Oulenziella bakeri is a promising alternative prey for mass rearing of Neoseiulus californicus, an excellen t biological control agent against phytophagous mites. However, little is known regarding the effects of different temperatures on the population growth of N. californicus when fed on O. bakeri. In the present study, the development, survivorship and life-history parameters of N. californicus with O. bakeri as prey were observed under laboratory conditions at 16 degrees C, 20 degrees C, 24 degrees C, 28 degrees C and 32 degrees C. The results showed that N. californicus completed immature development with 100% survival at all tested temperatures. The total duration from egg to adult emergence of N. californicus significantly decreased as temperature increased from 16 degrees C (17.85 d) to 24 degrees C (6.00 d), and then slightly decreased further as temperature increased from 28 degrees C (4.70 d) to 32 degrees C (3.93 d). The highest fecundity of N. californicus was 49.13 eggs per female at 24 degrees C, with the second-longest longevity o f 46.27 d. The second highest fecundity was 43.13 eggs per female at 28 degrees C, with the shortest longevity of 30.3 3 d. Life table analysis indicated that the net reproductive rate (R0) of N. californicus was highest at 24 degrees C, with a value of 36.27, and second-highest at 28 degrees C, with a value of 31.53. Meanwhile, the intrinsic rate of increase (rm ) of N. californicus peaked at 28 degrees C, with a value of 0.281. At 24 degrees C, the rm-value was 0.182, ranking as the thir d highest among the tested temperatures. Our findings suggest that, when fed on O. bakeri, 28 degrees C is the most suitable temperature for rearing N. californicus among those tested.

为评估牧草、绿肥兼用草种闽南饲用(印度)豇豆(Vigna unguiculata)作为载体植物扩繁豆蚜(Aphis craccivora)的适合性,开展了不同温度下闽南饲用(印度)豇豆对豆蚜存活率、发育历期、繁殖力影响的研究,并构建了种群生命表.结果表明:在17?33 ℃,豆蚜的世代发育历期随温度的升高而缩短;21 ℃时豆蚜的产蚜量最高,为103.90只;净增殖率随温度升高而降低,33 ℃时最低(1.378),17 ℃最高(54.649);在17?33 ℃,内禀增长率在25 ℃时最大(0.338),33 ℃时最小(0.041);周限增长率在25 ℃时最高(1.403),33 ℃时最低(1.042);种群加倍时间在25 ℃时最低,为2.049d.闽南饲用(印度)豇豆具备载体植物的潜力,对建立以闽南饲用(印度)豇豆为纽带的载体植物系统有一定的启发.

为明确加州新小绥螨Neoseiulus californicus对苹果全爪螨Panonychus ulmi的控制潜力,在实验室条件下测定加州新小绥螨对苹果全爪螨各螨态的捕食功能反应、捕食选择性及加州新小绥螨自身密度对其捕食的干扰效应.结果 表明:在25℃时,加州新小绥螨对苹果全爪螨各螨态的功能反应均属于Holling II型圆盘方程;加州新小绥螨对苹果全爪螨卵的捕食能力最强,为40.3,对幼螨、第1若螨、第2若螨和雌成螨次之,捕食能力分别为36.9、17.3、15.2、3.6;加州新小绥螨对苹果全爪螨卵、幼螨、第1若螨、第2若螨和雌成螨的日最大捕食量分别为34.5粒、26.3、13.5、12.2和3.0头;加州新小绥螨对苹果全爪螨卵、幼螨和第1若螨有较强的嗜食性,选择系数分别为1.4、1.5、1.1,对第2若螨和雌成螨没有嗜食性,选择系数分别为0.9和0;加州新小绥螨对苹果全爪螨的总捕食量随自身密度增大而增大,但单头捕食量和捕食作用率随着自身密度增大而下降,其捕食作用率E与自身密度P的关系模型为E=0.050P-0.544.表明加州新小绥螨对苹果全爪螨各螨态尤其是卵、幼螨和第1若螨均有较强的控制潜力.

[目的] 比较加州新小绥螨Neoseiulus californicus和巴氏新小绥螨Neoseiulus barkeri对二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae的捕食能力,为果园二斑叶螨生物防治剂的选择提供依据.[方法]采用捕食功能反应的方法研究加州新小绥螨和巴氏新小绥螨雌成螨对二斑叶螨各螨态的捕食作用.[结果]加州新小绥螨和巴氏新小绥螨雌成螨对二斑叶螨各螨态的捕食功能反应均属于Holling Ⅱ型,对二斑叶螨各螨态的捕食能力均随着螨态的增大而降低,对卵的捕食能力最强,其次是幼螨、第一若螨、第二若螨、成螨.巴氏新小绥螨对二斑叶螨卵、幼螨的捕食能力强于加州新小绥螨,功能反应参数a/Th值分别高出55.2％和30.1％,而加州新小绥螨对二斑叶螨第一若螨、第二若螨的捕食能力强于巴氏新小绥螨,a/Th值分别高出67.5％和114.5％,两种捕食螨对二斑叶螨雌成螨的捕食能力相当,a/Th值均为4.5.加州新小绥螨和巴氏新小绥螨均对二斑叶螨的卵和幼螨表现出嗜食性,而对若螨和成螨没有嗜食性.两种捕食螨对二斑叶螨的捕食存在种内干扰,加州新小绥螨的干扰系数(0.328)大于巴氏新小绥螨(0.324).[结论]在室内环境稳定的条件下,加州新小绥螨对二斑叶螨的捕食能力强于巴氏新小绥螨.

为了明确苹果园常用药剂对加州新小绥螨的安全性,本研究利用室内叶片残毒法测定了8种药剂对加州新小绥螨的毒力.结果表明,联苯肼酯、螺螨酯、吡蚜酮、噻虫嗪、氯虫苯甲酰胺对加州新小绥螨24 h内均无明显毒杀作用;哒螨灵、虫酰肼、阿维菌素对加州新小绥螨24 h内有明显毒杀作用,其中阿维菌素的毒力最高,LC50为14.686 mg/L,其次为虫酰肼,LC50为18.348 mg/L,毒力最低的是哒螨灵,LC50为33.765 mg/L.根据《化学农药环境安全评价试验准则》的测定标准,阿维菌素和哒螨灵对加州新小绥螨表现出中等风险性;虫酰肼对加州新小绥螨表现出高风险性.

In this paper the efficiency of Neoseiulus (Amblyseius) californicus (McGregor) for controlling Tetranychus urticae (Koch) on strawberry was evaluated. In greenhouse trials, three treatments consisting of releases of N. californicus at ten-day intervals: day 0, day 10, day 20, day 30 and day 40, and an untreated control were evaluated. Different the predator:pest ration, including 1:5, 1:10 and 1:20, were conducted at the initial infection period of T. urticae, all treatments releases significantly reduced the populations of T. urticae below the control (no releases) within 40 days. It is noticeable, when the ratio was 1:5, almost all T. urticae were consumed, it demonstrated that if the ratio of predator: prey remained adequate, N. californicus is a more efficient predator to T. urticae. Moreover, N. californicus significantly reduced the populations of T. urticae in the treatment of releasing N. californicus at ratio of 1:10. However, when N. californicus were released at ratio of 1:20, they could not control the infection of T. urticae within 40 days.

本文对目前已报道的可用于草莓害虫生物防治的捕食螨产品进行了简要综述.对于草莓叶螨类害虫,智利小植绥螨Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot是高效的捕食者,但由于它专食叶螨,所以食物不足时会严重自相残杀,且生产成本高昂,实际应用受至诸多限制;胡瓜新小绥螨Neoseiulus (Amblyseius) cucumeris (Oudemans)对叶螨的控制作用有限,主要用于防控蓟马类害虫;巴氏新小绥螨Neoseiulus (Amblyseius) barkeri Hughes在草莓上应用报道较少;且上述3种捕食螨的抗药性差,不利于其它病虫害的综合防控;加州新小绥螨Neoseiulus (Amblyseius) californicus (McGregor)抗药性强、耐低湿,繁殖力与草莓二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae (Koch)相近,且对西花蓟马具有较强控制作用,是草莓害虫综合防控的最佳天敌捕食螨.对于草莓蓟马和粉虱类害虫,目前国际上常用的品种是斯氏钝绥螨Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot和Typhlodromips montdorensis (Schicha).

记述厉蒂螨属1新种:中华厉蒂螨Laelaptiella sinica sp.nov.

The phytoseiid mite, Amblyseius swirskii (Athias-Henriot) is an exotic biological control agent of mites and small insect pests in China. Amblyseius eharai (Amitai & Swirski), on the other hand, is a native predacious mite common throughout East and South-East Asia and considered to be an important natural enemy of Panonychus citri (McGregor). Understanding the ways introduced predators affect native ones is vital if we wish to use the former as biological control agents in the field. In order to evaluate the interactions between these two predacious mites, we observed their life histories when they cannibalized or fed upon intraguild prey under laboratory conditions. Both male and female A. eharai and A. swirskii could develop to adulthood by feeding upon both conspecific and heterospecific (IGP) eggs. However, A. swirskii females supplied with IGP eggs had shorter developmental durations, higher fecundity, and higher intrinsic rates of increase (r m ) than those supplied with conspecific eggs. On the other hand, A. eharai females supplied with conspecific eggs had higher r m than those supplied with heterospecific eggs, suggesting that A. eharai females may prefer to prey upon conspecific immatures, even when A. swirskii immature stages are present. As a result, A. swirskii females may decrease A. eharai populations, when extra-guild prey species, such as spider mites, and pollen are scarce.

There is an important difference between cannibalism between unrelated individuals and between a mother and its offspring, because the former can be defined as a form of intraspecific competition, but the latter affects the inclusive fitness of individuals. Many examples of cannibalism have been reported in predacious phytoseiid mites. Furthermore, sib cannibalism avoidance is known in several species. However, whether females' actually prey upon their offspring under starved conditions has yet to be established. Here, female performance towards their offspring under no-prey-other-than-offspring, water-available and humidity-selectable conditions, was observed in four phytoseiid species, Amblyseius eharai, Amblyseius swirskii, Neoseiulus cucumeris and Typhlodromus bambusae. Typhlodromus bambusae females only survived for 4.14 ± 0.42 days and there was a significant difference in survival duration between T. bambusae and the other three species (all survived more than 8 days). Neoseiulus cucumeris females survived longer than A. eharai and A. swirskii females, whereas there was no difference between A. eharai and A. swirskii females. On the other hand, the offspring (immature stages from egg to larva or protonymph) of A. eharai, A. swirskii and N. cucumeris died earlier in mother-presence than in mother-absence (egg alone) experiments, suggesting that cannibalistic interactions occur between mother and offspring. The survivorship of T. bambusae offspring in the mother-presence condition did not differ from the mother-absence condition, indicating that kin cannibalism is rare in this species. This must be related to the phenomenon that mothers tend to die before their offspring. The short longevity of T. bambusae mothers is one of the reasons why there is no significant difference in immature survival between the mother-presence and mother-absence experiments. Lastly, the reason(s) behind such variation in female phytoseiid performance towards their offspring is addressed in relation to the diet-specialization hypothesis.

Using predatory mites Neoseiulus cucumeris Oudermans dusted with en-tomopathgen Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Wize) Brown & Smith to control aphids and spider mites is a new idea of biological control. Some studies were conducted to confirm the feasibility of this idea. The germination condition of P. fumosoroseus conidia was determined by the method of different saturated salt solutions applying different humidity in smal containers, and the pathogenicity test and the pot experi-ment were also conducted, under a suitable condition. There were 6 treatments for pot experiment as fol owing: (1) CK; (2) releasing 50 N. cucumeris; (3) spraying 20 ml of 107 spores/ml conidial suspension; (4) releasing 50 N. cucumeris after spraying 20 ml of 107 spores/ml conidial suspension; (5) releasing 20 N. cucumeris dusted conidia of P. fumosoroseus; and (6) releasing 50 N. cucumeris dusted with conidia of P. fumosoroseus. The result showed that the germination condition of P. fu-mosoroseus conidia was 25-30 ℃ and 95%-100% RH, and under this condition, the 108 spores/ml conidia suspension caused a mortality of 86.52% in aphids and 41.78% in predatory mites after ten days. From the pot experiment, the numbers of aphids of treatment (3), (4), (6) were close to 0 at the 8th day. This study proved that the predatory mites N. cucumeris dusted with the entomogenous P. fu-mosoroseus could provide satisfactory control on both aphids and spider mites in potted eggplants under suitable temperature and humidity. The predatory mite vec-toring entomopathogen system could provide an economic and labor saving way for aphid control.

The phytoseiid mites, Amblyseius swirskii (Athias-Henriot) and Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans) are important biological control agents introduced from outside of China. On the other hand, Amblyseius eharai Amitai & Swirski that is native to China and Japan is considered to be an effective natural enemy in China citrus orchards and bamboo forests. In order to develop effective mass production of these three species, the life history parameters, net reproductive rates (R-0 /female), and intrinsic rates of increase (r(m) /day) of the three species, A. swirskii (Athias-Henriot) and N. cucumeris (Oudemans), were observed under experimental conditions (25 +/- 1 degrees C, 90 +/- 5% RH and L:D = 14:10 h) with Carpoglyphus lactis (Linnaeus) produced by dry yeast. All species could normally develop and reproduce with C. lactis. The mean developmental period of A. swirskii females was the longest and was different from the other two species. The mean oviposition period and the fecundity of the three predatory species did not differ. The mean longevities of A. swirskii and A. eharai were shorter than that of N. cucumeris. The total fecundity among the three predatory species was not significantly different. Although no differences in R-0 were found among the three predators, the r(m) of A. swirskii was lower than that of A. eharai because of its long mean generation time (T). Additionally, the r(m) of N. cucumeris was the lowest among the three predators because it had the longest T. As such we established C. lactis as a suitable extra-guild prey species for A. eharai, A. swirskii and N. cucumeris in a comparison with previous reports that tested various food types, such as pollen, insects and mites. This study is the first to report that C. lactis was prey for A. eharai and N. cucumeris. Populations of C. lactis increased easily with dry yeast, and thus, this prey was very suitable for the present experiments.

This study tests the novel use of predatory mites for dissemination of a fungal pathogen for insect biocontrol in the laboratory. We first evaluated the pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana at several spore suspension concentrations against the nymphs of both the Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri) and two predatory mite species (Amblyseius swirskii and Neoseiulus cucumeris). The B. bassiana spores at suspension concentrations greater than 104 spores . ml(-1) were highly effective against D. citri nymphs, resulting in a mortality approaching 100% after 7 days, but caused only low mortality rates of A. swirskii and N. cucumeris nymphs (15 and 10%, respectively) after 7 days. We then observed whether these two predatory mites, when dusted with B. bassiana spores, could disseminate the pathogen to D. citri residing on small twigs of potted Murraya paniculata (Rutaceae) plants under high humidity conditions. Several days after the release of "dusted" A. swirskii and N. cucumeris females, most D. citri had been killed by B. bassiana. As these phytoseiid predators exhibit a relatively high tolerance to this pathogen and are attracted to D. citri, we believe that this method might represent a new technique for using the Beauveria to control this pest insect. This method should be further explored for dissemination of entomophagous fungi to various insect pests in greenhouse and field conditions.

Virulence of Beauveria bassiana CQBb111 strain at different concentration to the adults of Diaphorina citri and the female adults of Neoseiulus cucumeirs was evaluated in the laboratory. The corrected accumulative mortality caused by suspension liquid of 1.0×104 conidia·mL?1 against D. citri and N. cucumeir were 92.68%and 4.05%, respectively, 10 d after treatment. LC50 against D. citri and N. cucumeir were 2.24×109 and 5.4×1012 conidia·mL?1, respectively,at the 3rd d after treatment. At the same treatment time, concentration that caused 50%death of D. citri was only slightly virulent to N. cucumeir. LT50 against D. citri was 2.88 d at the concentration of 1.0×108 conidia·mL?1, but the corrected accumulative mortality of N. cucumeir was only 10.7% at 2.88 d. LT50 against D. citri was much smaller than thatagainst N. cucumeir at the same concentration of CQBb111 strain. The strain can achieve good control of adults of D. citri while exert slightly negative influence on female adults of N. cucumeir and it can be used in combination with N. cucumeir to control D. citri and huanglongbing vectored by D. citri.

根据采集的标本,对山地异伊螨Alliphis montanus Koroleva,1968,波兹南原革罗螨Protogamasellopsis posnaniensis Wisniewski et Hirschmann,1991和卡拉阳厉螨Androlaelaps karawaiewi Berlese,1903作了再描述。

Movements of the predatory mite Neoseiulus cucumeris( Oudemans) toward different life stages and secretions of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama were investigated an open environment,simulating natural conditions. The response of adult female N. cucumeris to different life stages of D. citri and to the secretions of D. citri on Murraya panicuata shoots was studied using choice tests at 25℃. The results were: 1. Female N. cucumeris showed a significant response to mixed life stages of D. citri after two hours and a highly significant response after three hours,indicating that the response to mixed life stages of D. citri is very strong. 2. Female N. cucumersi were not attracted to D. citri eggs. 3. Hourly counts of the numbers of female N. cucumeris on shoots with young D. citri nymphs in the first five hours of the experiment were, 25. 00%,18. 33%,13. 33%,15. 00% and 23. 33% higher,respectively,than those on control shoots without D. citri nymphs. 4. The response of predators to old D. citri nymphs was highest at the end of the first hour of the experiment and lowest during the second and third hours. The proportion of predators began to rebound during the fourth hour and had increased to 51. 67% by the end of fifth hour. This shows that old D. citri nymphs are attractive to N. cucumeris. 5. In trials using secretions of D. citri,the number of predators on shoots with secretions was 33. 33% higher than on control shoots,one hour after the start of the experiment. At the end of two hours,the proportion of predators departing the treatment shoot had increased but the number on treatment shoots remained higher than on control shoots. This result shows that females of N. cucumersi are attracted to secretions of D. citri.

Developmental duration,survival rate,fecundity,hatching rate and longevity of Typhlodromips swirskii(Athias-Henriot)feeding on different pollens and Aleuroglyphus ovatus(Troupeau)were investigated in this study.The life table of laboratory population were constructed at constant temperature of(25±1)℃,aphotoperiod of 10L:14D and relative humidity of 85%.The results indicated that T.swirskii could develop from egg to adult and reproduce when feeding on sunflower pollen,loofah pollen,corn pollen and A.ovatus.The Developmental period was 10.42 d,8.32 d,9.18 d,14.43 d,average fecundity per female was 31.20,65.30,40.17,9.62 eggs,respectively;The intrinsic rate of natural increase were 0.134 3,0.150 2,0.144 9,0.089 5.The intrinsic rate of natural increase,net reproductive rate and the finite rate of increase reached maximum values on loofah pollen:rm=0.150 2,R0=45.057 0,λ=1.162 0.When mites feed on corn pollen,the sex ratio reached maximum value by 2.27∶1;The intrinsic rate of natural increase(rm=0.089 5),net reproductive rate(R0=4.578 8)and sex ratio(0.91∶1)reached minimum values when predatory mites prey A.ovatus.

The predacious mite Neoseiulus cucumeris is an effective natural enemy of pest insects and mites.However,this mite is very susceptible to insecticides.This shortcoming has severely restricted its scope of use and effect in pest control.We have been breeding pesticide-resistant strains of N.cucumeris.On this basis,we compare resistance between resistant strains and susceptible strains.The cross-resistance results showed the resistant strain to avemectin had acertain and resistant strains were 132.5151 mg/Land 2 497.8167 mg/L,the resistance multiple reached to 17.85-fold.the 24-h LC50 values of chlorpyrifosto susceptible strains and resistant strains were7.4116 mg/Land 205.6392 mg/L,the resistance multiple reached to 26.75-fold.The results suggested that the mass rearing resistant strain which applied in the field can reduce the conflict between biological control and chemical control.Predatory mites will be employed for rational and efficient application to improve the biological control performance,and coordination of chemical control with biological control.