While Intelligence Quotient (IQ) is widely considered a linear protective factor against attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), this paradigm fails to capture domain-specific nuances. We investigated whether non-linear relationships between IQ profiles and ADHD symptoms exist in a large cohort of children diagnosed with ADHD using a multidimensional dataset that integrates behavioral assessments, cognitive testing, and neuroimaging data. We examined a cohort of 5138 children aged 6–16 years diagnosed with ADHD, spanning a broad IQ range, and employed Restricted Cubic Spline (RCS) models to characterize the relationships between IQ measures [Full-Scale IQ (FIQ), Verbal IQ (VIQ), and Performance IQ (PIQ)] and core ADHD symptoms [Total scores, Inattention (IA), and hyperactivity/impulsivity subscales (H/IMP)]. This analytical framework was subsequently extended to executive function performance and brain surface area measurements to provide convergent mechanistic evidence. Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) was utilized to validate the non-linear relationship between functional impairments and IQ levels. FIQ demonstrated a linear negative association with total ADHD symptoms (β = −0.026, t = −3.27, p = 0.001). We identified a “double-edged sword” effect for IQ: while VIQ was linearly associated with lower IA scores (β = −0.015, t = −4.10, p < 0.001), it was associated with higher IMP scores (β = 0.007, t = 2.66, p = 0.008). Conversely, PIQ exhibited a dynamic developmental trajectory; the negative correlation between PIQ and IMP observed in childhood inverted into a significant U-shaped relationship in adolescence (p = 0.008). These behavioral findings were substantiated by convergent neuropsychological and neuroanatomical evidence. Finally, LPA validated a distinct “High IQ/High Impulsivity” subtype characterized by unique cognitive profiles. In conclusion, higher IQ appears to be associated with lower levels of inattention but greater impulsivity, potentially through distinct neurocognitive mechanisms. This refutes the model of IQ as a uniform protector and highlights the need to target inhibitory deficits, especially in high-IQ populations.

Background Intelligence quotient (IQ) has traditionally been considered a protective factor against attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, recent findings suggest a more complex relationship. This study aimed to elucidate the nuanced associations between IQ and ADHD. We leveraged a high-quality, multi-dimensional dataset encompassing behavioural, cognitive, and neuroimaging measures from a large ADHD cohort to investigate these relationships comprehensively. Methods We conducted a study with 5,138 children, aged 6–16 years, who have been professionally diagnosed with ADHD and have a wide range of IQ levels. General Linear Models were used to fit the relationship between IQ [Full-Scale IQ (FSIQ), Verbal IQ (VIQ), and Performance IQ (PIQ)] and ADHD core symptoms [total scores (TO), inattention (IA), hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI)] while considering sex and age as covariates. Furthermore, we examined if the complex associations between IQ and ADHD symptoms could be validated in executive functions and brain structure associated with ADHD. Finally, Latent class analysis was used to identify IQ and symptomatic characteristics in profiles of functional impairment of ADHD. Results Consistent with previous research, our study demonstrated a linear negative correlation between FSIQ and ADHD core symptoms. However, PIQ exhibited an inverted U-shaped relationship with HI scores, peaking at a PIQ of 103. These findings were partially corroborated in the relationships between IQ and executive functions, as well as IQ and brain surface area. Latent profile analysis identified three distinct ADHD profiles: Mild Impairment, Severe Academic Deficit, and Social-Academic Deficit. Notably, while higher IQ was associated with less impairment in academic performance, it did not consistently predict social functional impairment. Paradoxically, the group with the least overall impairment exhibited the highest levels of hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms. Conclusion This study elucidates the intricate relationship between IQ and ADHD, revealing that elevated Performance IQ is associated with increased hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms, while higher symptom levels may not always indicate worse outcomes.

This study investigates neural processes in infant speech processing, with a focus on left frontal brain regions and hemispheric lateralization in Mandarin-speaking infants' acquisition of native tonal categories. We tested 2- to 6-month-old Mandarin learners to explore age-related improvements in tone discrimination, the role of inferior frontal regions in abstract speech category representation, and left hemisphere lateralization during tone processing. Using a block design, we presented four Mandarin tones via [ta] and measured oxygenated hemoglobin concentration with functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Results showed age-related improvements in tone discrimination, greater involvement of frontal regions in older infants indicating abstract tonal representation development and increased bilateral activation mirroring native adult Mandarin speakers. These findings contribute to our broader understanding of the relationship between native speech acquisition and infant brain development during the critical period of early language learning.

When reading Chinese, skilled native readers regularly gain a preview benefit (PB) when the parafoveal word is orthographically or semantically related to the target word. Evidence shows that non-native, beginning Chinese readers can obtain an orthographic PB during Chinese reading, which indicates the parafoveal processing of low-level visual information. However, whether non-native Chinese readers who are more proficient in Chinese can make use of high-level parafoveal information remains unknown. Therefore, this study examined parafoveal processing during Chinese reading among Tibetan-Chinese bilinguals with high Chinese proficiency and compared their PB effects with those from native Chinese readers. Tibetan-Chinese bilinguals demonstrated both orthographic and semantic PB but did not show phonological PB and only differed from native Chinese in the identical PB when preview characters were identical to the targets. These findings demonstrate that non-native Chinese readers can extract semantic information from parafoveal preview during Chinese reading and highlight the modulation of parafoveal processing efficiency by reading proficiency. The results are in line with the direct route to access the mental lexicon of visual Chinese characters among non-native Chinese speakers.

A large body of evidence suggests that brain signal complexity (BSC) may be an important indicator of healthy brain functioning or alternately, a harbinger of disease and dysfunction. However, despite recent progress our current understanding of how BSC emerges and evolves in large-scale networks, and the factors that shape these dynamics, remains limited. Here, we utilized resting-state functional near-infrared spectroscopy (rs-fNIRS) to capture and characterize the nature and time course of BSC dynamics within large-scale functional networks in 107 healthy participants ranging from 6-13 years of age. Age-dependent increases in spontaneous BSC were observed predominantly in higher-order association areas including the default mode (DMN) and attentional (ATN) networks. Our results also revealed asymmetrical developmental patterns in BSC that were specific to the dorsal and ventral ATN networks, with the former showing a left-lateralized and the latter demonstrating a right-lateralized increase in BSC. These age-dependent laterality shifts appeared to be more pronounced in females compared to males. Lastly, using a machine-learning model, we showed that BSC is a reliable predictor of chronological age. Higher-order association networks such as the DMN and dorsal ATN demonstrated the most robust prognostic power for predicting ages of previously unseen individuals. Taken together, our findings offer new insights into the spatiotemporal patterns of BSC dynamics in large-scale intrinsic networks that evolve over the course of childhood and adolescence, suggesting that a network-based measure of BSC represents a promising approach for tracking normative brain development and may potentially aid in the early detection of atypical developmental trajectories.

The impairment of executive functions (EFs) in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) might vary from one individual to another, indicating high heterogeneity. Comorbidity may contribute to this heterogeneity. Disruptive behavior disorders (DBD), including oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD), is the most common comorbidity in ADHD. Although many studies suggest that ADHD with CD (ADHDCD+) and ADHD with ODD (ADHDODD+) should be treated differently, little research has attempted to separate these two disorders when studying the EFs and brain imaging of ADHD with DBD (ADHDDBD+). Thus, based on our ongoing research in ADHD, we have now recruited a large sample size of medication-naïve children to obtain estimates of neurocognitive function and functional brain networks. We found no EF impairment in ADHDCD+ patients compared with healthy controls (HCs). Correlation analysis showed that more severe CD symptoms were associated with better EFs. The mediation analysis revealed that the relationship between CD symptoms and inhibition function was mediated by the functional connectivity (FC) of SMN(L) - DMN(R) in the younger group. The study suggested that ADHDCD+ and ADHDODD+ are different in their EF impairment. The comorbidity of CD may not worsen the impairments and might even improve EF performance within ADHD individuals.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of the Mindful Parenting Program (MPP) on the executive function and brain function of parents of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). One hundred thirteen parents of children with ADHD were randomly assigned to the 8-week MPP or the Treatment as Usual waitlist control group (TAU). The stroop test, spatial working memory test, and Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version (BRIEF-A) were administered at baseline and postintervention. In addition, the time-by-group interaction of the participants was measured with functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). The effects of the MPP on the executive function and functional connectivity (FC) of the brain were evaluated with repeated measures analysis of variance. For executive function, there was a significant time-by-group interaction effect on BRIEF-Initiation (F=4.42, p=0.038, Cohen’s d=0.19) and BRIEF-Shift scores (F=4.01, p=0.048, Cohen’s d=0.23). Only 16 participants in the MPP group and 15 in the TAU waitlist control were included for fNIRS analysis. Compared with those in the TAU waitlist control group, the MPP group had increased FC in the right default mode network (DMN-R), and left frontoparietal network (FPN-L), DMN-R-left ventral attention network (VAN-L), DMN-R-left visual network (VN-L), VAN-L-right ventral attention network (VAN-R), VAN-L, and left visual network (VN-L). In contrast to the MPP group, the TAU waitlist control group had decreased FC in the left sensorimotor network (SMN-L)-VN-L. The improvements in BRIEF-Shift scores were correlated with VN(L)-SMN(L). However, no results were significant after false discovery rate correction, a statistical method to control for multiple comparisons. The MPP appears to have beneficial effects on the executive function and brain function of parents of children with ADHD. However, these findings need to be confirmed in further studies. https://www.chictr.org.cn ; ChiCTR1800019215 (registered in 2018/08/31)

Background Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder. Many previous studies have shown that the comorbid status of disruptive behaviour disorders (DBD) was a predictor for ADHD persistence into adulthood. However, the brain mechanisms underlying such a relationship remain unclear. Thus, we aim to investigate whether the brain functional alteration in adults with ADHD could also be detected in children with ADHD co-occurring with disruptive behaviours from both quantitative and categorical dimensions. Methods A total of 172 children with ADHD (cADHD), 98 adults with ADHD (aADHD), 77 healthy control children (cHC) and 40 healthy control adults (aHC) were recruited. The whole-brain spontaneous fluctuations in brain activity of each participant were recorded using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), and the functional connectivities (FCs) were calculated. We first compared the FC differences between aADHD and aHC. Then, for the regions with significantly abnormal FCs in aADHD, we further compared these features between cADHD and cHC. In addition, the correlation between these FCs and the conduct disorder (CD)/oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms were analysed in cADHD. Moreover, to render the results readily interpretable, we compared the FC differences among ADHD(CD-), subthreshold ADHD(CD+) and cHC groups, and among ADHD(ODD-), ADHD(ODD+) and cHC groups. Finally, we repeated the above analysis after controlling for other comorbidities and core symptoms to diminish the potential confounding effects. Results We found that compared with aHC, aADHD showed significantly increased FCs in the VN, DMN, SMN, and DAN. The aforementioned abnormal FCs were also detected in cADHD, however, in an opposite orientation. Notably, these abnormal FCs were positively correlated with CD symptoms. Finally, the subthreshold ADHD(CD+) group even exhibited a tendency of adult-like increased FCs compared with the cHC. The results held after controlling for other comorbidities and core symptoms. Conclusion This study provides functional neuroimaging evidence that CD might be a risk factor for ADHD persistence into adulthood. Our work highlights the importance of differentiating ADHD(CD+) from ADHD and inspiring further understanding of brain development in ADHD.

It is well-established that visuospatial attention is mainly lateralized to the right hemisphere, whereas language production is mainly left-lateralized. However, there is a significant controversy regarding how these two kinds of lateralization interact with each other. The present research used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to examine whether visuospatial attention is indeed right-lateralized, whereas language production is left-lateralized, and more importantly, whether the extent of lateralization in the visuospatial task is correlated with that in the task involving language. Specifically, fifty-two healthy right-handed participants participated in this study. Multiple-channel fNIRS technique was utilized to record the cerebral hemodynamic changes when participants were engaged in naming objects depicted in pictures (the picture naming task) or judging whether a presented line was bisected correctly (the landmark task). The degree of hemispheric lateralization was quantified according to the activation difference between the left and right hemispheres. We found that the picture-naming task predominantly activated the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) of the left hemisphere. In contrast, the landmark task predominantly activated the inferior parietal sulcus (IPS) and superior parietal lobule (SPL) of the right hemisphere. The quantitative calculation of the laterality index also showed a left-lateralized distribution for the picture-naming task and a right-lateralized distribution for the landmark task. Intriguingly, the correlation analysis revealed no significant correlation between the laterality indices of these two tasks. Our findings support the independent hypothesis, suggesting that different cognitive tasks may engender lateralized processing in the brain, but these lateralized activities may be independent of each other. Meanwhile, we stress the importance of handedness in understanding the relationship between functional asymmetries. Methodologically, we demonstrated the effectiveness of using the multichannel fNIRS technique to investigate the hemispheric specialization of different cognitive tasks and their lateralization relations between different tasks. Our findings and methods may have important implications for future research to explore lateralization-related issues in individuals with neural pathologies.

Cerebral asymmetry is a cardinal feature of functional organization in the human brain and an important biomarker of successful brain development. Studies have demonstrated that functional network asymmetries across hemispheres undergo significant development through childhood and adulthood. However, it remains unknown when such asymmetries of functional networks emerge and how they develop across the early months of infancy. To address this issue, we used multiple-channel functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) imaging to record spontaneous brain activity in 66 healthy infants aged 3–9 months. We then adopted a graph-theory analysis approach to quantify the topological characteristics of hemispheric networks in each participant. Our results showed that infants aged 3 to 6 months old exhibited leftward asymmetries in local network efficiency, while infants aged 6 to 9 months old exhibited leftward asymmetries in global network efficiency. Importantly, the degree of leftward asymmetry in global network efficiency was increased over development from 3 to 9 months old, with a faster increase in the left hemisphere than in the right hemisphere. At the regional level, 3- to 6-month-old infants exhibited leftward asymmetries in functional connectivity strength (FCS) in the temporal cortex, whereas the FCS asymmetries were located in the temporal, frontal, and occipital cortexes for 6- to 9-month-old infants. Furthermore, the 6- to 9-month-old infants also exhibited leftward asymmetries in nodal efficiency around the frontal cortex. These combined findings demonstrate that functional asymmetric organization has emerged in early infancy, which could lay a critical foundation for the development of brain functions (e.g., language and social cognition functions) later in life.

Brain signal variability (BSV) has shown to be powerful in characterizing human brain development and neuropsychiatric disorders. Multiscale entropy (MSE) is a novel method for quantifying the variability of brain signal, and helps elucidate complex dynamic pathological mechanisms in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Here, multiple-channel resting-state functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) imaging data were acquired from 42 children with ADHD and 41 healthy controls (HCs) and then BSV was calculated for each participant based on the MSE analysis. Compared with HCs, ADHD group exhibited reduced BSV in both high-order and primary brain functional networks, e.g., the default mode, frontoparietal, attention and visual networks. Intriguingly, the BSV aberrations negatively correlated with ADHD symptoms in the frontoparietal network and negatively correlated with reaction time variability in the frontoparietal, default mode, somatomotor and attention networks. This study demonstrates a wide alternation in the moment-to-moment variability of spontaneous brain signal in children with ADHD, and highlights the potential for using MSE metric as a disease biomarker.

Tibetan script differs from other alphabetic writing systems in that word forms can be composed of horizontally and vertically arrayed characters. To examine information extraction during the reading of this script, eye movements of native readers were recorded and used to control the size of a window of legible text that moved in synchrony with the eyes. Letters outside the window were masked, and no viewing constraints were imposed in a control condition. Comparisons of window conditions with the control condition showed that reading speed and oculomotor activity matched the control condition, when windows revealed three letters to the left and seven to eight letters to the right of a fixated letter location. Cross-script comparisons indicate that this perceptual span is smaller than for English and larger than for Chinese script. We suggest that the information density of a writing system influences the perceptual span during reading.

目的 探讨外周听觉通路异常是否在生命早期已对皮层功能正常发育产生影响,为儿童早期听力损失干预及康复计划的制定提供依据.方法 50例婴儿(3～6月龄)纳入研究,其中听力正常35例(听力正常组),双侧对称性中度及以上程度感音神经性听力损失15例(听力损失组),分别进行静息态功能性近红外脑成像技术(functional near-infrared spectroscopy,fNIRS)测试,采用半球自主性系数(hemispheric autonomy index,AI)评估大脑皮层的功能特性.结果 两组婴儿AI的空间分布存在差异,听力正常组婴儿左侧颞叶AI显著高于右侧(L-R=0.075 1±0.014 8,P＜0.000 1),听力损失组婴儿左侧额叶AI显著高于右侧(L-R=0.064 3±0.018 7,P＜0.000 1).结论 中度及以上程度感音神经性听力损失婴儿在3～6月龄时大脑皮层功能已与听力正常婴儿产生差异.

采用语义启动任务及藏语与汉语语义相关词和无关词对,探究语言经验能否改变熟练藏-汉双语者的母语主导优势和双语语义表征方式.结果表明,1)无论启动词为藏语还是汉语,藏-汉双语者对汉语L2目标词的加工速度和正确率均显著好于藏语L1,存在语义启动效应;而在藏语目标词条件下则未发现显著的语义启动效应;2)藏语到汉语的语义启动效应大于汉语到藏语的启动效应.结果表明,藏-汉双语者的汉语经验对藏语词的表征有影响,但汉语还不能完全替代母语藏语为主导语,结果在一定程度上支持Kroll的RHM模型和Green的ICM模型.

Objective:The study explored the effect of freshmen's study experience on the score of statistics .Meth‐ods:MSSEQ(Mathematical Statistics Study ExPerience Questionnaire)were adopted to survey 187 freshmen .Results:① there were significant difference of study attitude on different gender(t=‐1 9.2 ,P<0 0.5) ,study anxiety on home‐town and whether the one-child((t=3 4.32 ,P<0 0.01 ,t=‐2 7.22 ,P<0 0.1);② Statistics scores of female freshmen was higher than that of male freshmen(β=0 8.60 ,t=4 4.82 ,P<0 0.5);③ Scores of study attitude in MSSEQ could predict scores of Statistics exam (β= 0 .283 ,t= 2 .063 ,P< 0 .05);④ The influence of involvement motivation in MSSEQ on the score of mathematical statistics examination could be adjusted respectively by gender(β=0 5.00 ,t=2 2.32 ,P<0 0.1) .Conclusion:Academic performance is not only affected by the non-intelligence factors ,but also af‐fected by the social nature of individual factors.

目的:探讨父母教养方式对小学高年级儿童自尊影响的独特贡献及儿童气质类型在其中的调节效应.方法:采用父母教养方式问卷、儿童自尊问卷及儿童气质问卷,对447名小学生及其父母进行调查.结果:①父母温暖关怀对儿童自尊预测的独特效应显著(b=0.21,t=-3.13,P＜0.01;b=0.23,t=3.45,P＜0.01);父亲过度保护、母亲拒绝否认对儿童自尊预测的独特效应显著(b=-0.14,t=-2.52,P＜0.05;b=-0.16,t=-2.39,P＜0.05);②父亲严厉惩罚与儿童气质类型交互作用显著(b=-0.38,t=-2.31,P＜0.05);母亲温暖关怀、惩罚严厉、过分干涉均与儿童气质类型交互作用显著(b=-0.45,t=-3.65,P＜0.001;b=-0.36,t=-2.39,P＜0.05;b=0.44,t=3.33,P＜0.01;b=0.32,t=2.34,P＜0.05).结论:父母教养方式对儿童自尊的影响既存在共性也存在不同,且这种影响受到儿童气质类型的调节.