Human driving behavior's inherent variability, randomness, individual differences, and dynamic vehicle-road situations give human-machine cooperative (HMC) driving considerable uncertainty, which affects the applicability and effectiveness of HMC control in complex scenes. To overcome this challenge, we present a novel data-enabled game output regulation approach for HMC driving. Firstly, a global human-vehicle-road (HVR) model is established considering the varied driver's steering characteristic parameters, such as delay time, preview time, and steering gain, as well as the uncertainty of tire cornering stiffness and variable road curvature disturbance. The robust output regulation theory has been employed to ensure the global DVR system's closed-loop stability, asymptotic tracking, and disturbance rejection, even with an unknown driver's internal state. Secondly, an interactive shared steering controller has been designed to provide personalized driving assistance. Two control subsystems, active front-wheel steering (AFS) and active rear-wheel steering (ARS) systems, are emulated as a dynamic non-zero-sum game to explore a more flexible balance between the dual objectives of path-tracking accuracy and vehicle stability. Finally, the control policy iterative equalities of the AFS and ARS systems are constructed utilizing the coupled game Riccati equation and Kronecker product. Adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) has been employed to iteratively update and learn the optimal shared strategy without relying on accurate knowledge of driver steering characteristics and vehicle dynamics. Simulations demonstrate the convergence and adaptability of the proposed strategy in different road scenarios. In addition, our shared control scheme can effectively assist drivers with different characteristics to achieve ideal steering control performance and reduce their driving workload.

A number of different receptors are distributed in glutamatergic neurons of the lateral habenula (LHb). These glutamatergic neurons are involved in different neural pathways, which may identify how the LHb regulates various physiological functions. However, the role of dopamine D1 receptor (D1R)-expressing habenular neurons projecting to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) (LHbD1R–VTA) remains not well understood. In the current study, to determine the activity of D1R-expressing neurons in LHb, D1R-Cre mice were used to establish the chronic restraint stress (CRS) depression model. Adeno-associated virus was injected into bilateral LHb in D1R-Cre mice to examine whether optogenetic activation of the LHb D1R-expressing neurons and their projections could induce depression-like behavior. Optical fibers were implanted in the LHb and VTA, respectively. To investigate whether optogenetic inhibition of the LHbD1R–VTA circuit could produce antidepressant-like effects, the adeno-associated virus was injected into the bilateral LHb in the D1R-Cre CRS model, and optical fibers were implanted in the bilateral VTA. The D1R-expressing neuronal activity in the LHb was increased in the CRS depression model. Optogenetic activation of the D1R-expressing neurons in LHb induced behavioral despair and anhedonia, which could also be induced by activation of the LHbD1R–VTA axons. Conversely, optogenetic inhibition of the LHbD1R–VTA circuit improved behavioral despair and anhedonia in the CRS depression model. D1R-expressing glutamatergic neurons in the LHb and their projections to the VTA are involved in the occurrence and regulation of depressive-like behavior.

Incorporating specific motifs to provide tangible evidence of authenticity is a direct and effective measure against counterfeiting. However, achieving multi-level anticounterfeiting through multiple motifs requires utilizing numerous stimulus sources to configure region-specific emissions with customizable colors, which is complex, costly, and inaccessible. To address this challenge, a hybrid luminescent display is developed by integrating an internal down-conversion layer with an organic light-emitting diode (OLED). The internal down-conversion layer can effectively extract the substrate and waveguide modes, resulting in a very rare outcome where the efficiency of a hybrid down-conversion white OLED exceeds that of the pump light source. More importantly, by combining voltage-modulated color-tunable electroluminescence (EL) with EL-induced down-conversion luminescence, this unique design can precisely create dynamic and configurable multi-color display patterns using only electrical stimulation. For anticounterfeiting purposes, the further amalgamation of the dynamic hybrid luminescent display device with the Internet of Things for digital authentication, and with fingerprint features for physical unclonable functions showcases unprecedented security. These results herald a new generation of multilevel luminescent anticounterfeiting technology.

Wearable photoplethysmography (PPG) sensors provide real-time monitoring of essential human health parameters by integrating a light source with a photodetector. However, they face a common challenge: the presence of a faint pulsating (AC) signal amidst a highly noisy and drifting non-pulsatile background. This necessitates fine-tuning how the light is spread out to make sure that a significant number of emitted photons carry vital physiological information and trigger the detector's photocurrent. An innovative organic PPG sensor with a microcavity organic light-emitting diode (OLED) that emits light in a controlled direction, coupled with an annular organic photodetector (OPD) is demonstrated here. By adjusting the OLED's cavity lengths, the microcavity resonance peak is shifted, achieving angled directional emission. Placing the microcavity OLEDs at the center of the annular OPD enhances the portion of light that reflects from arterial vessels in the skin and tissues. This increases the AC signal for recording arterial vessel pulsations by 47.66%. This advancement simplifies sensor recognition and achieves an unprecedented low power consumption of only 9.96 mu W for heart rate sensing, meeting essential recognition criteria. This study tackles the issue of weak pulsating signals in wearable PPG sensors. By utilizing microcavity OLEDs and annular OPDs, it achieves angled directional emission, amplifying the PPG signal by 47.66%. This innovation simplifies sensor recognition and enables a low power consumption of 9.96 mu W for heart rate sensing. image

Organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs), as a luminescent technology with flexible, flat light, have become a mainstream display technology for mobile equipment. Notably, color-tunable OLEDs are capable of dynamically changing the emission wavelength or color of light modulated by voltage, and they exhibit distinctive behavior compared with that in conventional OLEDs. These intriguing features have also sparked many application fields, such as smart lighting and information encryption. Here, we offer an overview of the structure and mechanism in color-tunable OLEDs, and we discuss performance parameters of devices and their prospects in smart lighting, plant growth lamps, anticounterfeiting, and visual interaction.

By introducing more nitrogen atoms into molecular skeleton, deep-red-emitting Ir(qabt)2IPO exhibits higher PLQY and EQE compared with referent Ir(iqbt)2IPO.

Conventional top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes (TEOLEDs) suffer from lower contrast ratio due to high reflection of semitransparent metal electrodes. Here, we demonstrated that coating a rubrene capping layer simultaneously enhances the electroluminescence (EL) efficiency and pixel contrast ratio (PCR) of TEOLEDs. By combining the rubrene capping layer’s absorption with the optical cavity configuration, we efficiently suppress reflections of TEOLEDs to ambient light. Meanwhile, rubrene-capped TEOLEDs exhibit significantly lower EL absorption compared to ambient light. With this strategy, rubrene-capped TEOLEDs achieve a 28.4% enhancement in external quantum efficiency (EQE) and a 22.6% improvement in PCR compared to conventional TEOLEDs, under 1000cd/ $\text{m}^{{2}}$ and 140 lux ambient illuminance. This approach has been proven to efficiently improve the PCR and EQE of TEOLEDs in bright environments.

Recently, organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are becoming increasingly attractive to information security, wearable healthcare, and other fields. These fields propose different requirements for performances of OLEDs, especially for voltage-controlled color tunability. In this study, it is proposed to use an ultrathin layer consisting of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) material as an emitting layer of OLEDs. On the one hand, compared to devices with an ultrathin phosphorescent emitting layer, the OLEDs with TADF show observable color-tunability. On the other hand, the color-tunable OLEDs with TADF show much higher efficiency than the color-tunable fluorescent OLEDs. It demonstrates that the reverse intersystem crossing process not only enhances the exciton utilization efficiency but also leads to an insufficient host-guest energy transfer. With this strategy, a color-tunable OLED is achieved with an external quantum efficiency about 8% and shows color variations over (0.04, 0.08) when its bias voltage increases from 4 to 8 V. By combining with a patterned mask technique, the color-tunable OLEDs can potentially be applied to the field of anti-counterfeiting and status lighting.

To improve the efficiency of safety tests of driver-automation cooperation, a method for generating a scenario library is proposed that considers the probability of scenario occurrence and driver-handling challenges in real driving situations. First, the original scenario data under cut-in conditions stored in a time series are extracted from the scenario data set. Then, a mathematical performance index is used to model the scenario and a significance function in terms of the occurrence frequency of the scenario, and the performance challenge between the driver and the vehicle is established. Next, the important scenario set is extracted from the original scenario set by constructing and optimizing a significance auxiliary function. Finally, the extracted important scenario sets are filtered by using the significance function values of the scenarios to generate a scenario library. Simulation results show that the proposed method for scenario library generation can effectively identify scenarios with potential adventure during driver-automation cooperation and thus accelerate safety tests compared with traditional methods.

In conventional organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), current balance between electron and hole transport regions is typically achieved by leakage of the major carrier through the devices or by accumulation of the major carrier inside the devices. Both of these are known to reduce performances leading to reduction of efficiency and operation stability due to exciton-polaron annihilation, etc. We found that hole diffusion in a centimeter-scale can be achieved in a PEDOT:PSS layer via composition and interface engineering. This ultralong distance hole diffusion enables substantially enhanced hole diffusion current in the lateral direction perpendicular to the applied electric field in typical organic optoelectronic devices. By introducing this lateral hole diffusion layer (LHDL) at the anode side of OLEDs, reduced carrier accumulation, improved efficiency, and enhanced operation stability are demonstrated. The application of the LHDL provides a third strategy for current balancing with much reduced harmful effects from the previous two approaches.

Flexible displays are essential to provide information in real time for human-machine interactions. As a next-generation display technology, quantum-dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) are potentially serving as key components for flexible displays. However, it is still challenging for QLEDs to simultaneously achieve flexibility, large-scale production, and high efficiencies. To this end, a strategy is proposed here by combining a top-emitting structure, optical microcavity optimization, and large-scale film preparation. A top emitting microcavity with semitransparent and reflective metals is designed to achieve flexibility, efficient carrier injection, and high light extraction efficiency. Precision manufacturing of large-area QLEDs with the designed top-emitting microcavity is achieved by combining surfactant-assisted blade-coating and vacuum thermal evaporation processes. With this strategy, a large-area flexible QLED with an active area of 400 mm2 and a maximum external quantum efficiency of 21.8% is developed. This strategy provides a promising approach toward the development of flexible displays with the demonstration of a 1.3 in. passive-matrix flexible QLED display of 19 by 19 pixels.

Molecular isomeric engineering is employed to construct efficient orange-red Ir( iii ) complexes for WOLEDs and understand the intrinsic structure–property relationship.

To promote the intelligent vehicle safety and reduce the driver steering workload, stackelberg game theory is adopted to design the shared steering control strategy that takes the driver neuromuscular delay characteristics into account. First, a shared steering control framework with adjustable driving weight is proposed, and a coupling interaction model considering the driver neuromuscular delay characteristics is constructed by using the stackelberg game theory. Moreover, the driver-automation optimal control strategy is deduced theoretically when the game equilibrium is reached. Finally, simulation and virtual driving tests are carried out to verify the superiority of the proposed method. The results illustrate that the raised method can enhance the vehicle safety with low driving weight intervention, and it can achieve better auxiliary effect with less control cost. In addition, the driver-in-the-loop test results show that the proposed strategy can achieve better performance in assisting drivers with low driving skills.

Here,this work presents an air-stable ultrabright inverted organic light-emitting device (OLED) by using zinc ion-chelated polyethylenimine (PEI) as electron injection layer.The zinc chelation is dem-onstrated to increase the conductivity of the PEI by three orders of magnitude and pas-sivate the polar amine groups.With these physicochemical properties,the inverted OLED shows a record-high external quan-tum efficiency of 10.0％ at a high bright-ness of 45,610 cd m-2 and can deliver a maximum brightness of 121,865 cd m-2.Besides,the inverted OLED is also dem-onstrated to possess an excellent air stabil-ity (humidity,35％) with a half-brightness operating time of 541 h@1000 cd m-2 without any protection nor encapsulation.

Resonance interaction between a molecular transition and a confined electromagnetic field can lead to weak or strong light-matter coupling. Considering the substantial exciton–phonon coupling in thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials, it is thus interesting to explore whether weak light-matter coupling can be used to redistribute optical density of states and to change the rate of radiative decay. Here, we demonstrate that the emission distribution of TADF emitters can be reshaped and narrowed in a top-emitting organic light-emitting device (OLED) with a weakly coupled microcavity. The Purcell effect of weak microcavity is found to be different for TADF emitters with different molecular orientations. We demonstrate that radiative rates of the TADF emitters with vertical orientation can be substantial increased in weakly coupled organic microcavity. These observations can enhance external quantum efficiencies, reduce efficiency roll-off, and improve color-purities of TADF OLEDs, especially for emitters without highly horizontal orientation.

Currently, status lighting, such as signal indication and information coding, is considered as a novel potential application of organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs). Compared to conventional lighting and display applications, status lighting requires tunable colors distinguishable by the human eyes with natural appearances rather than high efficiency. Here, a color-tunable fluorescent OLED (CTFOLED) for status lighting is successfully prepared by using an ultrathin emitting layer consisting of a deep-blue host and a green guest. Through adjusting exciton concentration and forming an island growth induced exciplex interface, the CTFOLED shows a voltage-modulated emission color. Its coordinates change from (0.26, 0.61) to (0.35, 0.50) as the bias voltage increases from 4 to 10 V. The chromaticity coordinates are demonstrated to beyond five-step McAdam ellipses at the neighboring voltages (an interval of 2 V) such that the voltage-modulated color variations are easily distinguishable by the human eye. Finally, it also proposed that the CTFOLED can be used as a status light for presenting three statuses of drinking water: cold, warm and hot. This work paves a way for the application of OLEDs in status lighting.

Blade-coating is a potential method for preparing all-solution-processed quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) because of its high material utilization and large-scale preparation compatibility. However, it is a challenge to prepare uniform-emitting, high-performance QLEDs by blade coating because of film uniformity issues. Here, we report an efficient all-blade-coated QLED through solvent engineering. A binary water/methanol solvent is used to decrease the surface tension, leading to uniform blade-coating poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) films. The binary solvent also enhances hole transport abilities because of phase separations and chain reorientations of PEDOT and PSS chains. The uniformity of a poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) layer is also improved by using a chlorobenzene/toluene binary solvent to facilitate the spontaneous spreading of the PVK solution on the substrate. This enables the successful preparation of an efficient QLED with a maximum external quantum efficiency of 12.48%, which is about 2.6 times the value of the QLED without solvent engineering.

A hybrid organic light-emitting device with excellent stability has been achieved by introducing an ultra-thick MoO3 layer as a hole transport layer.