O maracujazeiro-azedo (Passiflora edulis) é uma das espécies frutíferas de maior importância econômica no Brasil, mas apresenta sensibilidade a variações climáticas que podem comprometer seu desempenho reprodutivo. Este estudo avaliou as cultivares Solar e FB 300 em dois sistemas de cultivo (protegido e campo aberto) em Tangará da Serra, MT, considerando morfometria floral, viabilidade polínica, receptividade do estigma e índice de frutificação. Houve interação significativa entre cultivares e ambientes para diversas características florais. A cultivar FB 300 em campo aberto apresentou maiores valores para comprimento de pétala (35,35 mm) e filamentos da corona (31,45 mm), enquanto a Solar destacou-se pelo maior comprimento do nectário ao estigma (30,13 mm). A viabilidade polínica foi superior na Solar cultivada em ambiente protegido (96,54%), em contraste com FB 300 em campo aberto (66,96%). A receptividade estigmática manteve-se elevada em todos os tratamentos (>83%), com valores superiores em Solar sob cultivo protegido (91,72%). O índice de frutificação foi de 81,40% para Solar em ambiente protegido, enquanto FB 300 apresentou desempenho inferior, sem diferença entre ambientes (61,20% a 68,60%). Os resultados indicam que o cultivo protegido favorece a eficiência reprodutiva, especialmente para a cultivar solar, configurando-se como estratégia promissora para otimizar a produção de maracujazeiro-azedo nas condições avaliadas.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to assess the variability of annual and monthly precipitation under current and future climate conditions, and to characterize its effects on soybean grain yield in the municipality of Tangará da Serra, Mato Grosso state, Brazil, using future climate projections from General Circulation Models (GCMs) and the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT), employing the CROPGRO-Soybean module. Model calibration was based on climate, soil, and management data, as well as genetic coefficients and field observations from the 2015/2016 growing season, considering cultivars with different maturity groups. Simulations were performed for six different sowing dates. Results indicated both positive and negative monthly fluctuations in precipitation under the current scenario. Among these, significant reductions were observed in September, October, and December, along with a general decreasing trend in annual precipitation for the region. Future scenarios (RCPs 4.5 and 8.5) showed both positive and negative variations, though not statistically significant. Earlyand intermediate-maturing cultivars exhibited lower yields and greater variability, whereas the late-maturing cultivar showed superior yield across all scenarios and sowing dates. Early sowings (September 20 to October 20) resulted in the lowest yields, while late sowings (November 1 and 10) were more favorable. Annual average precipitation was 1711 mm (current), 1494 mm (RCP 4.5), and 1515 mm (RCP 8.5). It is concluded that climate variability significantly affects soybean grain yield, with late-maturing cultivars and delayed sowings being recommended to enhance adaptation under future climate conditions.

A variabilidade climática impõe riscos severos aos sistemas de segunda safra no Cerrado. Este estudo avaliou a variabilidade temporal das secas e os riscos climáticos associados à produção de algodão em Campo Verde, Mato Grosso, no período de 1970 a 2024. Foram utilizados dados da reanálise ERA5-Land para o cálculo do Índice Padronizado de Precipitação (SPI) nas escalas de 1, 3 e 6 meses. As tendências foram avaliadas pelos testes de Mann-Kendall e de Sen, evidenciando elevada variabilidade interanual da precipitação, com média de 1684,0 mm, além de aumento na ocorrência de eventos de seca moderada a severa a partir de 2020. Observou-se tendência negativa significativa da disponibilidade hídrica entre maio e outubro, indicando maior persistência do período seco e irregularidade no estabelecimento das chuvas. O SPI-6 também revelou anomalias persistentes, com implicações potenciais para a recarga hídrica do solo. Para o algodão, esse cenário amplia os riscos durante o estabelecimento, a floração e o enchimento das maçãs, podendo comprometer produtividade e qualidade da fibra. Conclui-se que o SPI constitui uma ferramenta relevante para subsidiar o planejamento agrícola, o ZARC, o ajuste das épocas de semeadura e as práticas conservacionistas. Palavras-chave: variabilidade climática; índice padronizado de precipitação; déficit hídrico; cerrado brasileiro; sistemas agrícolas. Temporal variability of droughts (SPI) and climate risk for cotton in Campo Verde, Mato Grosso ABSTRACT: Climate variability imposes severe risks on second-crop systems in the Cerrado. This study evaluated the temporal variability of droughts and the climate risks associated with cotton production in Campo Verde, Mato Grosso, from 1970 to 2024. ERA5-Land reanalysis data were used to calculate the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) at 1-, 3-, and 6-month time scales. Trends were evaluated using the Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope estimator, revealing high interannual precipitation variability, with a mean of 1,684.0 mm, as well as an increase in the occurrence of moderate to severe drought events from 2020 onward. A significant negative trend in water availability was observed between May and October, indicating greater persistence of the dry season and irregularity in the onset of rainfall. The SPI-6 also revealed persistent anomalies, with potential implications for soil water recharge. For cotton, this scenario amplifies the risks during crop establishment, flowering, and boll filling, potentially compromising yield and fiber quality. In conclusion, the SPI constitutes a relevant tool to support agricultural planning, Agricultural Climate Risk Zoning (ZARC), the adjustment of sowing dates, and conservation practices. Keywords: climate variability; standardized precipitation index; water deficit; Brazilian Cerrado; agricultural systems.

ABSTRACT Regionally, the municipality of Tangará da Serra, Mato Grosso state, Brazil, has significant agricultural potential due to its latitudinal and orographic conditions. The variability of meteorological elements, especially rainfall, has direct impacts on the socio-environmental, economic and agricultural spheres, so assessing the intensity and trends of this variability is essential to rationalize the use of water resources, quantify impacts and for decision-making and planning to minimize possible negative impacts. In this context, the objective was to analyze the variability of precipitation and apply the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) to quantify drought severity. Precipitation data made available by the National Institute of Meteorology and the National Water and Sanitation Agency (ANA) between 1970 and 2023 were used. These data were analyzed for monthly and annual distribution and subjected to analysis of the probabilistic Gamma distribution model and SPI index. In general, in 47.1% of the years (25 years), the annual average precipitation was higher than the historical average (1,774.4 mm). Between 2000 and 2023, only 15% of the years exceeded the historical average precipitation. Several years with prolonged dry periods indicated by the SPI were observed in the analyzed period, with evidence of accentuation from the last 20 years; to better analyze drought events and relate their influence on agriculture, time scales of 3 and 12 months were considered.

. This work aims to evaluate the influence of different sowing times of crotalaria in an intercropping system with off-season maize on evapotranspiration, dual Kc values and the productive characteristics of maize and crotalaria. The experiment was carried out in the experimental field of the State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT) in Tangará da Serra, Mato Grosso, Brazil, with six treatments: single crop maize (MS); sowing of crotalaria simultaneous with maize (MCS); sowing of crotalaria with maize in the VE stage (MCVE); sowing of crotalaria with maize in the V2 stage (MCV2); sowing of crotalaria with maize in the V4 stage (MCV4); sowing of crotalaria with maize in the V6 stage (MCV6). The crop evapotranspiration (ETc) was determined through the mass variation of the weighing lysimeters and converted into mm d -1 . The methodology used was the dual Kc of FAO bulletin 56, dividing the dual crop coefficient (dual Kc) into the soil water evaporation coefficient (Ke) and basal crop coefficient (Kcb). The phenological phases of the maize crop were determined as recommended by the FAO: initial (I), development (II), intermediate (III) and final (IV). At the end of the crop cycle, the productive characteristics of maize and crotalaria were evaluated. The soil water evaporation for single maize was 253.47 mm, 3.25% more than the average of the intercropping treatments. The ETc throughout the cycle was 497.42, 477.19, 481.95, 481.95, 480.76 and 486.71 mm and the average dual Kc obtained was 1.18, 1.11, 1, 13, 1.13, 1.11 and 1.14 for treatments MS, MCS, MCVE, MCV2, MCV4 and MCV6, respectively. The intercropped maize can be cultivated in any evaluated sowing time of crotalaria, but the sowing of crotalaria simultaneously with maize and with maize in stages VE, V2 and V4 are the most indicated.

The thermal regime and the dynamics of soil moisture affect crop yield. Therefore, there is a need to understand the extent to which the intercropping system modifies the variability of soil temperature and moisture conditions for optimal growth and yield of the maize crop. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of different sowing times of crotalaria in an intercropping system with irrigated and non-irrigated off-season maize in the variability of soil temperature and moisture. The experiment consisted of twelve treatments, consisting of different cropping systems (intercropping): maize in a single crop (MS); sowing of crotalaria simultaneous with maize (MCS); sowing of crotalaria with maize in the VE stage (MCVE); sowing of crotalaria with maize in stage V2 (MCV2); sowing of crotalaria with maize in stage V4 (MCV4); sowing of crotalaria with maize in stage V6 (MCV6), in irrigated and non-irrigated systems. Soil temperature was monitored at depths of 10, 20, 30 and 40 cm, and soil moisture was monitored at a depth of 20 cm using "K-type" thermocouple sensors and time domain reflectometry (TDR) probes, which were all connected to a Datalogger and programmed to store the collected data at 15-minute intervals. Irrigation was carried out with a uniformity coefficient greater than 80% and a water depth of 10.38 mm h-1 with a sprinkler system. The intercropping of maize with crotalaria provides the soil with a smaller range of soil temperature, with higher values in the system without irrigation compared to the irrigated system. Soil moisture was lower in the single maize treatment, as it increased soil water evaporation compared to the intercropping treatments. In the irrigated system, the soil moisture was higher at 0.010 m3 m-3 in relation to the system without irrigation. The irrigated system obtained better results for maize yield than the non-irrigated system.

TEMPERATURA E UMIDADE DO SOLO EM SISTEMAS DE MILHO CONSORCIADO E EM MONOCULTIVO COM E SEM IRRIGAÇÃO JOÃO DANILO BARBIERI1; PAULO SERGIO LOURENÇO DE FREITAS2; RIVANILDO DALLACORT3; DIEGO FERNANDO DANIEL4; ROBERTO REZENDE2 E WILLIAM FENNER3 1Departamento de Agronomia, UNEMAT, BR - MT-358, Km 7 - Jardim Aeroporto, 78300-000, Tangará da Serra - MT, Brasil. jd.barbieri@hotmail.com 2Programa de Pós-graduação em Agronomia, UEM, Bloco J45 - Av. Colombo, 5790 - 2° Piso - Zona 7, 87020-900, Maringá - PR, Brasil. pslfreitas@uem.br; rrezende@uem.br 3Programa de Pós-graduação em Ambiente e Sistemas de Produção Agrícola, UNEMAT, BR - MT-358, Km 7 - Jardim Aeroporto, 78300-000, Tangará da Serra - MT, Brasil. rivanildo@unemat.br; fennerwilliam@gmail.com 4Programa de Pós-graduação em Agronomia, UTFPR, Via do Conhecimento, Km 1, 85503-390, Pato Branco - PR, Brasil. diegodaniel.agro@gmail.com 1 RESUMO Cultivos consorciados visam à maximização sustentável do uso do solo e água, e têm-se tornado uma alternativa para regiões com períodos chuvosos relativamente curtos e temperaturas elevadas. O objetivo foi verificar a dinâmica e a manutenção da umidade do solo, em função das oscilações da temperatura do solo em sistemas de milho consorciado com e sem irrigação. O delineamento experimental foi composto por doze tratamentos, sendo: milho, braquiária e crotalária em monocultivo, consórcio entre milho e braquiária, consórcio entre milho e crotalária, e sem cobertura do solo, em dois sistemas (seis tratamentos irrigados e seis sem irrigação), com quatro repetições. Avaliou-se a temperatura do solo nas profundidades de 10, 20, 30 e 40 cm e umidade do solo na camada entre 0-30 cm. Foram avaliados os componentes de produção do milho ao final do ciclo. O cultivo do milho em consórcio com a crotalária ou braquiária, proporcionou redução da temperatura média do solo em 17,4 e 17,6%, respectivamente. O consórcio reduziu a amplitude térmica do solo quando comparado com o milho em monocultivo. A umidade do solo apresentou menores valores nas fases de desenvolvimento, intermediária e final para os cultivos de milho consorciado. O cultivo do milho em consórcio irrigado não apresentou diferença significativa na produtividade em relação ao monocultivo. Palavras-chave: braquiária, consórcio, crotalária, reflectometria no domínio do tempo, Zea mays L. BARBIERI, J. D.; FREITAS, P. S. L. DE; DALLACORT, R.; DANIEL, D. F.; REZENDE, R.; FENNER, W. TEMPERATURE AND SOIL MOISTURE IN MAIZE CULTIVATE IN SINGLE AND INTERCROPPING SYSTEMS WITH AND WITHOUT IRRIGATION 2 ABSTRACT Intercropping aims at sustainable maximization of soil and water use, and has become an alternative for regions with relatively short rainy periods and high temperatures. The aim was to verify the dynamics and maintenance of soil moisture as a function of soil temperature oscillations in intercropped corn systems with and without irrigation. The experimental design was composed of twelve treatments: corn, brachiaria and crotalaria in monoculture, intercropping between corn and brachiaria, intercropping between corn and crotalaria, and uncovered soil, in two systems (six irrigated treatments and six without irrigation), with four replications. Soil temperature at depths of 10, 20, 30, and 40 cm and soil moisture in the 0–30 cm layer was evaluated. The production components of corn at the end of the cycle were evaluated. Corn intercropped with crotalaria or brachiaria provided a 17.4 and 17.6% reduction in average soil temperature, respectively. Intercropping reduced the temperature range of the soil compared to corn in monocrop. Soil moisture showed lower values at the development, intermediate, and final stages for the intercropped corn crops. Corn under irrigated intercropping showed no significant difference in yield compared with monocropping. Keywords: brachiaria, intercrop, crotalaria, time domain reflectometry, Zea mays L.

The aim was to evaluate the influence of soil covers on the dynamics of soil temperature and moisture, canopy air temperature, and yield of creeping fresh market tomatoes. The experiment was carried out in randomized blocks design, using the tomato cultivar Thaise, with 5 treatments, 4 replications, with different soil covers: a) Uncovered soil (conventional planting); b) Mulching (double-sided plastic film - black and white); c) Sorghum; d) Sudan grass and e) Pearl millet), cultivated in Tangará da Serra, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Soil temperature was monitored at depths of 5, 10, 20, and 30 cm and in the crop canopy, using thermocouple sensors of the type "K". Soil moisture was monitored in the 0 to 30 cm layer, using of time-domain reflectometry (TDR) probes. Soil temperature and moisture were evaluated throughout the cycle and, in the end, the total and commercial yield of tomato crop. Soil covers have a positive influence on soil temperature and moisture in the cultivation of creeping fresh market tomatoes so that soil cover with mulching provides the highest soil temperature in the early stages of development and covers with mulching and pearl millet provide the highest values of soil moisture. The highest total and commercial yield of tomato were in the soil cover with mulching, with 110.71 and 75.93 t ha-1, respectively, presenting ideal ranges of temperature and soil moisture, so that the other treatments do not differ from each other, with the average total yield of 91.45 t ha-1.

The aim of this study was to test two models and two sizes of microlysimeters to determine soil water evaporation as a function of the removal of water by drainage at the bottom of the units. The experiment was conducted at the experimental field of the State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT) in Tangará da Serra, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Soil water evaporation was determined using microlysimeters constructed from rigid PVC tubes, of which two models and two sizes were tested. The four microlysimeter treatments were: 100 mm diameter without drainage (ML100WD), 100 mm diameter with drainage (ML100D), 150 mm diameter without drainage (ML150WD), and 150 mm diameter with drainage (ML150D). The microlysimeters were fitted to an irrigation blade of 60 mm and compared to applications with four irrigation blade sizes (15, 30, 45, and 60 mm). Water evaporation from the soil was obtained from the mass variation of the microlysimeters, and was then compared to the soil water evaporation determined using weighing lysimeters. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques, tests of means, and regression analysis. The soil water evaporation values present significant differences between the two microlysimeter sizes (100 and 150 mm diameter) and the two models (with and without water drainage). Soil water evaporation is affected by the water drainage that occurs at the bottom of the microlysimeters. There was no difference in soil water evaporation between irrigation rates within the same microlysimeter size and model. The two models and the two microlysimeter sizes tested can be used for the quantification of soil water evaporation, due to the high determination coefficients observed when compared to the evaporation observed with the weighing lysimeters.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi caracterizar um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico quanto às suas propriedades físico-hídri- cas. A amostragem do solo foi efetuada em uma área de cultivo agrícola no campo experimental da Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT) em Tangará da Serra - MT. Foram coletadas amostras deformadas e indeformadas de solo nas camadas de 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40 e 40-50 cm. Os atributos do solo analisados foram textura, densidade do solo, umidade volumétrica, macroporosidade, microporosidade, porosidade total, capacidade de campo, ponto de murcha permanente, resistência do solo à penetração, capacidade de água disponível, disponibilidade total de água e velocidade de infiltração básica. Para cada variável avaliada, foi realizada a análise de variância e a comparação de médias (Tukey p<0,05). O Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico do local de estudo possui textura muito argilosa. Para o teor de argila encontrado, a densidade crítica é de 1,34 kg dm-3. A capacidade de campo do solo é de 0,3490 m3 m-3, o ponto de murcha permanente é de 0,2083 m3 m-3, com capacidade de água disponível de 82,45 mm. A resistência do solo à penetração encontrada classifica-o com resistência moderada. A velocidade de infiltração básica do solo (VIB) foi de 25,91 mm h-1, classificada como VIB alta.

Background. The maize crop is strongly influenced by climatic variables such as precipitation and air temperature, directly influencing its adaptation to a specific location and climate. Objective. To determine the agroclimatic adaptability of the maize crop for different agricultural regions of the Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Methodology. This work was developed at the State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), on the dependences of the Centro Tecnológico de Geoprocessamento e Sensoriamento Remoto (CETEGEO-SR). A study was carried out on the adaptability of maize in the municipalities of Rondonópolis, Cuiabá, Tangará da Serra, Campo Novo do Parecis, Sorriso, and Sinop, in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The climatic variables of precipitation and air temperature, calculated on ten-day periods, were used for each municipality as provided by the Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET). Based on the climatic requirements of the crop, the adaptability of maize during the year was classified. Results. The recommended sowing of the season maize in the municipalities is between the 30th and 33rd ten-day periods and for off-season maize it is between the 1st to 5th ten-day periods, without damage to the development, productivity, and crop harvest. All municipalities are considered suitable for growing maize with the average air temperature. Regarding precipitation, maize is classified as moderated by excess water for cultivation in the spring and summer periods. Implications. This study provides knowledge and technical recommendations on the use of water in the maize crop, as well as the correct sowing date and cultivation of this crop for the study region. Conclusion. The maize crop is suitable for cultivation in the municipalities studied, with recommended sowing between October to February.

Resumo Os elementos climáticos como temperatura do ar e precipitação exercem influência direta sobre as culturas agrícolas, principalmente no algodoeiro, determinando e influenciando sua adaptação a diferentes regiões. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a adaptabilidade agroclimática e a probabilidade de chuvas para a cultura do algodão para os municípios de Rondonópolis, Tangará da Serra e Campo Novo do Parecis, estado de Mato Grosso. Utilizaram-se dados diários históricos de precipitação e temperatura do ar, disponibilizados pelo Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET). Com base nas exigências climáticas da cultura do algodoeiro foi classificada a adaptabilidade nas regiões durante o ano em período decendial. Foi calculada a probabilidade empírica e a classificação dos riscos de ocorrerem chuvas menores ou iguais a ETc durante o ciclo da cultura. A temperatura do ar média registrada nos municípios esteve entre a faixa indicada para a cultura (≥ 18 a ≤ 30 °C). Os municípios estudados podem ser considerados aptos ao cultivo do algodão no período safrinha (semeadura realizada de dezembro a fevereiro), considerando a temperatura e precipitação pluviométrica média local. Os riscos de ocorrerem precipitações menores ou iguais a ETc do algodoeiro, variaram de acordo com o estádio fenológico da cultura.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the dual crop coefficient of an early-cycle soybean cultivar for the city of Tangará da Serra, MT, Brazil, using high-precision lysimeters. The method used was the dual crop coefficient (dual Kc) of FAO Bulletin 56, constitued by soil evaporation coefficient (Ke), determined by microlysimeters, and by basal crop coefficient (Kcb), determined by weighing lysimeters. Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was calculated using the Penman-Monteith equation. Soybean sowing and harvesting were performed in the 2015/16 season with spacing of 0.45 m between rows. The reference evapotranspiration (ETo) estimated for the cultivation period was 267.06 mm; the crop evapotranspiration was 323.61 mm throughout its cycle. The Kcb values determined by lysimeters for soybean cultivation were 0.47, 1.15 and 0.89 for the initial, intermediate and final stages, respectively; Ke values at the initial, intermediate and final stages were 0.94, 0.14 and 0.44, respectively.

Objetivou-se avaliar a influencia da cobertura do solo na evapotranspiracao e nas caracteristicas produtivas do milho safrinha na regiao de Tangara da Serra - MT. O experimento foi conduzido no campo experimental da UNEMAT, no ano de 2016, com tres tratamentos e 28 repeticoes, sendo: sem cobertura vegetal; cobertura com 4 t ha -1 e cobertura com 8 t ha -1 de massa seca de braquiaria. A evapotranspiracao da cultura do milho – ETc, foi determinada atraves de lisimetros de pesagem e a evaporacao do solo foi determinada em microlisimetros. A ETc acumulada para o tratamento sem cobertura vegetal foi de 335,94 mm; 304,60 mm com cobertura de 4 t ha -1 de braquiaria e 332,05 mm com cobertura de 8 t ha -1 de braquiaria. A evaporacao do solo foi reduzida em 68,64 mm, quando utilizado cobertura de 4 t ha -1 , em 74,74 mm quando utilizou-se 8 t ha -1 . A transpiracao aumentou 36,58 mm e, 69,65 mm, respectivamente, em relacao ao tratamento sem cobertura do solo. Todas as variaveis de caracteristicas produtivas do milho foram influenciadas positivamente pelo uso de cobertura do solo. A produtividade foi de 8264,67; 9929,18 e 9939,52 kg ha -1 , para os tratamentos sem cobertura, com cobertura de 4 t ha -1 e 8 t ha -1 , respectivamente.

Sistemas de consórcio vem como uma alternativa para redução da evaporação da água do solo e consequentemente maior disponibilidade de águas para as plantas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a influência do consórcio entre a cultura do milho com a crotalária, determinando a evapotranspiração das culturas e avaliando o efeito da competição hídrica nas características produtivas da cultura do milho. O experimento foi realizado no campo experimental da Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), composto por três tratamentos, sendo: T1 - milho solteiro (Zea mays L.), T2 - crotalária solteira (Crotalaria juncea L.), e T3 - milho cultivado em consórcio com crotalária. A evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) foi estimada pela metodologia proposta por Penman-Monteith FAO-56. A evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc) dos tratamentos foram determinadas diariamente através da variação de massa de lisímetros de pesagem, convertida em mm dia-1. A evaporação do solo foi determinada com a utilização de microlisímetros. Foram determinadas as fases fenológicas das culturas para a determinação da ETc nos diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento conforme recomendado pela FAO-56, sendo: Inicial (I), Desenvolvimento (II), Intermediária (III) e Final (IV). Os componentes da produtividade do milho foram avaliados no final do ciclo da cultura. A evaporação do solo foi reduzida em 43,91 mm (26,78%), e a transpiração reduziu em 19,64 mm (14,85%) quando utilizado o sistema de milho consorciado, em relação ao milho em cultivo solteiro. A ETc acumulada foi de 312,00; 436,16 e 422,38 mm, para o milho, crotalária e o consórcio, respectivamente. A produtividade foi de 6739,26 e 4571,85 kg ha-1, para o milho em cultivo solteiro e consorciado, respectivamente.

Conservation systems of production are promoting yields and profitability, intercropping systems aim at sustainable maximization of soil and water use, and have become an alternative for regions characterized by relatively short rainy periods and high temperatures. The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of the intercropping system between maize (Zea mays L.) and C. juncea (Crotalaria juncea L.) on soil temperature and humidity for the municipality of Tangará da Serra in Brazil. The treatments consisted of the single crop of maize and crotalaria, as well as their intercrop cultivation, the soil temperature was evaluated at depths of 0.10, 0.20, 0.30 and 0.40 m and soil moisture at depths of 0.20 and 0.40 m. The components of grain production and yield of maize were also evaluated, for crotalaria, height, diameter and dry mass of the plants were evaluated. The highest soil temperature occurred at 14 h with an average of 21°C for all three treatments. The intercropping of maize with crotalaria gave the soil a lower amplitude of the soil temperature and kept the soil moisture high with values of 0.3 m3 m-3 in the depth of 0.20 m. The development stage presented the lowest mean thermal amplitude and higher humidity for the intercrop system. The yield of maize in an intercrop was reduced by 42.7% compared to a single crop.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo estimar a produtividade da soja e milho “safrinha” baseada em simulação realizada com os modelos CROPGRO-Soybean e CERES-Maize, respectivamente, incluído no Sistema de Suporte para Transferência de Agrotecnologia (DSSAT) v.4.6.1 considerando diferentes datas de semeaduras, sob os efeitos climáticos ocasionados pelos fenômenos ENOS (El niño Oscilação Sul) para os municípios de Rondonópolis, Sinop e Tangará da Serra. Os dados de calibração e validação do modelo foram adquiridos em experimentos de campo nas safras 2015/2016, realizados em área experimental da UNEMAT campus de Tangará da Serra, foram semeados três cultivares de soja com ciclos tardios médios e precoce, para quatro datas, e após a colheita de cada época foram semeados três híbridos de milho também com ciclos distintos, para quatro datas de semeadura, os dados meteorológicos foram monitorados por uma estação meteorológica instalada ao lado do experimento. Os modelos mostraram ser uma excelente ferramenta para a previsão do rendimento da soja e do milho “safrinha”, utilizando-se dados meteorológicos do ano em questão. Após a calibração foram simuladas 6 datas para cada cultura dividido em anos de ocorrência de El niño, La niña e Neutros, para os três municípios. Para a cultura da soja a variabilidade climática ocorrente dos fenômenos ENOS provocam maiores oscilações de produtividades aumentando os riscos de perdas por semeaduras antecipadas (22/09 e 06/10). Para a cultura do milho safrinha em todos os eventos climáticos analisados as melhores épocas foram 20/01 e 01/02 para todos os municípios.

Crop coefficient (Kc) study is the main tool used to determine the plant water consumption enabling irrigation management. The dual Kc is related to the evaporation coefficient of water from the soil (Ke), therefore, the objective of the work was to evaluate the influence of the soil coverage, in the variability of the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) of soybean and the dual Kc. The Kc values were determined by the ratio between ETc and ETo (reference evapotranspiration). ETo was estimated using the methodology proposed by Penman-Monteith FAO-56. The ETc values were obtained by the water input and output ratio of the weighing lysimeters system for the culture development phases established as initial; development; intermediate and final. The culture presented a cycle of 118 days for both treatments; the volume of the water precipitated and supplied by irrigation was 786.4 and 89 mm, respectively. The water consumption determined by ETc during the crop cycle was 699.10; 672.57; 649.06; 724.02; 643.46 and 638.12 mm, respectively for levels 0; 2; 4; 6; 8 and 10 t ha-1 of the dry mass of Brachiaria. The average dual Kc obtained was 1.60; 1.48; 1.40; 1.53; 1.42 and 1.47, respectively for coverings and a reduction in Kc was observed for treatments with soil coverage. Yield and development of the root system, were increase on soil coverage of 2 and 4 t ha-1.