We first consider three well-known chain conditions in the space of marked groups: the minimal condition on centralizers, the maximal condition on subgroups, and the maximal condition on normal subgroups. For each condition, we produce a characterization in terms of well-founded descriptive-set-theoretic trees. Using these characterizations, we demonstrate that the sets given by these conditions are co-analytic and not Borel in the space of marked groups. We then adapt our techniques to show elementary amenable marked groups may be characterized by well-founded descriptive-set-theoretic trees, and therefore, elementary amenability is equivalent to a chain condition. Our characterization again implies the set of elementary amenable groups is co-analytic and non-Borel. As corollary, we obtain a new, non-constructive, proof of the existence of finitely generated amenable groups that are not elementary amenable.

We study the isomorphism and bi-embeddability relations on the spaces of Kazhdan groups and finitely generated simple groups.

We show that the isomorphism relation for finitely generated solvable groups of class 3 is a weakly universal countable Borel equivalence relation. This improves on previous results. The proof uses a modification of a construction of Neumann and Neumann. Elementary arguments show that isomorphism of finitely generated metabelian or nilpotent groups can not achieve this Borel complexity. In this sense the result is sharp, though it remains open whether the relation is in fact universal.

In recent years, much work in descriptive set theory has been focused on the Borel complexity of naturally occurring classification problems, in particular, the study of countable Borel equivalence relations and their structure under the quasi-order of Borel reducibility. Following the approach of Louveau and Rosendal for the study of analytic equivalence relations, we study countable Borel quasi-orders.In this paper we are concerned with universal countable Borel quasi-orders, i.e., countable Borel quasi-orders above all other countable Borel quasi-orders with regard to Borel reducibility. We first establish that there is a universal countable Borel quasi-order, and then establish that several countable Borel quasi-orders are universal. An important example is an embeddability relation on descriptive set theoretic trees.Our main result states that embeddability of finitely generated groups is a universal countable Borel quasi-order, answering a question of Louveau and Rosendal. This immediately implies that biembeddability of finitely generated groups is a universal countable Borel equivalence relation. The same techniques are also used to show that embeddability of countable groups is a universal analytic quasi-order.Finally, we show that, up to Borel bireducibility, there are 2(N)0 distinct countable Borel quasi-orders, which symmetrize to a universal countable Borel equivalence relation.

Scientific evidence has established that athropogenic carbon pollution and climate change will have a catastrophic and devastating impact on indigenous people. 1 Sadly, many of humanity's oldest people face the loss of their traditional homelands and the extinction of their people as early as 2050, 2 which represents one of the greatest losses and tragedies to the human family and one of the most serious crimes in human history. The aim of this article is to therefore critically examine the impact of climate change on indigenous people and to assess the legal rights available to those communities to seek redress. Part 1 of the paper shall examine the catastrophic and devastating impact of climate change on indigenous people. Part 2 of the article shall provide a survey of the most recent legal decisions at a national, regional and international level and provide an analysis of the emerging academic commentary in the field. Part 3 of the article shall critically examine the major historical, philosophical and institutional limitations of the Western juridical tradition to protect and uphold the rights of indigenous people. As such, the focus of the paper is strictly on litigation and it does not engage with the vitally important issues of policy, mitigation and adaptation, from which, in any case, indigenous people have been largely excluded. 3 While there have been positive developments in case law, the literature reveals that climate change litigation offers little hope for indigenous people. The article will conclude by arguing that current domestic and international legal systems as presently constructed are incapable of protecting the unique rights of indigenous people and culminates in a call for the establishment of an International Court for Human Rights and an International Court for the Environment to prevent the destruction of the traditional homelands of indigenous people and the extinction of humanity's oldest people.

The use of child soldiers has been universally condemned as abhorrent and inhumane and has been declared a war crime under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court 1998, (ICC) and the Optional Protocol 2000. Yet over the last decade, hundreds of thousands of children have fought and died in conflicts around the world. In 2006, the UN estimated that more than 300,000 children were actively involved in armed conflict. Given this, in an historic moment in the prosecution of child soldiering, on March 17, 2006, Thomas Lubanga was the first person arrested under warrant by the International Criminal Court (ICC) for war crimes against children, charged with enlisting and conscripting children under the age of 15 years to participate in hostilities in the mineral rich, North Eastern Ituri district of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) between September 2002 and August 2003. The major finding of this article is that there is an abject lack of international support for the major international instruments prohibiting child soldiering, especially by the United States, China and Russia; that many demobilisation, disarmament and reintegration programmes (DDR) face a serious lack of funding, with many girl soldiers falling outside DDR programmes and that the current minimum age of 15 is too low. This article recommends that an international summit be convened and all relevant international instruments be amended to set a new minimum age of 18 for voluntary recruitment, 21 for active combat service and a new international commitment to be made to prohibit and prevent the use of child soldiers.

How do we understand our own cultural histories and how do these understandings impact on our senses of self? This paper addresses the case of Pacific islander migration into New Zealand. It is based on a study fuelled by a group of Pacific island teachers exploring their own experiences of becoming teachers in New Zealand schools. The paper raises some theoretical issues relating to cultural identity as understood in relation to educational practices at the interfaces of cultures. By examining how notions of Pacific cultural identity for individuals are held in place by particular self‐images the paper asks how such identities might be seen as reaching out to possible futures. The paper concludes with some tentative thoughts on how an individual might work towards strengthening a historical sense of self and a more productive reflective/reflexive conception of engagement in a situation of cultural minority.

The paper describes the group therapy model which has evolved over the past two years on the Child Psychiatry Inpatient Unit of North Carolina Memorial Hospital. It begins with a brief review of the literature concerning group therapy with latency-aged children. The setting and patient population are described. Vignettes from group sessions are used to illustrate techniques which have evolved to deal with this particular setting and population. These include a leadership style characterized by much clarification, modeling, and limit setting; extensive focus on beginning and terminating; clearly defined behavioral limits; the use of “time out”; and use of play materials requiring little skill or attention as anxiety binders as well as projective media; and observation and supervisory discussions open to all members of the treatment team. The paper concludes with a discussion of the potentials and limitations of group therapy in such a setting. The thesis is that this model is effective in diagnosing developmental levels, in developing interpersonal skills, in substituting verbalization for action, and in mastering separation anxieties, though the setting limits the extent to which controlled regression, transference, and group pressures can develop and be used to produce change.

Previous articleNext article No AccessDewey and the Idea of a Science of EducationJay WilliamsJay Williams Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmailPrint SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 67, Number 2Summer, 1959Dewey Centennial Issue Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/442491 Views: 5Total views on this site Citations: 1Citations are reported from Crossref Journal History This article was published in The School Review (1893-1979), which is continued by the American Journal of Education (1979-present). PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article: Douglas E. Scates Judd and the Scientific Study of Education, The School Review 75, no.11 (Oct 2015): 2–28.https://doi.org/10.1086/442791

Previous articleNext article No AccessEducational WritingsInterpreting Democracy through Literature America Speaking. Olga Perschbacher , Dorothy Wilde Jay WilliamsJay Williams Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 52, Number 1Jan., 1944 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/441001 Journal History This article was published in The School Review (1893-1979), which is continued by the American Journal of Education (1979-present). PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.