(1) Background: With autistic children’s high pervasiveness of eating problems and inappropriate feeding behaviors by their caregivers, this study wanted to inspect the connection between caregivers’ pressure to eat and food neophobia in these children. (2) Methods: Cross-sectional overview of 160 guardians of kids aged 2 to 7 years. After one-on-one questioning by the researcher, the collected information on the socio-demographic characteristics of the children with autism, caregiver feeding behavior, and new food neophobia (FN) scores was entered into the Questionnaire Star system. (3) Results: The mean FN score was 25.56 ± 6.46. The caregiver’s pressure to eat positively related to children’s FN (β = 0.164 95% CI, 0.078, 2.163). In these children, we found a negative correlation between FN score and the frequency of vegetable intake (p ≤ 0.001), fruit intake (p ≤ 0.05), aquatic product intake (p ≤ 0.05), and dietary diversity score (p ≤ 0.01), and positively correlated with the frequency of snack intake (p ≤ 0.05). (4) Conclusions: Caregiver pressure to eat was positively associated with high levels of FN in Chinese kids with ASD, which in turn negatively impacted dietary quality. To improve eating habits, caregivers should reconsider their feeding strategies and avoid using forceful methods to ease food neophobia in these children.

Background: The evaluation of food neophobia in preschool-aged children is crucial as it helps in understanding their eating habits, ensuring their nutritional adequacy, and promoting healthier food choices from an early age. Objectives: This study aimed to culturally adapt the Child Food Neophobia Scale (CFNS) for Pakistan, determine the prevalence of preschooler's food neophobia and find out its correlation with different demographic characteristics. Methods: The CFNS was translated into Urdu language following the WHO scale translation guidelines. After that, various validity (construct validity, content validity, discriminant validity) and reliability (internal consistency, test-retest consistency, and composite reliability) measures were used to test the translated CFNS. Results: The sample size consisted of 260 mother-child pairs from four kindergartens across three cities. About 64.6 % of the preschoolers were aged 55 to 72 months. Whereas the maternal mean age was 30.1 +/- 5.9 years. The Child Food Neophobia Scale for Pakistan (CFNS-PK) retained all 6 items from the original scale and exhibited satisfactory validity (chi 2/df = 1.28; TLI = 0.99; RMSEA = 0.04; AVE > 0.05 and CVI = 0.80) and reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.80; Kappa > 0.07; CR > 0.7) indicators. Furthermore, the prevalence of preschooler food neophobia was found to be 22.3 %. Whereas preschooler age, gender and maternal education level was correlated with preschooler's food neophobia occurrence. Conclusion: Findings suggest that the 6 item CFNS-PK exhibited high validity and reliability metrics, making it suitable for use in food neophobia assessments among Pakistani children. Furthermore, the high prevalence of food neophobia among Pakistani preschoolers calls for attention.

Nanoscale graphene-semiconductor composite photocatalysts with fascinating properties in the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution have inspired numerous interests in broad research fields. The architectures with efficient light response and promoting charge separation at the interface between reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and semiconductor are critical, yet synthesizing them remains a formidable challenge. Herein, the photodiode arraylike LaNiO 3 /N,P-RGO (LNO/N,P-RGO) nanoreactor was constructed using an innovative strategy of acid etchinginduced nanocutting self-assembly. Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate working as both a nitrogen phosphorus co-dopant and an acid etching reagent, cuts perovskite LaNiO 3 (LNO) nanoparticles into nanorods, which are bonded evenly on the nitrogen phosphorus co-doped reduced graphene oxide (N,P-RGO) to form an n-n semiconductor heterojunction LNO/N,P-RGO as a photodiode array-like nanoreactor via hydrothermal treatment. The photodiode array-like nanostructure exposes more active sites that are conducive to light absorption. The robust Ni-C and P-O bonds promote the narrowing of space-charge region at the interface by UV irradiation, thereby improving the transport of photogenerated carriers by visible light irradiation. The LNO/N,P-RGO nanoreactor exhibits excellent photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance with a yield of up to 354 mu mol g-1 h-1 under UV - visible light, which is 50 times higher than that of pure perovskite LNO, and it also displays favorable recycling stability.

BackgroundChinese college students used to eat in student canteens, making dietary consumption outside the cafeterias the main reason for the difference in sodium intake. This study aims to develop and validate a food frequency questionnaire (Sodium-FFQ) targeting dietary sodium intake outside the canteens among undergraduates in China.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 124 and 81 college students from comprehensive universities in the development and validation stage. A 24 h dietary recall and a food frequency questionnaire were used to develop the Sodium-FFQ. Food items were selected according to the foods that contributed more to the total sodium intake. Test–retest correlation coefficients with an interval of 14 days were employed to evaluate reproducibility. Validity was assessed against a single 24 h urine collection and a 3-day dietary record using correlation coefficients, Bland–Altman analyses, and cross-classification analysis of Kappa coefficients.ResultsThe Sodium-FFQ consists of 12 groups of foods with 48 items. The Spearman correlation coefficient of test–retest on sodium intake was 0.654 (p < 0.05), and that between the Sodium-FFQ, 3 × 24 h dietary record, and 24-h urinary sodium were 0.393 (p < 0.05) and 0.342 (p < 0.05), respectively. The Sodium-FFQ was correlated to 24 h urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio, with a Spearman coefficient of 0.370 (p < 0.05). The classification agreement of the Sodium-FFQ and 24 h urinary sodium was 68.4%, and the Kappa coefficient was 0.371 (p < 0.001).ConclusionThe Sodium-FFQ developed in this study presented an acceptable reproducibility, validity, and classification agreement. It indicates that the Sodium-FFQ could be a potential tool for promoting sodium restriction in college students.

This study explores the relationship between parental food neophobia, feeding practices, and preschoolers' food neophobia in China. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1616 pairs of preschoolers and their parents. Electronic questionnaires were conducted to collect information about social and demographic char-acteristics, scores of food neophobia among both children and their parents, parents' feeding patterns and children's dietary quality. Results: Children's average food neophobia score was 23.73 +/- 4.45. There was a positive correlation between parental food neophobia score (8: 0.154; 95%CI: 0.113, 0.195), pressure to eat (8: 0.694; 95%CI: 0.423, 0.964), postpartum breastfeeding initiation (8: 0.010; 95%CI: 0.002, 0.018), and children's score of food neophobia. However, parental modeling (8:-0.470; 95%CI:-0.732,-0.207) and the frequency of children eating with their families at home (8:-0.407; 95%CI:-0.707,-0.108) were negatively associated with children's food neophobia scores. The consumption frequencies of vegetables (P < 0.001), fruits (P < 0.001), domestic animals and poultry (P < 0.01), aquatic products (P < 0.05), beans and their products (P < 0.01), eggs (P < 0.05) and nuts (P < 0.05) and children's dietary diversity score (P < 0.001) are negatively associated with children' food neophobia score. While the consumption frequencies of fast food (P < 0.001), sweets (P < 0.01) and puffed/fried food (P < 0.001) were positively associated with children's food neophobia. Conclusion: Chi-nese preschoolers' food neophobia needs more attention because children with high food neophobia tend to have lower dietary quality. Children whose parents have high-level food neophobia should be the focus of early prevention. Earlier postpartum breastfeeding, more use of parental modelling, less pressure to eat and higher frequency of children eating with families are helpful to reduce the incidence of children's food neophobia.

Structure design of heterojunction photocatalysts is highly desirable for making full use abilities of each component and junction. Herein, we designed a one-pot in-situ top-down and bottom-up combination strategy to construct novel 0D/1D ordered NiO@La(OH)3 heterostructure derived from NiO@LaNiO3 using high-temperature hydrothermal treatment. The 0D/1D NiO@La(OH)3 heterostructure had better charge transport capability than its single component and the corresponding mechanical mixture. Furthermore, NiO@La(OH)3 and g-C3N4 self-assembled into 0D/1D/2D NiO@La(OH)3/g-C3N4 ternary hierarchical heterostructure photo-catalyst by electrostatic interaction. The synergistic effect of 0D/1D/2D architecture and ternary heterojunction boost the internal separation and interface transmission of its photocarriers. Therefore, the obtained 0D/1D/2D NiO@La(OH)3/g-C3N4 ternary photocatalyst exhibited significantly enhanced photocatalytic H2 evolution ac-tivity, comparable to related g-C3N4-based photocatalysts. This work enriches our insight into designing novel hierarchical heterostructure catalysts.

Interfacial electron transfer plays an important role in the boosting photoactivity of heterojunction under sunlight irradiation. Here, the lattice oxygen migration etching Agdoped perovskite induced self-assembly ternary heterojunction 0D/2D/1D Ag@Ni(OH)2/ La(OH)3 via hydrothermal treatment. The LaNiO3 controlled self-assembled into Ni(OH)2/ La(OH)3 heterojunctions at the interface and constructed a semi-coherent interface. Furthermore, it became reinforced quaternary heterojunction 0D/2D/1D/2D Ag@Ni(OH)2/ La(OH)3/g-C3N4 by electrostatic self-assembly with g-C3N4. The novel constructed Z scheme heterojunction Ag@Ni(OH)2/La(OH)3/g-C3N4 promotes the effective separation of photogenerated carriers. The semi-coherent interface between Ni(OH)2/La(OH)3 promotes the transfer of photogenerated carriers. At the same time, the silver nanoparticles on Ni(OH)2 nanosheets act as electron trapping sites to further improve the photocatalytic performance. In this way, the synthesized photoexcited quaternary heterojunction Ag@Ni(OH)2/La(OH)3/g-C3N4 showed an outstanding hydrogen production rate from photocatalytic water splitting (the yield of hydrogen was 1633 mmol/g/h) under simulated sunlight. It is comparable to many g-C3N4-based photocatalysts known at present. (c) 2023 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Interface engineering as an effective material modification method can regulate local corresponding interfacial geometry and electronic structures, thus enabling a higher intrinsic activity for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Herein, we carefully designed p-p heterojunction precursor Co4-MOF@La(HCO2)(3) with internal electric field through electrostatic adherence, which then in-situ transformed into p-p type heterojunction electrocatalyst (Co(OH)(2))4@La(OH)(3) under KOH activation strategy. The one-step in-situ conversion of (Co(OH)2)4@La(OH)3 generated the interface with significant difference in metal atomic radius and exhibits fascinating nanostructures, which enhances the specific surface area and increases the number of active sites compared with the parent material. Impressively, the obtained material (Co(OH)(2))4@La(OH)(3) demonstrates satisfying electrocatalytic activity in OER with a low overpotential of only 233 mV to reach a current density of 20 mA cm(-2), and excellent stability for 50 h at 10 mA cm(-2) in alkaline medium. In-situ Raman technique indicates that multivalent Co centers are the true active sites during the OER process. Based on density functional theory (DFT) calculation results, La atoms possess empty d orbitals, which are beneficial to facilitate charge transfer from Co to La at the heterojunction interface. Meanwhile, the introduction of La atoms changes the coordinated environment around the adjacent atoms at the interface, which induces the upshift of the d-band center for Co atoms and increases the binding strength of the adsorbed oxygen intermediate.

(1) Background: Insufficient evidence exists regarding the dietary habits that may contribute to high sodium intake among college students in China. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the dietary sodium intake of college students in Hunan and its association with their dietary habits. (2) Methods: In total, 585 university students from Hunan were recruited for this study. The sodium Food Frequency Questionnaire (sodium-FFQ) and dietary habits were assessed. (3) Results: Excluding cooking salt and high-sodium seasonings, the daily dietary sodium intake among college students in Changsha, Hunan Province, was 1183.74 (563.38, 2054.86) mg/day. A vast majority (89%) of college students reported eating outside of school at least once a week, and approximately one-third (34%) ordered takeaways at least once a week. After adjusting for confounding factors, the associations between the frequency of eating out and ordering takeaways with college students’ sodium intake remained significant. (4) Conclusions: The findings indicate that excessive dietary sodium intake among college students in Hunan is a growing concern. College students who frequently eat out and order takeaways tend to have a higher sodium intake. Future research should focus on identifying the main sources of dietary sodium and developing interventions that promote healthy dietary habits among college students.

g-C3N4 has attracted much attention in the field of photocatalysis. However, its high carrier recombination rate has always been an obstacle in practical application. g-C3N4-based heterostructures with an intimate interface contact is considered to be an effective solution to improve the separation and transmission of photogenerated carriers. Herein, an oxygen vacancy-mediated direct solid phase integration strategy is proposed to synthesize a 0D/2D/2D LaNiO3/RGO/g-C3N4 S-scheme heterostructure with interface chemical bonds. The optimized LaNiO3/RGO/g-C3N4 sample showed excellent hydrogen evolution rate of 1375 mu mol/g/h, which is far superior to those of pristine g-C3N4 (46 mu mol/g/h), LaNiO3/g-C3N4 (143 mu mol/g/h), RGO/g-C3N4 (307 mu mol/g/h) and mechanically mixed sample LaNiO3-RGO-g-C3N4 (625 mu mol/g/h). Also, it is comparable to many g-C3N4-based heterojunction photocatalysts known at present. The improved performance can be attributed to interfacial charge transfer promoted by interfacial chemical bonds served as charge transfer channels and the high redox capacity of S-scheme charge transfer. This work opens up a new avenue for the predictive design of reinforced heterojunction with enhanced photocatalytic performance.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of major food intake in toddlers with different severities of food neophobia and explore associations between food neophobia and the consumption of vegetables, fruit, snacks, and sugary sweetened beverages (SSBs) Method: This cross-sectional study included 747 toddler-caregiver dyads. Caregivers completed the questionnaire, which include the Child Food Neophobia Scale (CFNS), food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and questions regarding their toddlers' food refusals and reasons for refusal. Results: The mean CFNS score of the toddlers was 21.49 +/- 8.10, and the proportion of children with a high level of food neophobia was 27.4% in the overall sample. Children with high-level food neophobia consumed vegetables and fruits less frequently and thus had lower dietary diversity scores, while having a higher intake of snacks and SSBs. Leafy and flowering vegetables, meat and poultry, and cucurbitaceous vegetables were the top three rejected foods among high food neophobia toddlers. Such refusals might be due to the odor and taste, difficulty to chew, and texture of these foods. Conclusion: Early intervention is needed to address the high prevalence of food neophobia and thus improve Chinese children's dietary quality.

(1) Background: Research has shown that chronic inflammation can increase the risk of depression. The dietary inflammatory index (DII) is a novel measure of dietary inflammation, which has been used to investigate the relationship between diet and mental disorders in adults. However, little research has been conducted to establish an association between dietary inflammation (as measured by DII) and postpartum depression (PPD) in exclusively breastfeeding women. (2) Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 293 women who were exclusively breastfeeding for 6 months or less were enrolled. The DII scores were evaluated using semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQ), and the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to measure depression levels of breastfeeding mothers during the six months following delivery. The participants were classified by tertiles, and the possibility of DII being associated with PPD was assessed by binary regression analysis. (3) Results: The average DII score was 2.32 ± 1.08, which ranged from −1.66 to 4.19. The rate of depression was 60.1%. Adjusted for potential risk factors such as age, educational level, occupational level, number of babies, number of caregivers, social support level, and sleep quality, the results showed that the lowest DII score was associated with a lower risk of PPD than the highest score (OR tertile Q1 vs. 3 = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.24, 0.93, p = 0.030). (4) Conclusions: In exclusive breastfeeding women, the inflammatory potential of dietary intake seems to be related to depression. Interventions to improve diet quality might consider including a dietary component that aims to lower chronic systemic inflammation to prevent PPD. However, the relationship between DII and PPD among Chinese women remains to be demonstrated in a larger population.

Inadequate intake of fruits and vegetables (FV) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in children has become a global public health problem. Therefore, school-based gardening and cooking (SGC) and sports participation (SP) interventions may be effective in improving children’s FV intake and MVPA. The aim of this study is to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of SGC and SP interventions on FV intake and MVPA among Chinese children. In this cluster randomized controlled trial study, 237 children in grades 4–5 from six public primary schools from Changsha, Hunan Province, China will be randomly assigned to: (1) a SGC and SP combined intervention group; (2) a SP intervention group; (3) a regular practice group. The intervention clusters will be implemented for a period of 6 months and follow up will be carried out after 12 months. The outcome will be collected using a combination of self-reported and objective measures. Primary outcomes will include children’s FV intake and duration of MVPA per day, and secondary outcomes will included frequency and attitudes of FV intake and SP, in addition to other measures. Finally, a process evaluation will be used to analyze the facilitators and barriers to intervention implementation. Trial Registration: (Registration Number: ChiCTR2200064141).

(1) Introduction: Screen time may influence preschoolers' food consumption. However, there is limited evidence regarding preschoolers, especially in China. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the association between screen time and the consumption of vegetables, fruits, snacks, and sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs). (2) Methods: Participants (1567 caregivers) were recruited from six kindergartens in Hunan, China. Caregivers completed the questionnaire, which included the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and questions regarding their children's daily screen time. (3) Results: The mean screen time of preschoolers was 1.36 ± 1.26 h, and the proportion of children who spent more than one hour on screens was 54.3% in the overall sample. Children with longer screen time consumed vegetables and fruits less frequently, while having a higher consumption of snacks and SSBs. After adjustment of sociodemographic confounders, children's eating behaviors and parental feeding practices, the association of screen time with vegetables and SSBs still remained significant. (4) Conclusions: Screen time exposure needs to be monitored in preschool children, which was negatively associated with their consumption of vegetables and fruits, whereas it was positively associated with snacks and SSBs. Future research should focus more on the impact of screen time on children's unhealthy behaviors and dietary patterns.

Low-cost non-noble metal catalyst for dehydrogenation of formic acid to hydrogen at near room temperature is considered as a key to promoting commercial technology for clean energy. We have constructed reduced graphene oxide (RGO) self-assembly bonded nickel particles for synthesis of graphene nanosheets embedded with nickel nanoparticles architecture Ni@xRGO. Nitrogen and oxygen co-doped graphene facilitates the adsorption of hydrogen protons from formic acid. Electron transfer ability of Ni@xRGO with active sites is enhanced via Ni-C bond in the interface between the RGO nanosheets and nickel particles, which promoted the C-H bond breaking for dehydrogenation of formic acid. The Ni@0. 20RGO has excellent catalytic performance for hydrogen production from formic acid at near room temperature (the yield of hydrogen, 240.0 mL g-1 h-1 at 50 degrees C), comparable to the most active non-noble metal catalysts. (c) 2021 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between anxiety, depression, and gut microbiota in elderly patients with FC. Methods: in this cross-sectional study, a total of 198 elderly participants (85 male and 113 female) aged over 60 years were recruited. The study was conducted in Changsha city, China. The participants completed an online questionnaire, including The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), The Patient Assessment of Symptoms (PAC-SYM), and The Patient Assessment of Quality of Life (PAC-QoL). We selected the 16S rDNA V3 + V4 region as the amplification region and sequenced the gut microbiota using the Illumina Novaseq PE250 high-throughput sequencing platform. Results: in total, 30.3% of patients with constipation had depression, while 21.3% had anxiety. The relative abundance of intestinal microbiota in the normal group was higher than that in the anxiety and depression group. According to LEfSe analysis, the relative abundance of g_Peptoniphilus and g_Geobacter in the people without depression and anxiety was higher. The relative abundance of g_Pseudoramibacter-Eubacterium and g_Candidatus-Solibacter in the depression group was lower, and the relative abundance of g_Bacteroides and g_Paraprevotella, g_Cc_115 in the anxiety group was higher. In addition, according to the correlation analysis, g_Aquicella and g_Limnohabitans were negatively correlated with constipation symptoms, anxiety, and depression. Conclusions: this study found that gut microbiota composition may be associated with a higher incidence of anxiety and depression in patients with FC, thus providing insight into the mechanisms that ameliorate mood disorders in patients with FC.

Parental perception of children's weight may influence parents' feeding practices, and in turn, child dietary intake and weight status; however, there is limited evidence generated for preschoolers. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate associations between Chinese parents' perceptions of child weight, feeding practices and preschoolers' dietary patterns. Participants (1616 parent-child pairs) were recruited from six kindergartens in Hunan, China. Parents' misperception, concern, and dissatisfaction on child weight were collected through a self-administered caregiver questionnaire. Parental feeding practices and children's dietary intake were, respectively, assessed using the Child Feeding Questionnaire and a Food Frequency Questionnaire. Linear regression models were applied to analyze associations between parental weight perceptions, feeding practices, and preschooler's dietary patterns. Associations between parents' weight perceptions and dietary patterns were significant only among underweight children. Regardless of child weight status, parental weight underestimation and preference for a heavier child were positively associated with pressure-to-eat. Parental weight concern was positively associated with restriction in normal weight child, but this was not found in other weight groups. In conclusion, Parents' misperception, concern, and dissatisfaction about child weight are associated with parents' feeding practices and may influence preschoolers' dietary quality, but the relationships vary by children's actual weight status.

Herein we synthesized three polar post-cross-linked resins by adjusting the initial cross-linking degree of the precursor copolymers, and found that the porosity and polarity of these resins could be effectively tuned. The polar post-cross-linked resin with the initial cross-linking degree of 10% (abbreviated as PVE_10%_pc) possessed a much greater BET surface area and almost all micro/mesopores, but lower content of ester groups, while that with the initial cross-linking degree of 60% (named as PVE_60%_pc) had a much less BET surface area, less micro/mesopores and considerable macropores, but higher content of ester groups. The different porosity and polarity of these resins endowed them with different selectivity for the adsorption of aromatic compounds. PVE_10%_pc owned the largest equilibrium capacity to phenol whilst PVE_40%_pc was the most efficient for adsorption of benzoic acid, and hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interaction and π-π stacking were the main driving forces for the adsorption.