This paper discusses the development of the New Zealand Parliamentary Library in the context of other significant parliamentary libraries in the English-speaking world. There are four phases of development in New Zealand's 150 years, which are also observable in other parliamentary libraries. The four phases are: getting established, building a strong library collection, supporting library functions, and focusing upon Parliament. This paper tells the story of one library's development, highlighting the influences, connections, and similarities with other well-known examples. Although the world's parliamentary libraries take varying paths because of the different cultures, parliamentary models, and national library frameworks in which they operate, comparisons can be fruitful.

The reforms to the New Zealand Parliament of the 1980s and 1990s shifted the balance between executive and legislature away from the former. Through much of the twentieth century the executive had dominated. This article looks at an earlier period when the balance between the executive and legislature was strikingly different. It describes the shift towards greater executive dominance in three respects important to the functioning of Parliament - parliamentary expenditure, the impact of political parties and electoral politics, and increased government control over business in the House of Representatives.

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This paper reviews studies on the effects of aerobic exercise upon blood pressure in older hypertensives. Controlled evaluations indicate average decreases in systolic and diastolic resting blood pressure of 8.8 rnm Hg systolic and 7.8 mm Hg, respectively, indicating a moderate, yet clinically important reduction. However, few studies have independently focused on the older adult hypertensive, an increasingly important source of cardiovascular morbidity, mortality, and costly health care utilization. Still fewer studies address the critically' related problem of adherence, including the demonstration of eficacious methods of enhancing adherence to exercise with this population. Some factors associated with higher exercise adherence rates in the older adult include participation in low-intensity exercise that is perceived as reinforcing and safe. Research also indicates the potential value of home-based exercise programs in promoting compliance to the regimen. Several suggestions for further research are offered including the necessity for larger scale studies to establish the short and long-term efficacy of exercise on reducing blood pressure and overall cardiovascular risk reduction, especially in those most likely to experience costly cardiovascular endpoints, such as hypertensives over 60, as well as middle-aged to older individuals of African heritage.

Caparosa, Susan L. M.A.; Martin, John E. Ph.D.; Beach, Diane L. M.P.H.; Elsenman, Paula M.P.H.; Verity, Larry S. Ph.D. Author Information

Caparosa, Susan M.A.; Martin, John E. Ph.D.; Beach, Diane L. M.P.H.; Eisenman, Paula A. M.P.H. Author Information

Exercise in Hypertension Get access John E. Martin, Ph.D, John E. Martin, Ph.D 1Jackson Veterans Administration Medical Center and University of Mississippi Medical Center *Reprint Address: John E. Martin, Ph.D., Psychology Service (116B), VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Patricia M. Dubbert, Ph.D., R.N. Patricia M. Dubbert, Ph.D., R.N. 1Jackson Veterans Administration Medical Center and University of Mississippi Medical Center Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Annals of Behavioral Medicine, Volume 7, Issue 1, January 1985, Pages 13–18, https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324796abm0701_2 Published: 01 March 1985

A behavioral program of aerobic exercise was implemented across laboratory and home settings in two mild hypertensive subjects in an effort to lower blood pressures. An ABAB withdrawal-reinstatement treatment design was employed in each case to isolate the effects of exercise on diastolic blood pressure. Results showed that in both subjects the onset and continuation of exercise in the laboratory and home settings were associated with clinically important reductions in blood pressure, independent of weight change. In addition, the cessation of exercise was systematically followed by a rapid increase in blood pressure to former, hypertensive levels. The results of the present single-subject analysis are discussed in terms of their importance as the first systematic look at the specific effects of exercise implementation and withdrawal on individual hypertensives.

A three-study series was conducted to examine smoking topography across clinical, laboratory, and naturalistic settings for 24 smokers who were patients in an alcohol treatment program. Experiments I and 2 included surreptitious observation of smoking in group therapy sessions (naturalistic), and obtrusive observation of smoking in a smoking clinic setting. The third study added a laboratory smoking condition to the clinic and group conditions. Puffing patterns in clinical and laboratory settings tended to be similar, and both differed from smoking in the naturalistic setting. Subjects generally took more puffs, longer puffs, and had shorter cigarette durations in clinical and laboratory settings than in the naturalistic setting. The implications of these findings for assessment of intake and health risk are discussed.

Studies which have examined low tar and nicotine (LT/LN) cigarette smoking have failed, for the most part, to assess adequately the long-term effects of these cigarettes. Most studies have been short-term laboratory investigations of nicotine regulation. More practical strategies for changing to LT/LN cigarettes have largely been ignored. The present study examined long-term changes in smoking patterns following the gradual introduction of LT/LN cigarette smoking. Predicted increases in reported rates of consumption as well as carbon monoxide (CO) levels were not found for most smokers following changes to LT/LN cigarettes. Generally, smokers showed decreased rates of consumption, and a majority had lower CO levels at the end of treatment and during follow-up. Thus, LT/LN cigarette smoking would appear to be an alternative treatment goal for risk reduction in individuals who cannot stop smoking.

Self-help methods are preferred by smokers over clinic-based treatments providing more traditional services. Unfortunately, these more popular methods have not been extremely successful in getting smokers to quit. The poor success rates may be partially related to the lack of structure inherent in these treatment approaches. The present study examined a self-help program delivered to smokers via a written manual and limited duration phone calls — the latter to add structure to the treatment procedures. The results, a 23% abstinent rate, indicate that this approach has some promise for treating chronic smokers.

The reactive effects of three self-monitoring procedures were evaluated with respect to compliance with the self-monitoring requirements and session attendance. A total of 50 smokers who agreed to participate in a smoking cessation program were randomly assigned to one of five conditions: three self-monitoring conditions and two no self-monitoring control conditions. Results indicate that groups were initially equal on the variables of age, sex, pack year history, estimated rate of consumption, and alveolar carbon monoxide level. Drop-out rates for the no self-monitoring control groups were equal at the second session (10% each) and significantly lower than those of the self-monitoring groups (40%, 40%, and 60%). This significant differences was still present at the sixth treatment session. The implications of increased drop-out rates in smoking cessation programs resulting from self-monitoring are discussed.

Procedures for the determination of thiocyanate (SCN) levels in saliva samples were evaluated in a series of three experiments. Laboratory analysis procedures as well as sampling and storage conditions were examined to identify sources of measurement error in the assessment of SCN. The results of the study indicated that spectrophotometric analysis of saliva samples can be a reliable method of determining SCN levels. Also, storage containers, length of storage and storage temperatures can lead to critical differences in SCN level when saliva samples were not analyzed immediately after sampling. Guidelines for the assessment of saliva SCN are provided in a discussion of the results.

The present paper reviews the literature on thiocyanate as a biochemical index of smoking exposure. A description of thiocyanate is provided, including its characteristic effects on health, relationship to cigarette smoking, and uses in smoking research. The paper critically evaluates the various methods of measuring thiocyanate. The evaluation of different sampling methods concludes that saliva thiocyanate is the most promising method of measuring smoking exposure. Saliva thiocyanate sampling, factors which may increase measurement error, and directions for further research are discussed.

The nature of smoking risk is first reviewed and a classification of procedures for assessing smoking behavior is presented. Areas requiring assessment include not only the traditionally measured smoking rate, but also the substance used and topography of consumption. Each of these areas may be assessed through a variety of self-report, observational, or indirect techniques. These techniques as well as some of their advantages and disadvantages are presented. Recently published (1975 to mid-1978) data-based smoking research appearing in four journals (Addictive Behaviors, Behavior Therapy, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, and Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology) is then reviewed with respect to measurement reliability and the use of multiple measures. Results show a strong tendency to assess only the risk area of smoking rate and a low frequency of appropriate measurement reliability checks, especially during baseline and treatment phases. Some of the implications of these results are discussed.

This paper reviews the health risks of carbon monoxide and its relationship to smoking behavior. Special emphasis is placed on behavioral determinants of carbon monoxide uptake. The role of carbon monoxide in measurement and modification of smoking risk is also discussed.