In a study of more than 20,000 high-level administrators in 821 colleges and universities, it was found that women's salaries were lower than men's, even when institutional, individual, and positional characteristics were statistically controlled. Moreover, the negative effect of female incumbency on salary was greater in larger institutions and in private as compared with public colleges and universities. There was also limited evidence that the availability of more resources tended to increase the amount of gender-based wage discrimination. There was no effect of being in a university, a four-year college, or a two-year college. The results are consistent with the evidence of wage discrimination against women, and serve to identify some factors of organizational context that affect the extent of such discrimination.

In a study of the compensation of over 600 college and university presidents, both individual characteristics (tenure in the position, gender, and whether or not the person was hired from inside) and institutional characteristics (size, resources, university type, and form of control) were found to predict salary. In private institutions, size, resources, and type (university, four-year college, two-year college) had more effect on salary than in public colleges and universities. There is evidence that over the period from 1978 to 1983, salaries increased more in private organizations, and the link between level of resources and compensation increased in public colleges. The results, taken as a whole, are consistent both with functional theories of compensation as well as with perspectives that emphasize the attribution of effectiveness to leaders.

The data used in this study were obtained from the Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research. The data were originally collected by the Center for Human Resource Research, Ohio State University. Neitherthe original collectors of the data nor the Consortium bear any responsibility for the analyses or interpretations presented in this paper. In a study of a national random sample of mature male managerial, professional, and blue-collarworkers, the positive effects of being married and the negative effects of having a working wife on both occupational status and wage attainment were observed most strongly for the professional and managerial subsamples. These results are consistent with both a conformance-to-social expectations and wife-as-career resource arguments, but not as consistent with either human capital/market-signalling or distributive justice arguments. The effects of specific organizational tenure, education, and socioeconomic origins on both forms of attainment tended to be stronger for managers than for professionals, and, in turn, than for the blue-collar respondents. These results are consistent with the different need for control, given the uncertainty of evaluation and performance and importance of the jobs (higher for managers and professionals than for others), and the different mechanisms for achieving control. Professional control is achieved more through extraorganizational mechanisms, while managerial control is achieved through background, certification, and tenure, which tend to be associated with compliance to the normative structure.

Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and SocietyVolume 20, Issue 3 p. 271-285 Unionization and Income Inequality JEFFREY PFEFFER, JEFFREY PFEFFERSearch for more papers by this authorJERRY ROSS, JERRY ROSS *The authors are, respectively, Professor of Organizational Behavior, Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, and Post-doctoral Fellow, Stanford University.Search for more papers by this author JEFFREY PFEFFER, JEFFREY PFEFFERSearch for more papers by this authorJERRY ROSS, JERRY ROSS *The authors are, respectively, Professor of Organizational Behavior, Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, and Post-doctoral Fellow, Stanford University.Search for more papers by this author First published: September 1981 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-232X.1981.tb00202.xCitations: 3 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume20, Issue3September 1981Pages 271-285 RelatedInformation

Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and SocietyVolume 20, Issue 2 p. 179-185 Unionization and Female Wage and Status Attainment JEFFREY PFEFFER, JEFFREY PFEFFER *The authors are, respectively, Professor of Organizational Behavior, Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, and Post-Doctoral Fellow, Stanford University.Search for more papers by this authorJERRY ROSS, JERRY ROSS *The authors are, respectively, Professor of Organizational Behavior, Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, and Post-Doctoral Fellow, Stanford University.Search for more papers by this author JEFFREY PFEFFER, JEFFREY PFEFFER *The authors are, respectively, Professor of Organizational Behavior, Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, and Post-Doctoral Fellow, Stanford University.Search for more papers by this authorJERRY ROSS, JERRY ROSS *The authors are, respectively, Professor of Organizational Behavior, Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, and Post-Doctoral Fellow, Stanford University.Search for more papers by this author First published: March 1981 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-232X.1981.tb00192.xCitations: 3AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume20, Issue2March 1981Pages 179-185 RelatedInformation

Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and SocietyVolume 19, Issue 2 p. 140-151 Union-Nonunion Effects on Wage and Status Attainment JEFFREY PFEFFER, JEFFREY PFEFFER *The authors are, respectively, Professor of Organizational Behavior, Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, and Visiting Assistant Professor, Graduate School of Management, Northwestern UniversitySearch for more papers by this authorJERRY ROSS, JERRY ROSS *The authors are, respectively, Professor of Organizational Behavior, Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, and Visiting Assistant Professor, Graduate School of Management, Northwestern UniversitySearch for more papers by this author JEFFREY PFEFFER, JEFFREY PFEFFER *The authors are, respectively, Professor of Organizational Behavior, Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, and Visiting Assistant Professor, Graduate School of Management, Northwestern UniversitySearch for more papers by this authorJERRY ROSS, JERRY ROSS *The authors are, respectively, Professor of Organizational Behavior, Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, and Visiting Assistant Professor, Graduate School of Management, Northwestern UniversitySearch for more papers by this author First published: March 1980 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-232X.1980.tb01084.xCitations: 5 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume19, Issue2March 1980Pages 140-151 RelatedInformation