (DH), 1996) pays tribute to the ‘father’ of vaccination, Edward Jenner, in a bicentenary edition. Known as the Green Book, this publication is produced as a guide to administering vaccines in the UK. It gives detailed information about the nature of the immune response in the human body and how vaccines work. The term vaccine was coined by Jenner from the Latin vacca (cow), in recognition of the work that had been carried out with cowpox to combat smallpox.

British Journal of School NursingVol. 6, No. 8 Public Health in HistoryA history of smoking: From cure to poisonJane WrightJane WrightSearch for more papers by this authorJane WrightPublished Online:16 Aug 2013https://doi.org/10.12968/bjsn.2011.6.8.408AboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail View article References Action on Smoking and Health (2011) Smoking statistics; who smokes and how much? www.ash. org.uk/files/documents/ASH_106.pdf (accessed 4 October 2011) Google ScholarApperson GL (1914) The Social History of Smoking. Martin Secker, London Google ScholarBecket C (2002) An epidemiologist at work: the personal papers of Sir Richard Doll. Medical History 46: 403–21 Google ScholarBritish Medical Journal (2005) Sir Richard Doll-Obituary. www.bmj.com/content/331/7511/295/ suppl/DC1 (accessed 4 October 2011) Google ScholarCancer Research (2011) Smoking statistics. http:// info.cancerresearchuk.org/cancerstats/types/ lung/smoking/#history (accessed 4 October 2011) Google ScholarGoodman J (1993) Tobacco in History: The Cultures of Dependence London, Routledge Google ScholarJames I (1604) A Counter-Blaste to Tobacco. London [edited by Edmund Goldsmid 1884] Google ScholarNicholas Monardes (1577) Of the Tabaco and of His Greate Vertues. [Edited by Wolfe ML, 1996] www.tobacco.org/History/monardes.html (accessed 4 October 2011) Google ScholarWright J (2011) Looking at pandemics: From Black Death to swine flu. British Journal of School Nursing 6(3): 200–1 Link, Google Scholar FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails 1 October 2011Volume 6Issue 8ISSN (print): 1752-2803ISSN (online): 2052-2827 Metrics History Published online 16 August 2013 Published in print 1 October 2011 Information© MA Healthcare LimitedPDF download

British Journal of School NursingVol. 6, No. 4 Public Health in HistoryLooking at pandemics: From Black Death to swine fluJane WrightJane WrightSearch for more papers by this authorJane WrightPublished Online:16 Aug 2013https://doi.org/10.12968/bjsn.2011.6.4.200AboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail View article References Ayliffe GAJ, English MP (2003) Hospital Infections: Miasma to MRSA. Cambridge University Press Google ScholarDarwin C (1859) On the origin of the species by means of natural selection: Or the presevation of favoured races in the struggle for life. John Murry, Albemarle Street, London Google ScholarHorrocks E (1994) The Black Death. Manchester University Press Google ScholarMagna L (2009) A history of infectious diseases and microbiology. Google ScholarMacintyre B (2011) A pox on those who’d keep this deadly virus. The Times [published on 26 April 2011] Google ScholarNightingale F (1860) Notes on Nursing. Harrison, London Google ScholarPatterson KD, Pyle GF (1991) The geography and mortality of the 1918 influenza pandemic. Bull Hist Med 65(1): 4–21 Google ScholarPorter D (1994) The History of Public Health and the Modern State. Editions Rodop, Amsterdam Google ScholarSnow D (2011) Filthy Cities: Industrial New York. BBC productions. [broadcast on 20th April 2011] Google Scholar FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited byA history of smoking: From cure to poison16 August 2013 | British Journal of School Nursing, Vol. 6, No. 8 1 May 2011Volume 6Issue 4ISSN (print): 1752-2803ISSN (online): 2052-2827 Metrics History Published online 16 August 2013 Published in print 1 May 2011 Information© MA Healthcare LimitedPDF download

British Journal of School NursingVol. 6, No. 9 Public Health in HistoryA history of Cannabis from ‘marijuana’ to ‘dope’Jane WrightJane WrightSearch for more papers by this authorJane WrightPublished Online:16 Aug 2013https://doi.org/10.12968/bjsn.2011.6.9.460AboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail View article References Booth M (2003) Cannabis; A history. Cox and Wyman, Reading Google ScholarBrown T (2003) Cannabis: The Genus Cannabis. Harwood academic publishers Google ScholarGiedd J (2009) The Teen Brain: Primed to Learn, Primed to Take Risks. www.dana.org/news/cerebrum/detail.aspx?id=19620 (accessed 3 November 2011) Google ScholarHanson GR, Venturelli PJ, Fleckenstein AE (2012) Drugs and Society. 11th edn. Jones and Bartlett Learning Google ScholarMabillard, Amanda. Did Marijuana Fuel Shakespeare's Genius? Shakespeare Online. www.shakespeare-online.com/biography/notedweed.html (accessed 3 November 2011) Google ScholarPowell O (2003) Galen: On the properties of foodstuffs. Cambridge University Press Google ScholarPanorama (2011) History of cannabis. http://news. bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/panorama/1632726.stm Accessed 24/10/11 (accessed 3 November 2011) Google ScholarRatsch C (2001) Marijuana Medicine English translation, Inner Traditions International Google ScholarRoyal College of Psychiatrists (2011) Cannabis and mental health. www.rcpsych.ac.uk/mentalhealth-info/problems/alcoholanddrugs/cannabis.aspx (accessed 3 November 2011) Google ScholarThe Welcome Trust (2009) The medicalisa-tion of cannabis. http://encore.wellcome. ac.uk/iii/encore/record/C_Rb1727724__Shistory+of+cannabis+use__Orightresult_X1?lang=eng&suite=cobalt (accessed 3 November 2011) Google ScholarThe Wootton Report (1969) Report of the Subcommittee on Hallucinogens of the United Kingdom Home Office Advisory Committee on Drug Dependence. HMSO, London Google ScholarUnited Nations (2011) World Drug report 2011. www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/WDR2011/World_Drug_Report_2011_ebook. pdf (accessed 3 November 2011) Google Scholar FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited byA history of opium, from medical to recreational use16 August 2013 | British Journal of School Nursing, Vol. 6, No. 10 1 November 2011Volume 6Issue 9ISSN (print): 1752-2803ISSN (online): 2052-2827 Metrics History Published online 16 August 2013 Published in print 1 November 2011 Information© MA Healthcare LimitedPDF download

British Journal of School NursingVol. 6, No. 10 Public Health in HistoryA history of opium, from medical to recreational useJane WrightJane WrightSearch for more papers by this authorJane WrightPublished Online:16 Aug 2013https://doi.org/10.12968/bjsn.2011.6.10.512AboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail View article References Escohotado A (1999) A brief history of drugs: from the stone age to the stoned age. Park Street Press, US Google Scholar Homer (800 BC) The Odyssey. Translated by Samuel Butler. http://classics.mit.edu/Homer/odyssey.mb.txt (accessed 24 November 2011) Google Scholar Jay M (2010) High Society, mind altering drugs in history and culture. London, Thames and Hudson Google Scholar Martin R, Creighton J (2009) Heroin ‘cheaper than a night out’. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/essex/8104959.stm (accessed 1 December 2011) Google Scholar NHS Information Centre for Health and Social Care (2011) Statistics on misuse of drugs, 2011. NHSIC, London Google Scholar Porter R, Teich M (1996) Drugs and Narcotics in History. Cambridge University Press Google Scholar Seddon T (2008) Youth, heroin, crack: a review of recent British trends. Health Education 108(3): 237–46 Crossref, Google Scholar Wright J (2011) A history of Cannabis: from Marijuana to Dope. British Journal of School Nursing 6(9): 460–1 Link, Google Scholar FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails 1 December 2011Volume 6Issue 10ISSN (print): 1752-2803ISSN (online): 2052-2827 Metrics History Published online 16 August 2013 Published in print 1 December 2011 Information© MA Healthcare LimitedPDF download

British Journal of School NursingVol. 6, No. 2 Public Health in HistoryLooking at nutrition, part 2: Obesity and body imageJane WrightJane WrightSearch for more papers by this authorJane WrightPublished Online:16 Aug 2013https://doi.org/10.12968/bjsn.2011.6.2.96AboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail View article References Bray G (2009) History of obesity. In: Williams G, Fruhbeck GR, eds. Obesity; Science to Practice. John Wiley and sons Ltd Crossref, Google ScholarBBC (2011) Human Planet: Jungles, people of the trees. ww.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b00rrd83/Human_Planet_Jungles_People_of_the_Trees/ (accessed 2 March 2011) Google ScholarDahl R (1964) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. London Google ScholarGard M, Wright J (2005) The Obesity Epedemic; science, morality and ideology London and New York, Routledge Google ScholarGilman SL (2010) Obesity; The Biography. Oxford University Press Google ScholarRowling JK (1997) Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone. London Google ScholarSavarin B (1854) (Translation by Fayette Robinson) The Physiology of Taste. Philadelphia, Lindsay and Blakiston Google ScholarSteele V (2006) The Corset, a cultural history Google ScholarStunkard AJ, La Fleur WR, Wadden TA (1998) Stigmatization of obesity in medieval times: Asia and Europe. Int J Obes 22(12): 1141–4 Crossref, Google ScholarVoogd S (2011) La Représentation de l’enfant dans les livres pour la jeunesse britanniques contemporains. [The representation of children in contemporary British youth literature]. Doctoral thesis, Université de Toulouse 2, Le Mirail, Toulouse Google ScholarWorld Health Organization (2011) Obesit. www.who.int/topics/obesity/en/ Accessed on 17 Feb 2011 Google ScholarWright J (2011) Nutrition, part 1: Fast and feast. British Journal of School Nursing 5(8): 408–9 Link, Google ScholarWright (2010) A history of mental health and wellbeing, part 1. British Journal of School Nursing 6(1): 44–5 Link, Google Scholar FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails 1 March 2011Volume 6Issue 2ISSN (print): 1752-2803ISSN (online): 2052-2827 Metrics History Published online 16 August 2013 Published in print 1 March 2011 Information© MA Healthcare LimitedPDF download

British Journal of School NursingVol. 6, No. 6 Public Health in HistoryPublic Health in History Public health reform and the emergence of school nursingJane WrightJane WrightSearch for more papers by this authorJane WrightPublished Online:16 Aug 2013https://doi.org/10.12968/bjsn.2011.6.6.304AboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail View article References Achterberg, 1990 Achterberg J (1990) Woman as Healer. Shambhala Publications, Boston Google ScholarCalman, 1998 Calman K (1998) The 1848 Public Health Act and its relevance to improving public health in England now. BMJ 317(7158): 596–8 Crossref, Google ScholarGreat Britain Parliamentary Papers, 1904 Great Britain Parliamentary Papers (1904) Report of the Interdepartmental Committee on Physical Deterioration. Volume I: Report and Appendix Cmnd 2175, The Stationery Office, London Google ScholarNightingale, 1860 Nightingale F (1860) Notes on Nursing. Harrison, London Google ScholarRobothom, & Frost, 2005 Robothom A, Frost M (2005) Health Visiting: Specialist Community Public Health Nursing. Elsevier, London Google ScholarUnderwood, 1946 Underwood JEA (1946) School health service in England and Wales. J Health Phys Educ 17(5): 515–7 Google ScholarWebster, & French, 2002 Webster C, French J (2002) The cycle of conflict: the history of public health and health promotion movements. In: Adams L, Amos M, Munro J, eds. Promoting Health: Politics and Practice. Sage Publications, London Crossref, Google ScholarWright, 2011 Wright J (2011) A history of immunizations: the development of the vaccine. British Journal of School Nursing 6(5): 252–3 Link, Google Scholar FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited bySchool Nursing and Primary Care: The New Frontline?3 August 2019 1 July 2011Volume 6Issue 6ISSN (print): 1752-2803ISSN (online): 2052-2827 Metrics History Published online 16 August 2013 Published in print 1 July 2011 Information© MA Healthcare LimitedPDF download

In the writings of such scholars as Hippocrates, Plato, Polybus and Galen reveal a holistic approach to the workings of the mind and body. In the ancient world the body was viewed as a system closely connected to the natural world (Paster, 1997). The belief in the ‘humours’: blood (sanguine), phlegm, yellow bile (choler) and black bile (melancholy), was first described by Polybus around 400BC. These theories, were further developed by Galen around AD 150 and persisted into the 17th century (Culpeper, 1657). The humours were described as fluids contained and circulated in the blood and the theory was that if you took a sample of blood and allowed it to congeal, it would seperate into the four fluids. Good physical and mental health was acheived when there was balance between all of the humours. To maintain equilibrium, it was sometimes necessary to either remove fluid or add fluid depending upon the problem presented. For example, regimens or rules for healthy living took into account the humoural temperament of the people they were aimed at (Wear, 2000) One of the ways used to remove excessive or corrupt humours from the body was through the practice of blood-letting, which went on for many centuries. There is record of the use of venesection by some physicians in the 19th century for mental illness (see inset).

As Christmas fast approaches, it seems appropriate to explore the history of alcohol. While difficult to measure, alcohol consumption, it is estimated, increases by up to 40% during the Christmas period (Drinkaware, 2010). It can be a time of great anxiety for people as well as celebration and alcohol can be consumed in both situations (Drinkaware, 2010).

Futuristic writers have predicted different outcomes for mankind in terms of reproduction and childbirth. Aldous Huxley (1931) in Brave New World created a world where technology overcame the problems of childbirth by artificially creating life, taking away both the responsibility of parenthood and also the health risks associated with pregnancy. However, he also predicted a world where life is genetically engineered and humans are subjugated into those who have intelligence and those who do not.

The story of contraception is inevitably tied up with cultural and social history, in particular, the changing role and status of women and the family. The control of fertility is linked to religious, political, moral and epidemiological factors which have shaped the use of contraceptives over the centuries.