N. WALDMANN D. ARIZTEGUI F.S. ANSELMETTI J.A. AUSTIN Jr. R. DUNBAR C.M. MOY and C. RECASENS

Analysts agree about the need for developing both new and cleaner energy resources. At the same time, some argue that energy efficiency can provide only a minimal role in meeting future energy needs. Hence, energy supply is encouraged while energy efficiency is supported only minimally. Analysts Douglas Lightfoot and Christopher Green suggest in a series of papers, for example, that there are practical limits that will constrain the rate of efficiency improvement to no more than about one percent per annum over the next 100 years. This paper explores the assumptions that underpin such "practical limits" and concludes that efficiency gains perhaps could more than double the rate suggested by Lightfoot and Green. The question is not one of practical limits; rather, the issue is one of choosing to develop energy paths that allow greater system efficiencies to emerge.

Page 1 Effect of Idealized Flow Conditions on Retention Aid Performance. 2. Polymer Bridging, Charged Patches, and Charge Neutralization TAWEEWAT TRIPATTHARANAN *, MARTIN A. HUBBE**, JOHN A. HEITMANN^, and RICHARD A. VENDITTI** * Engineer The Siam Pulp and Paper Public Company Limited 1 Siam Cement Rd., Bangsue, Bangkok, THAILAND, 10800 ** Associate Professor North Carolina State University, Box 8005, Raleigh, NC 27695-8005 USA ^ Professor North Carolina State University, Box 8005, Raleigh, NC 276958005 USA

The majority of the members of the phylum Rhynchocoela are found free-living in the benthos of the intertidal and subtidal zones. These worm-like organisms are described as acoelomate Bilateria with a complete digestive system (Hyman, 1951). Coe (1943) described the rhynchocoelans (nemerteans) as carnivorous in their feeding behavior, and in some littoral communities these organisms are apparently the most abundant predators (Roe, 1970). The function and morphology of the digestive system of a number of rhyn chocoels has been extensively exaniined with regard to particulate food digestion by Gontcharoff (1948), Jennings (1960, 1962), Jennings and Gibson (1969) and Gibson (1970) utilizing light microscopy and histochemical techniques. The ability of numerous free-living marine invertebrates to remove organic solutes, present in relatively low concentrations, from the environment has been extensively investigated by Stephens and his associates (e.g., Stephens, 1964; Reish and Stephens, 1969). Similar absorption phenomena for small molecular weight organic nutrients have been identified in the rhynchocoelan, Lineus ruber, by Fisher and Cramer (1967). This paper extends those preliminary reports and indicates that the epidermal free surface is the major site for absorption of these nutrients from their environment.

The economy has shown a surprising decline in the rate of the nation's energy intensity over the past three years. Measured as the number of Btu's per dollar of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the average annual rate of change is about -3.4 percent for the period 1996-99. In absolute terms this is significantly greater than the -2.6 percent rate of change in the 1973-86 "oil crisis" period. It is all the more surprising given the absence of any significant price signals or policy initiatives. Several recent papers have attempted to explain the change. One group of analysts cites the weather as the major contributor to the reduction in the nation's energy intensity while a second group references structural change as a primary driver. The latter refers to major shifts away from the energy-intensive industries as a source of economic well being, toward the less energy-intensive commercial services and light manufacturing segments of the economy. This preliminary analysis is a further inquiry into this issue. The draft analysis extends the idea of structural change by examining the specific influence of the explosive growth within the information and communication technology (ICT) sectors. Preliminary evidence suggests that the growth in the ICT sectors — including the production of computers and peripheral equipment, software and programming services, communication services, and electronic commerce — may explain a significant part of the sharp decline in energy intensity. Moreover, continued growth in these sectors may lessen the growth in energy consumption compared to mainstream economic forecasts. Based upon a "first approximation" of the potential impact of structural change, mainstream projections of energy and carbon emissions may be overestimated by about 5 quads and 80 MtC. At the same time, the paper raises questions about the need to measure and evaluate the direct and indirect impact of ICT sectors on the nation's energy use (and the resulting emission of energy-related greenhouse gases). This draft report is a work in progress for which the author actively invites comments and suggestions.