The microstructure evolution, corrosion behavior and wear resistance of CoFeNiSnx high-entropy alloys (HEAs) were investigated in the Sn fraction range of 0-1.25. The addition of Sn facilitated the transition from single FCC phase to BCC + HCP eutectic structure. The CoFeNiSn0.25 HEA exhibited excellent corrosion resistance in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution, displaying the passive film thickness of 3.74 nm and n-type semiconductor properties. The presence of Sn enhanced the surface potential in FCC phase and suppressed the contact potential difference (VCPD) at the phase interface, reducing the sensitivity of pitting and galvanic corrosion. The wear rate of CoFeNiSnx HEAs significantly decreased with the increase of Sn content, and the main wear mechanism shifted from adhesive wear to oxidative wear. This was attributed to the synergistic effect brought by Sn content to promote the gradual formation and integrity of the Fe-rich frictional oxide layer, together with the lubrication properties of SnO2.

Eutectic is typically utilized in their as-cast state in industrial applications on account of excellent castability. However, unlike conventional alloys with superior plasticity need to improve strength, the eutectic high-entropy alloys (EHEAs) possess considerable strength but suffer from low ductile, starving for high ductility while maintaining strength. Here, we proposed a simple and feasible strategy by reducing the Al/Ni ratio in AlxCo20Fe20Ni60-x EHEAs with lamellar eutectic microstructure to simultaneously increase the volume fraction of soft phase and promote martensitic transformation in hard phase, thereby enhancing plasticity without sacrificing strength. It is found that the Al17.5Co20Fe20Ni42.5 alloy exhibits a hypoeutectic FCC/BCC microstructure, in which the coarse primary FCC phase facilitates dislocation slip, and the BCC/B2 -> L1(0) martensitic transformation in the post-fracture microstructure enhances strain hardening. As a result, the elongation is increased from similar to 14 % to similar to 27 %, while retaining a tensile ultimate strength of around1040 MPa, comparable to that of the eutectic Al18.5Co20Fe20Ni42.5 alloy (similar to 1071 MPa). This study provides a viable approach for boosting strength and toughness of dual-phase EHEAs solely through composition modulation.

Data imbalance represents critical challenges for data-driven approaches in materials data modeling. In the present work, active learning models were developed to mitigate data imbalance in phase selection of high-entropy alloys (HEAs). Three alloy phase classifiers were established based on three datasets containing 149 features: one classifier evaluated the glass-forming ability of alloys; another distinguished among SS, SS + IM, and IM; and the third differentiated BCC, FCC, BCC + FCC, and HCP phases. Sample distribution bias was effectively alleviated through the combined application of multistage feature selection, active learning, cost-sensitive strategies, cluster analysis, and ensemble learning. Model performance was further validated through experimental synthesis and independent external datasets, demonstrating robust predictive capability. SHAP analysis and symbolic classification identified a novel phase selection parameter that enabled precise discrimination between BCC and FCC phases. A committee-based active learning framework was further constructed to enhance classification accuracy under sparse data conditions, thereby advancing data-driven strategies for alloy development. This framework provides a general and efficient solution for improving machine learning modeling when dealing with sparse and imbalanced materials data.

The cryogenic compressive mechanical properties of eutectic multi-principal alloys have rarely been reported. In this work, the superior fracture strength-fracture strain synergies at room and liquid nitrogen temperatures (RT and LNT) of the arc-melted Cr50Co25Ni25 eutectic medium-entropy alloy were found. These values were 1917 MPa and 39.1 % at RT, along with 1990 MPa and 26.1 % at LNT. The reduction of ductility at LNT was primarily attributed to the inferior deformation capability of the BCC phase containing HCP phase. The fracture mechanisms were dominated by ductile fracture of the FCC phase and brittle fracture of the BCC phase at both temperatures, while dislocation pile-ups and stacking faults were responsible for the deformation mechanisms.

Copper wires are often used as circuit materials and are exposed to corrosion from the natural environment and the atmosphere. The hot-dip plating Pb40Sn60 alloy coating was prepared on copper strips to enhance its corrosion resistance. The microstructure and phase structure of hot-dip plating Pb40Sn60 alloy coating on copper strip were characterized. The corrosion resistance and the corrosion mechanism of hot-dip plating Pb40Sn60 alloy coating were studied in NaCl solution. The research results show that the thichness of hot-dip plated Pb40Sn60 alloy coatings on copper strips is about 37.1 mu m. The microstructure of hot-dip plated Pb40Sn60 alloy coating is composed of the equiaxed primary alpha(Pb) phase and the granular and lamellar eutectic (alpha(Pb)+ (3(Sn)) structure. The relative amount of (3(Sn) phase in the coating is more than that of alpha(Pb) phase. The average grain size of hot-dip plated Pb40Sn60 alloy coating is about 4.17 mu m. The corrosion resistance of hot-dip plated Pb40Sn60 alloy coating is about 4 times than that of copper strip substrate in 3.5 %NaCl solution. With the increase of NaCl solution concentration, the corrosion rate of hot-dip plated Pb40Sn60 alloy coatings increases. The corrosion products of hot-dip plated Pb40Sn60 alloy coating on copper strip in NaCl solution are mainly composed of PbO and SnO2. The corrosion resistance of (3(Sn) phase is better than that of alpha(Pb) phase. The (3(Sn) phase is corroded to form SnO2 which is dense, but alpha(Pb) phase is corroded to form PbO which is loose. The corrosion product PbO is prone to fall off or be dissolved, which results in the formation of holes or hollow morphologies on the corroded surface of the sample. As corrosion further occurs, the falling off or be dissolved degree of corrosion products increases, and the formed holes or hollows interpenetrate, which results the corrosion products of the (3(Sn) phase to peel off.

Refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs), particularly the WMoTaNb system, have garnered significant attention for their exceptional high-temperature properties. However, their inherent room-temperature brittleness and pronounced cracking susceptibility during laser cladding severely limit their engineering application as protective coatings. To overcome this bottleneck, this study systematically investigates the effect of yttrium hydride (YH2) addition on the microstructure and cracking behavior of WMoTaNb RHEA coatings fabricated by laser cladding. Key process parameters, including powder mixing method, laser energy density, and overlap ratio, were first optimized. Subsequently, the influence of varying YH2 additions (0−5 wt%) on the phase composition, microstructure, cracking behavior, and microhardness of the coatings was thoroughly examined. The results demonstrate that YH2 addition effectively purifies the melt pool and promotes the dissolution of WMoTaNb particles, thereby inhibiting elemental segregation. More importantly, YH2 facilitates the formation of a face-centered cubic (FCC) phase. The interaction between this FCC phase and the matrix effectively blunts crack tips and alters crack propagation paths, significantly enhancing the crack resistance of the coatings. The coating with 3 wt% YH2 addition exhibits the optimal comprehensive performance: minimal crack count, a peak microhardness of 854.33 HV0.2, and effective relaxation of internal stresses. This study provides an effective compositional modification strategy for addressing the room-temperature brittleness of WMoTaNb RHEA coatings and offers deep insights into the underlying micro-mechanisms associated with the rare earth yttrium addition. The research findings reveal that YH2 addition plays a multifaceted role in improving coating performance through microstructural refinement and phase regulation, providing valuable guidance for developing crack-resistant RHEA coatings for high-temperature applications.

In this study, the Nb521 (Nb-5 W-2Mo-1Zr) alloy powder was produced using radio frequency (RF) plasma spheroidization with different process parameters. The influence of process parameters on powder morphologies and properties was investigated. The suitability of spheroidized Nb521 powder for selective laser melting (SLM) was further explored. The optimal parameters were identified as a feed rate of 38 g/min, a carrier gas flow rate of 4.5 L/min, a chamber pressure of 103.4 kPa, and an Ar/H2 sheath gas atmosphere. The spheroidization ratio was measured as 98%, with a fluidity of 9.68 s/50 g and a apparent density of 5.29 g/cm3. Furthermore, the volatilisation of metal oxides and the migration of hydrogen from the lattice resulted in a significant reduction of the oxygen and hydrogen contents to 0.02 wt% and 0.04 wt%, respectively. Using the resultant powder, the Nb521 samples with a relative density of 99.81% were fabricated by SLM, exhibiting few internal defects. After heat treatment, the samples achieved a tensile strength of 661.77 MPa and an elongation of 26.61%, demonstrating an excellent strength-ductility combination. These findings offer novel insights and references to the production of Nb521 powder via RF plasma spheroidization for SLM.

Lithium metal is regarded as the ultimate anode for high-energy-density batteries due to its extraordinary theoretical capacity. However, its practical deployment is severely hindered by dendrite growth and volume expansion during cycling. It is crucial to transition lithium plating/stripping from a kinetic to a thermodynamic control process to extend cycle life. Previous research has been limited to planar electrodes. This study is pioneering in its proposal of a micro/nanostructured quasi-equilibrium-state anode strategy. Lithium-lanthanum powder anode prepared by cryo-ball-milling has been found to markedly enlarge the specific surface area, raising the exchange-current density to 69.14 mA cm-2 (a figure two orders of magnitude higher than Li foil). This has the effect of equalizing the rates of lithium plating and stripping, thereby achieving thermodynamic control. Furthermore, lanthanum remarkably reduces activation energy, which is calculated to be 32.859 kJ/mol. The lithium-lanthanum powder shows excellent cycling stability in ester-based electrolyte, and the lithium-lanthanum powder||lithium-lanthanum powder symmetric battery can stably cycle 5860 h at 1 mA cm-2 and 1 mAh cm-2 with a polarization voltage of less than 20 mV. In addition, both the lithium-lanthanum|| NCM811 and lithium-lanthanum||LFP full cells demonstrate exceptional cycling performance.

Manganese oxide is a commonly used electrode material for supercapacitor (SC) energy storage; however, it suffers from a limited cycling life due to its unstable microstructure. In this study, we have successfully prepared manganese tetroxide (Mn3O4) supported on MgO nanosheet using a sacrificial template ion exchange method. The resulting Mn3O4 particles have an average size of approximately 40 nm and are evenly distributed on the MgO support. The uniform size of the Mn3O4 particles allows for more redox-active sites to be exposed, while the stabilization effect of the MgO support further enhances the energy storage capability of the composites compared to unsupported Mn3O4. Specifically, the composites with an optimal ratio (Mg/Mn = 2:1) exhibit a specific capacitance of 282 F/g at 1.0 A/g, as opposed to 262 F/g for unsupported Mn3O4, and a higher energy density of 33.2 Wh/kg at 760 W/kg, than that of unsupported Mn3O4 (24.4 Wh/kg at 760 W/kg) and some reported Mn-based SCs. Moreover, the developed Mg2Mn1-O-based asymmetric SC demonstrates an unprecedented cycling performance, with nearly 98% capacitance retention after 30,000 continuous charge/discharge cycles. This study provides a valuable strategy for synthesizing supported metal oxide composites with enhanced properties for various applications in the field of energy storage.

To improve the durability of TaC-coated graphite guide rings used in SiC physical vapor transport crystal growth, this study systematically investigated the degradation behavior of graphite-based TaC coatings after service under induction heating (IH) and resistance heating (RH) conditions through multiscale post-mortem characterization. Both heating modes induced crystallinity deterioration, texture evolution, grain coarsening, crack propagation, surface roughening, and mechanical property degradation, whereas the extent of damage strongly depended on thermal-field uniformity. Compared with RH, IH caused much more severe structural and mechanical deterioration, as reflected by stronger texture disruption, more extensive crack evolution, more pronounced grain coarsening, greater interfacial damage, and more severe surface roughening and softening. XPS results revealed enhanced surface oxidation after service, particularly under IH, whereas TEM observations confirmed that the local lattice order of TaC grains was largely retained. This suggests that degradation mainly proceeded through damage accumulation along grain boundaries and coating/substrate interfaces rather than severe intracrystalline disorder. Combined with residual stress analysis, the results indicate that the degradation of the TaC coating is primarily governed by thermomechanical damage induced by non-uniform thermal fields, accompanied by vapor-intrusion-assisted interfacial deterioration and near-surface oxidation. These findings provide new insight into the degradation mechanism of TaC coatings in SiC PVT environments and offer guidance for improving the durability and reliability of coated graphite components.

Metastable (3 Ti alloys are one of the promising (3 Ti alloys with good ductility. Nevertheless, the metastable (3 Ti alloys, notably those with transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effect, is usually limited to low yield strength. In this investigation, we adopted low-cost Fe to tune deformation modes of a novel metastable (3 Ti alloy (Ti-2Al-5Mo-5Cr-1Nb) to achieve a good synergy of strength and ductility. Deformation of Ti-2Al-5Mo-5Cr-1Nb are dominantly mediated via stress-induced phase transformation (SIM alpha'' martensite), mechanical twinning and dislocation slip, exhibiting excellent elongation (48.6 f 1.6%) and moderate yield strength of 470 f 11 MPa. Adding 0.5 wt% Fe suppresses completely TRIP effect, slightly reduces elongation (40.6 f 1.5%) but enhances the yield strength (620 f 11 MPa). The addition of 1 wt% Fe further decreases the activity of twinning, thus leading to a clear reduction in elongation (18.8 f 1.0%) and a great enhancement of the yield strength (822 f 13 MPa). However, higher Fe (2 wt%) content does not cause increase of the strength but leads to a further decrease in elongation (15.0 f 1.1%), the alloy appears strain-softening due to the localized strain induced by dislocation slip. The results indicate that adding low content (e.g., 0.5 wt%) of Fe makes the alloy possess a good combination of the strength and ductility. This study reflects incremental alloy-specific insight for developing a good strength-ductility combination of metastable (3 Ti alloys in the future.

O3-type layered oxides suffer from severe lattice strain, slab sliding, and transition-metal migration during cycling, limiting their practical use in sodium-ion batteries. Unlike conventional high-content or multi-element modification strategies, we introduce ultralow-content (0.1mol%, x=0.001) Yb3+ into the NaO2 layers. As a rare-earth ion with strong Yb–O bonding and localized 4f electrons, Yb3+ preferentially occupies Na-vacancy sites, where it forms rigid pillars that pin adjacent TMO2 slabs. This pinning effect suppresses slab sliding, raises TM migration barriers, and reduces anisotropic lattice strain. Calculations reveal strengthened TM–O covalency and enhanced electronic states, while in situ XRD/XAS confirm highly reversible structural evolution. Furthermore, aberration-corrected STEM observations reveal that Yb doping effectively suppresses structural distortion, atomic vacancies, and cation disordering. The modified cathode exhibits significantly improved electrochemical performance. This work presents a simple, compositionally minimal rare-earth pillar strategy for durable layered oxide cathodes.

Large-scale forest restoration programs are pivotal for global environmental sustainability, yet their success is often gauged by mere area expansion rather than holistic ecological and socio-economic outcomes. Moving beyond this simplistic view to comprehensively evaluate multi-dimensional effectiveness remains a critical global challenge. Using the Qiantang River Region (QRR), China, as a strategic case study over two decades (2000−2020), this research addresses this gap by constructing an integrated assessment framework that links forest structural integrity, non-linear ecosystem service (ES) gains, and socio-economic trade-offs. We utilized multi-source datasets and employed an innovative SHAP-GAM machine learning approach to quantitatively decouple the drivers of ecological outcomes. Results indicate a substantial improvement in forest structural integrity, with the average Ecological Integrity Index (EII) increasing from 0.73 to 0.81, which fundamentally underpinned enhancements in carbon sequestration and landscape value. Crucially, a distinct non-linear threshold was identified: ecological marginal gains saturate sharply when forest restoration program intervention intensity index (FRP intensity) exceeds approximately 0.03. Socio-economic analysis revealed significant trade-offs, marked by a pivotal economic turning point around 2015 where net benefits declined despite surging investments, alongside persistent spatial inequities between ES supply and population demand. Based on these findings, a four-quadrant spatial management framework is proposed to guide precision governance. This study provides critical scientific insights for transitioning forest restoration policy from “quantity-driven” expansion to “quality-and-efficiency-oriented” sustainability.

This study demonstrated a composite treatment of shot peening (SP) and electrophoretic deposition (EPD) on ZM5 cast magnesium (Mg) alloy to form an epoxy coating, while also evaluating its comprehensive influence on the mechanical properties, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance of the alloy. SP treatment induced surface plastic deformation, resulting in grain refinement and the generation of 113.1 MPa residual compressive stress. Additionally, a gradient-hardness layer was formed, extending from the top surface to a depth of 270 mu m. Through EPD treatment, a uniform epoxy coating with strong adhesion was successfully deposited. Both SP and SP + EPD samples exhibited superior wear resistance compared to the ZM5 Mg alloy, with the wear rate decreasing from 1.807 x 10-6 mm3/N center dot m to 1.539 x 10-6 mm3/N center dot m and 0.0738 x 10-6 mm3/N center dot m, respectively. However, electrochemical tests revealed that SP treatment negatively affected the electrochemical stability of ZM5 alloy, significantly increasing its corrosion rate. After 2 days of immersion, the SP sample experienced severe corrosion, with the corrosion rate rising sharply from 2.27 mm/a to 71.2 mm/a, indicating substantial structural degradation. In contrast, EPD treatment significantly enhanced corrosion resistance. After 10 days of immersion, although some white corrosion products were observed on the SP + EPD sample surface, the coating remained intact without exfoliation or blistering. This demonstrated that the epoxy coating effectively improved the corrosion resistance of SP-treated samples, providing long-term protection.

The anti-ablation properties of C/C-SiC composites can be significantly enhanced by metal modification. However specific role and mechanism of high-entropy alloys (HEAs), particularly under high-frequency reciprocating ablation conditions, remain unclear. This study investigates the ablation behavior and mechanical properties of C/C-SiC composites modified with varying amounts of AlCoCrFeNi HEA, subjected to 2300 degrees C plasma torch ablation in high-frequency cycles (0.08 s & times; 200 cycles). The results showed that compressive strength of the composites decreased and then increased with the increase of HEA content, while all the composites exhibited pseudo-plastic fracture attributed to HEA-induced crack deflection; meanwhile the coefficients of thermal expansion gradually increased. Ablation test demonstrated that incorporating AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy significantly improved the ablation resistance of the C/C-SiC composites. With increasing the content of AlCoCrFeNi, surface temperature and ablation rate of C/C-SiC composites initially decreased and then increased. The 10 wt% HEA composite exhibited superior ablation resistance, with a linear ablation rate of 8.53 mu m/s and a mass ablation rate of 2.88 mg/s. Microstructural analysis indicated that HEA particles alleviated thermal stressinduced cracking in the SiC/carbon matrix. The molten alloy effectively filled pores and cracks, providing a "selfhealing" effect that improved protection. However, excessive HEA was prone to premature removal at elevated temperatures, which compromised the development of a stable thermal protection matrix.

In this study, a dataset of 25 sets of composition-property data for Cu-Al-Ni-Sn-Zn alloys was constructed based on the orthogonal experimental design, which give rise to a discrete distribution of five elements in dataset space. To overcome the limitations of small-sample data fitting, a data augmentation method was implemented in the machine learning model. Based on the prediction results, four different compositions are selected as the experimental validation samples. The experimental results show good consistency with model predictions. Especially, the Cu-0.5Al-0.24Sn-0.08Ni-14.85Zn alloy show excellent comprehensive properties, which have a UTS of 663 MPa and a good electric conductivity of 28 IACS%. Microstructural analysis revealed that the presence of stacking faults and twins, would contribute to increase the strength. The microalloying of Ni and Al could replace large amount of expensive tin element in traditional high strength CuSn alloys without sacrifice the strength and, improve the electric conductivity. In the meanwhile, it gives rise to a 17-20% reduction in production costs.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) exhibit superior conductivity but are hindered by a low energy density (<10 Wh/kg) when used as electrodes for supercapacitor energy storage, primarily due to their limited electrochemically active surface area. In this study, we propose a composting strategy to produce a CNT-carbon composite through a ball-milling process involving mixing, carbonizing, and activating CNT and glucose. The resulting composite, referred to as CGK, demonstrates a high microporosity (ranging from 38.1% to 98.5%), significantly increased surface area (390 m(2)/g compared to 181 m(2)/g for CNT alone), and a considerable presence of oxygen-containing functional groups such as -C-O, -C=O, and O-C=O. When utilized as an electrode in supercapacitors, the CGK samples (specifically CGK1-3) prepared with the optimal CNT-to-glucose ratio display a notable capacitance of 301 F/g at 1.0 A/g, far surpassing the 121 F/g at 1.0 A/g capacitance exhibited by pure CNTs. Additionally, the CGK samples exhibit a high energy density of 20.6 Wh/kg at 925 W/kg, compared to 14.3 Wh/kg at 1000 W/kg for CNTs alone and some recently reported carbon-based symmetric supercapacitors. Notably, the cycling stability of the CGK electrodes is exceptional, maintaining over 98% capacitance retention after 30,000 charge/discharge cycles. Overall, this work presents a straightforward and versatile approach for synthesizing highly microporous carbon materials doped with heteroatomic functionalities, offering a promising alternative for various applications.

Owing to anionic redox, lithium rich oxides (LROs), which are a new class of semiconductor compounds, are promising for fabrication of cathode materials for the next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with a large energy density (>500 Wh & centerdot;kg(-1)) and long lifespan. However, it is challenging to simutanouesly realize a large energy density and a long cycling stability in these LRO cathode materials. The fundamental reason for this is strongly related with the relative position of the Fermi level to the band edges in the semiconducting band structure. In this work, we demonstrate that the energy storage density of LRO cathode materials can be improved without sacrifice of their cycling stability. This is achieved by one order of magnitude of increase in mobility of charge carriers (69 cm(2)/V & centerdot;s to 789 cm(2)/V & centerdot;s) in the LRO semiconductor nanocrystals via partial substitution using rare-earth element. More importantly, the cycling stability of the LRO cathode materials is further shown to be enhanced via treatment at the LRO/electrolyte interface. Subsequently, a large initial discharge capacity of 303.7 mAh & centerdot;g(-1) (0.1C, RT, 2.0-4.8 V) is achieved with a large capacity retention of 97.16% after 400 cycles at 1C, in addition to an excellent rate capability (147.76 mAh & centerdot;g(-1) at 5C). Furthermore, we for the first time report that LRO nanocrystals are an intrinsic p-type semiconductor with a semiconducting bandgap of similar to 1.98 eV. Our work lays a solid foundation for achieving good electrochemical performances in LIB cathode materials with material design and synthesis using a top-down approach that is simple, facile at low costs.

Superconducting transition-edge sensors (TESs) exhibit excellent single-photon detection performance. The quantum efficiency (QE), which quantifies the probability that an incident photon is absorbed and converted into a measurable signal, is strongly governed by the optical properties of the constituent thin films. Specifically, for typical TES device architectures where optical transmission is negligible, maximizing the QE requires the minimization of surface reflectance to ensure high photon absorptance. In this work, we systematically study how anodic oxidation modifies the optical response of superconducting titanium (Ti) thin films that are relevant for TES devices. Anodization is carried out under well-controlled constant-current conditions in an aqueous electrolyte containing ammonium pentaborate and ethylene glycol. Experimentally, we show that anodic oxidation substantially reduces the ultraviolet (UV) reflectance and induces a monotonic redshift of the reflectance minimum as the anodic oxidation cutoff voltage (Vocv) increases. Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations based on spectroscopic ellipsometry data reproduce the measured spectra with good fidelity for most samples, validating the extracted optical constants. By comparing samples prepared at different current densities and oxidation times, we identified Vocv as the primary parameter controlling the reflectance response, because it determines the thickness and effective optical properties of the anodic TiOx layer. Under optimized conditions, reflectance values below 1% in the 320.9-340.2 nm wavelength range and below 2% in the 316.3-346.3 nm range are achieved, indicating a significant enhancement in potential absorptance. These results demonstrate that anodic oxidation provides a simple, post-fabrication, and voltage-tunable route for engineering the UV optical response of Ti-based TES structures and for enhancing their potential QE by suppressing reflection losses.

Rapid land-use change is reshaping both the supply of ecosystem services (ESs) and the spatial distribution of human demand, creating new challenges for equitable landscape management in ecologically sensitive regions. However, how alternative land-management strategies jointly affect landscape multifunctionality (LMF) and population-based spatial equity remains insufficiently understood. This study integrated the Patch-generating Land Use Simulation (PLUS) model with ES assessment models to evaluate changes in landscape multifunctionality and population-weighted inequality in Jingning County, China. We calculated the LMF index using a preference-weighted sum approach, with weights empirically derived from a stakeholder survey, to integrate biophysical ES supply with social demand. Population-based spatial equity was quantified using the Gini coefficient of LMF relative to resident population. The results showed that preference-weighted LMF decreased from 0.60 in 2000 to 0.37 in 2020, while the Gini coefficient increased from 0.13 to 0.19, indicating that multifunctionality became less evenly distributed relative to the resident population. Future scenarios revealed distinct trade-offs between overall multifunctionality and its population-weighted distribution. Single-objective scenarios improved selected outcomes but failed to simultaneously optimize both LMF and population-weighted equality. In contrast, the optimization scenario, which incorporates fine-scale forest structure adjustment, achieved relatively higher multifunctionality and a lower Gini coefficient, suggesting that spatially targeted landscape management may help reduce multifunctionality–distribution trade-offs. These findings provide case-based evidence for balancing ecological conservation, multifunctional landscape performance, and the population-weighted distribution of landscape benefits under future land-use change.