With the progress in neonatal intensive care, there has been an increase in the survival rates of premature infants. However, this has also led to an increased incidence of neonatal hyperoxia lung injury and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), whose pathogenesis is believed to be influenced by various prenatal and postnatal factors, although the exact mechanisms remain unclear. Recent studies suggest that multiple mechanisms might be involved in neonatal hyperoxic lung injury and BPD, with sex also possibly playing an important role, and numerous drugs have been proposed and shown promise for improving the treatment outcomes of hyperoxic lung injury. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze and summarize sex differences in neonatal hyperoxic lung injury, potential pathogenesis and treatment progress to provide new ideas for basic and clinical research in this field.

Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is widely known for its multiple systems damage, especially neurocognitive deficits in children. Since their discovery, adenosine A2A receptors (A2ARs) have been considered as key elements in signaling pathways mediating neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington's and Alzheimer's, as well as cognitive function regulation. Herein, we investigated A2AR role in cognitive impairment induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH). Mice were exposed to CIH 7 h every day for 4 weeks, and intraperitoneally injected with A2AR agonist CGS21680 or A2AR antagonist SCH58261 half an hour before IH exposure daily. The 8-arm radial arm maze was utilized to assess spatial memory after CIH exposures.To validate findings using pharmacology, the impact of intermittent hypoxia was investigated in A2AR knockout mice. CIH-induced memory dysfunction was manifested by increased error rates in the radial arm maze test. The behavioral changes were associated with hippocampal pathology, neuronal apoptosis, and synaptic plasticity impairment. The stimulation of adenosine A2AR exacerbated memory impairment with more serious neuropathological damage, attenuated long-term potentiation (LTP), syntaxin down-regulation, and increased BDNF protein. Moreover, apoptosis-promoting protein cleaved caspase-3 was upregulated while anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was downregulated. Consistent with these findings, A2AR inhibition with SCH58261 and A2AR deletion exhibited the opposite result. Overall, these findings suggest that A2AR plays a critical role in CIH-induced impairment of learning and memory by accelerating hippocampal neuronal apoptosis and reducing synaptic plasticity. Blockade of adenosine A2A receptor alleviates cognitive dysfunction after chronic exposure to intermittent hypoxia in mice.

Caffeine has been used as a first-line drug for treatment of apnea neonatorum for decades due to its high safety and effectiveness. Studies report that caffeine mainly acts as a blocker of Adenosine Receptors (ARs). However, the mechanism of caffeine in reducing apnea neonatorum in the central nervous system has not been fully explored. Medial parabrachial nucleus (MPB) is part of the respiratory center of the pons that may be related to the activity of caffeine. Previous studies have not explored the effect and mechanism of caffeine on MPB neurons. To elucidate this, the current study used antagonists of A1 and A2a receptors to mimic the effect of caffeine in MPB of mice in vitro using the patch-clamp technique. The firing rates and spontaneous post-synaptic currents were recorded. The findings of the study showed that caffeine excited MPB neurons. Notably, the adenosine A1R antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethyl-xanthine (CPT) but not the adenosine A2aR antagonist Istradefylline (KW6002) mimicked the exciting effect of caffeine, implying that caffeine excited MPB neurons in mice by blocking A1Rs. Further, the results indicated that caffeine could increase efficiency of synaptic transmission to excite MPB neurons. These findings suggest that A1Rs in MPB may be potential targets for caffeine in reducing apnea neonatorum.