Myocarditis constitutes an important component of rheumatic carditis. Antimyosin scintigraphy, which allows noninvasive assessment of myocyte damage, can be used for documentation of cardiac involvement in patients with rheumatic fever where clinical diagnosis is not unequivocal.

A need exists in respiratory medicine for a technology capable of identifying airway pathology on a micron scale. This study has demonstrated the feasibility of optical coherence tomography (OCT) for ultrahigh resolution imaging of the upper respiratory tract by in vitro studies of human tissue. OCT is a relatively new technique that can be used to noninvasively collect tomographic images of tissue microstructure with micron-scale resolution. OCT is analogous to ultrasound, measuring the intensity of infrared light rather than acoustical waves. Samples throughout the upper respiratory tract, from the epiglottis to the secondary bronchi, were imaged. The resulting images were compared with histopathology and verified the ability of OCT to delineate relevant structures such as the epithelium, mucosa, cartilage and its sublayers, and glands at a resolution higher than any clinical imaging technology. The ability of OCT to generate image resolution in the range close to that of histopathology in real time, as well as easy integration with small, relatively inexpensive endoscopes, low cost, and lack of a need for a transducing medium, supports the hypothesis that this optical technology could become a powerful modality in the diagnosis and management of a wide range of clinical respiratory pathology.

A need exists in medicine for a technology capable of 'optical biopsy,' imaging at or near the resolution of histopathology without the need for excisional biopsy. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a recently developed imaging technology that uses infrared light to generate cross-sectional images on a micron scale. In this work, the feasibility of OCT for optical biopsy was confirmed with in vitro tissue from the skeletal and male reproductive systems. This work supports the hypothesis that OCT is an attractive technology for in vivo optical biopsy.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an optical imaging technique that is capable of performing micron-scale, cross-sectional imaging of internal microstructure in biological systems. OCT is analogous to ultrasound B mode imaging except that it uses light rather than sound and performs imaging by measuring the back-scattered intensity of light from structures in tissue. We describe recent advances in OCT technology including the application of short pulse solid state lasers based on Ti: Al2O3 and Cr: Mg2SiO4 to enable high-resolution, high-speed imaging as well as the development of OCT catheter/endoscope delivery to permit imaging of internal organ systems. OCT enables the nonexcisional, in situ, real-time imaging of tissue microstructure and is thus a powerful and promising technique for optical biopsy.

Objective: To evaluate the feasibility of optical coherence tomography, a new method of micron-scale imaging, for high-resolution assessment of the oviduct Optical coherence tomography is analogous to ultrasound except that it measures the backreflection of infrared light rather than acoustical waves.Design: The ampulla of a human fallopian tube was imaged in vitro using optical coherence tomography. Images were generated in 2 and 3 dimensions.Setting: University.Patient(s): Samples were obtained from women who had undergone hysterectomy for leiomyomatosis.Intervention(s): NoneMain Outcome Measure(s): The ability to perform imaging on a micron scale, which is a level of resolution higher than that of any currently available clinical technology.Result(s): Two- and three-dimensional data sets of the reflectance of a human fallopian tube were acquired. A volume of 5 x 5 x 2.5 mm (length x width x depth) was scanned. The axial resolution was 11 mu m, and the lateral resolution at the focus was 20 mu m. The data sets shelved detailed structures of the fallopian tube.Conclusion(s): Our ability to obtain micron-scale two- and three-dimensional images of an in vitro oviduct suggests that it may be possible to identify and surgically treat tubal causes of infertility. (Fertil Steril(R) 1998;70:155-8. (C) 1998 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.).

PURPOSE To evaluate three-dimensional optical coherence tomography (OCT) for use in the assessment of the microsurgical anastomoses of vessels and nerves. MATERIALS AND METHODS OCT is an optical analogue of ultrasonography and is capable of imaging nontransparent biologic tissue by detecting backscattered infrared light. Cross-sectional in vitro images of rabbit and human vessels and nerves were obtained in as little as 125 msec at 10-micron resolution by using a solid-state laser as a light source. A surgical microscope was integrated with OCT to perform simultaneous imaging with en face visualization. Cross-sectional images were assembled to produce three-dimensional reconstructions of microsurgical specimens. RESULTS Three-dimensional OCT reconstructions depicted the structure within an arterial anastomosis and helped identify sites of luminal obstruction. The longitudinal spatial orientation of individual nerve fascicles was tracked in three dimensions to identify changes in position. In vitro human arteries and nerves embedded in highly scattering tissue and not visible at microscopy were located and imaged with OCT at eight frames per second. CONCLUSION The three-dimensional, micrometer-scale, diagnostic imaging capabilities of OCT permit rapid feedback for assessment of microsurgical procedures. OCT technology can be readily integrated with surgical microscopes and has potential for intraoperative monitoring to improve patient outcome.

Studies investigating normal and abnormal cardiac development are frequently limited by an inability to assess cardiovascular function within the intact organism. In this work, optical coherence tomography (OCT), a new method of micron-scale, noninvasive imaging based on the measurement of backscattered infrared light, was introduced for the high resolution assessment of structure and function in the developing Xenopus laevis cardiovascular system. Microstructural details, such as ventricular size and wall positions, were delineated with OCT at 16-microm resolution and correlated with histology. Three-dimensional representation of the cardiovascular system also was achieved by repeated cross-sectional imaging at intervals of 25 microm. In addition to structural information, OCT provides high speed in vivo axial ranging and imaging, allowing quantitative dynamic activity, such as ventricular ejection fraction, to be assessed. The sensitivity of OCT for dynamic assessment was demonstrated with an inotropic agent that altered cardiac function and dimensions. Optical coherence tomography is an attractive new technology for assessing cardiovascular development because of its high resolution, its ability to image through nontransparent structures, and its inexpensive portable design. In vivo and in vitro imaging are performed at a resolution approaching that of histopathology without the need for animal killing.

Background: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a recently developed compact technology which uses infrared light to perform cross-sectional imaging on a micrometer scale. Since OCT provides imaging at a resolution comparable to conventional histology and does not require direct contact with the tissue surface, a role in real-time surgical diagnostics represents a logical extension. In this work, we test the feasibility of OCT for surgical diagnostics by demonstrating imaging in tissue relevent to microsurgical intervention, a previously undescribed observation. Materials and methods: Over 50 sites on nervous, reproductive, and microvascular specimens from 10 patients were examined postmortem with OCT. After imaging, tissue was registered with microinjections of dye, under visible light laser guidance, followed by routine histologic processing to confirm the identity of microstructure. Results: The 16 ± 1 μm resolution allowed subsurface microstructure to be identified at unprecedented resolution. Structures identified included fascicles of peripheral nerves, the internal elastic membrane of microvessels, and the granular layer of the cerebellum. Conclusions: The ability of OCT to provide micrometer-scale definition of tissue microstructure suggests a role in surgical diagnostics. Futurein vivoinvestigations are merited to establish its utility for morbidity reduction associated with surgical intervention.

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a recently developed non-invasive technique for obtaining high resolution, cross-sectional images of human tissue. This work investigated the capability of OCT to differentiate the architectural morphology of urologic tissue with the long term aim of using OCT as an adjunct to endoscopic imaging and to improve the efficiency of interventional procedures such as transurethral prostatectomy (TURP). Urologic tissues were taken postmortem, dissected, and imaged using OCT. Microstructure was delineated in different urologic tissues, including the prostatic urethra, prostate, bladder, and ureter, with an axial resolution of 16 +/- 1 microm., higher than any clinically available endoscopic intraluminal imaging technology. The ability of OCT to provide non-contact high resolution imaging of urologic tissue architectural morphology (i.e. optical biopsy), without the need for excisional biopsy, suggests the potential of using OCT to obtain information on tissue microstructure that could only previously be obtained with conventional biopsy.

Background and Purpose Transcranial Doppler (TCD) is often used in conjunction with carotid duplex ultrasonography (CDUS) to evaluate the hemodynamic significance of internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis. We examined the sensitivity and specificity of TCD criteria for detection of a hemodynamically significant stenosis (residual lumen diameter <1.5 mm) at the origin of the ICA. Methods We selected patients who underwent carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and had preoperative TCD data available. Eighty-one patients underwent transorbital evaluation, 49 of whom also had transtemporal TCD performed. The endarterectomy specimens were removed en bloc and sectioned, and the minimal residual lumen diameter calculated by computer analysis. Results For the transorbital approach, the strongest indicators of a residual lumen diameter <1.5 mm were reversed flow in the ipsilateral ophthalmic artery and a >50% peak systolic velocity difference between the carotid siphons (distal ICAs) in patients with unilateral ICA origin stenosis. They were 100% specific and 31% and 26% sensitive, respectively. For the transtemporal approach in patients with a unilateral stenosis, a >35% difference in ipsilateral middle cerebral artery (MCA) peak systolic velocity relative to the contralateral MCA or a >50% difference in contralateral anterior cerebral artery (ACA) peak systolic velocity relative to the ipsilateral ACA were 100% specific for identifying a residual lumen diameter of <1.5 mm. Sensitivities were 32% and 43%, respectively. Irrespective of contralateral stenosis, a >35% difference in ipsilateral MCA peak systolic velocity relative to the ipsilateral posterior cerebral artery had a 100% specificity and a 23% sensitivity for detecting a <1.5 mm minimal residual lumen diameter. Conclusions Although the TCD sensitivity for detecting a hemodynamically significant stenosis is relatively low, it can be highly specific (up to 100%). We conclude that TCD enhances the specificity of highly sensitive CDUS criteria for detecting a hemodynamically significant ICA stenosis.

Background-OCT can image plaque microstructure at a level of resolution not previously demonstrated with other imaging techniques because it uses infrared light rather than acoustic waves.Objectives-To compare optical coherence tomography (OCT) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging of in vitro atherosclerotic plaques.Methods-Segments of abdominal aorta were obtained immediately before postmortem examination. Images of 20 sites from five patients were acquired with OCT (operating at an optical wavelength of 1300 nm which was delivered to the sample through an optical fibre) and a 30 MHz ultrasonic transducer. After imaging, the microstructure of the tissue was assessed by routine histological processing.Results-OCT yielded superior structural information in all plaques examined. The mean (SEM) axial resolution of OCT and IVUS imaging was 16 (1) and 110 (7), respectively, as determined by the point spread function from a mirror. Furthermore, the dynamic range of OCT was 109 dB compared with 43 dB for IVUS imaging.Conclusions-OCT represents a promising new technology for intracoronary imaging because of its high resolution, broad dynamic range, and ability to be delivered through intravascular catheters.

Current medical imaging technologies allow visualization of tissue anatomy in the human body at resolutions ranging from 100 micrometers to 1 millimeter. These technologies are generally not sensitive enough to detect early-stage tissue abnormalities associated with diseases such as cancer and atherosclerosis, which require micrometer-scale resolution. Here, optical coherence tomography was adapted to allow high-speed visualization of tissue in a living animal with a catheter-endoscope 1 millimeter in diameter. This method, referred to as "optical biopsy," was used to obtain cross-sectional images of the rabbit gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts at 10-micrometer resolution.

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Share on X Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Share with WeChat Get Citation Copy Citation Text J. G. Fujimoto, B. E. Bouma, G. J. Tearney, S. A. Boppart, C. Pitris, J. Herrmann, E. A. Swanson, J. F. Southern, and M. E. Brezinski, "Optical Coherence Tomography for Biomedical Imaging and Diagnostics," in 12th International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors, Vol. 16 of 1997 OSA Technical Digest Series (Optica Publishing Group, 1997), paper OTuA1. Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article

We present advances in OCT technology that will enable in vivo OCT imaging of internal organ systems such as the cardiovascular system, the urinary tract, and the gastrointestinal tract. These advances include improvements in image acquisition speed to avoid motion artifacts, and the development of an OCT compatible catheter-endoscope for access to internal organ systems. A fast scanning OCT system has recently been constructed. This system employs a high power (200 mW) chromium doped forsterite laser as the low coherence source and a piezoelectric fiber stretcher to induce reference arm optical path length delay. The fast scanning system acquires OCT images with an acquisition rate of four images per second, an axial resolution of 15 /spl mu/m, and a signal to noise ratio of 112 dB.

Using pulsed field gradient methods combined with magnetic resonance imaging, we calculated the apparent water diffusion coefficient D in different atherosclerotic components to probe the microstructure of normal and diseased arteries by characterizing molecular motion. D was equal to 0.26 +/- 0.13 x 10(-5) cm2.s-1 in plaque lipid core, 1.45 +/- 0.41 x 10(-5) cm2.s-1 in collagenous cap, and 1.54 +/- 0.30 x 10(-5) cm2.s-1 in normal media. Water diffuses isotropically in the atheromatous core of the plaque, suggesting the absence or destruction of confining structures. The comparable diffusion coefficients in collagenous cap and normal media are consistent with similar biophysical barriers in both components. In thrombi, D varies with the aging processes (fresh thrombus, 0.72 +/- 0.11 x 10(-5) cm2.s-1; 1-week-old thrombus, 0.36 +/- 0.08 x 10(-5) cm2.s-1; old occluding thrombus, 1.33 +/- 0.33 x 10(-5) cm2.s-1), consistent with the cross-linking of the fibrin strands occurring in the early phase and the later thrombus organization. Defining an indirect index of arterial lipid infiltration, remodeling, and aging, diffusion imaging provides a new nuclear magnetic resonance characterization of atherothrombosis.

HomeCirculationVol. 94, No. 11Catheter-Based Optical Imaging of a Human Coronary Artery Free AccessResearch ArticleDownload EPUBAboutView EPUBSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyReddit Jump toFree AccessResearch ArticleDownload EPUBCatheter-Based Optical Imaging of a Human Coronary Artery Guillermo J. Tearney, Mark E. Brezinski, Stephen A. Boppart, Brett E. Bouma, Neil Weissman, James F. Southern, Eric A. Swanson and James G. Fujimoto Guillermo J. TearneyGuillermo J. Tearney Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge. , Mark E. BrezinskiMark E. Brezinski Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge. , Stephen A. BoppartStephen A. Boppart Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge. , Brett E. BoumaBrett E. Bouma Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge. , Neil WeissmanNeil Weissman Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge. , James F. SouthernJames F. Southern Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge. , Eric A. SwansonEric A. Swanson Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge. and James G. FujimotoJames G. Fujimoto Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge. Originally published1 Dec 1996https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.94.11.3013Circulation. 1996;94:3013Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a recently developed technology that uses infrared light to generate micrometer-scale cross-sectional images (Science. 1991;254:1178-1181). We recently demonstrated the feasibility of using OCT for assessing atherosclerotic plaque microstructure (Circulation. 1996;93:1206-1213) at resolutions of 4 to 16 μm.The editor of Images in Cardiovascular Medicine is Hugh A. McAllister, Jr, MD, Chief, Department of Pathology, St Luke's Episcopal Hospital and Texas Heart Institute, and Clinical Professor of Pathology, University of Texas Medical School and Baylor College of Medicine.Circulation encourages readers to submit cardiovascular images to Dr Hugh A. McAllister, Jr, St Luke's Episcopal Hospital and Texas Heart Institute, 6720 Bertner, MC 4-265, Houston, TX 77030.Download figureDownload PowerPoint Figure 1. A, OCT imaging using a prototype catheter-based approach. An image of an in vitro human coronary artery generated with a recently developed OCT catheter. The prototype OCT catheter is 2.9F and contains no transducer within the catheter frame. The adventitia and media are well differentiated, in addition to moderate intimal hyperplasia. B, A 3.2F, 30-MHz intravascular ultrasound transducer (Cardiovascular Instrument Systems) was used to image the same arterial segment. The data in B were processed and displayed with an Insight III ultrasound system (Cardiovascular Instrument Systems). Bar (A) and gratings are 1 mm.FootnotesCorrespondence to Mark E. Brezinski, MD, PhD, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139. Previous Back to top Next FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited By Taguchi Y, Itoh T, Sasaki W, Oda H, Uchimura Y, Kaneko K, Sakamoto T, Goto I, Sakuma M, Ishida M, Terashita D, Otake H, Morino Y and Shinke T (2022) Predictors of Irregular Protrusion After Everolimus-Eluting Stent Implantation in Patients with Stable Coronary Artery Disease, International Heart Journal, 10.1536/ihj.21-548, 63:2, (210-216), Online publication date: 30-Mar-2022. 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