Perinatal transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (Bb), the spirochetal agent of Lyme disease, is an issue of public health importance and research significance. This alternate mode of transmission and the potential risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes were communicated within public health spheres following the first suspected case in 1985. Subsequent studies in reservoir and non-reservoir animal hosts, in addition to case reports of perinatal morbidity and mortality in humans brought further attention to the field. Decades later, however, the incidence and epidemiologic impact of perinatal transmission of Bb, as well as the clinical spectrum and potential long-term health sequelae of gestationally exposed children, remain understudied and poorly defined. In June 2022, a Banbury Conference on Perinatal Transmission of Lyme disease was convened at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in New York. This manuscript conveys conference findings and research recommendations to advance scientific and clinical understanding of this important issue.

Long Covid is a multi-factorial condition impacting millions globally. (1) To describe the demographic and health profiles of adults who have or have had Long Covid, and (2) examine their experiences of Long Covid healthcare, particularly in general practice. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted in the Republic of Ireland in April 2025. Survey items investigated demographics, medical history, and experiences of Long Covid care. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics and qualitative analysis of open responses. Of 222 (87.05

Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus and HIV causes significant morbidity and mortality. Effective antiviral treatment is available for both. Ireland has historically been considered a low prevalence country. However, with increasing inward migration and diversity, this may be changing. The aim of this study was to measure the community prevalence of hepatitis B virus and HIV infections in Irish residents born between the years 1965 and 1985. Anonymised residual serum samples from blood tests ordered by community general practitioners and tested in eight general hospital laboratories, spread across Ireland, were analysed for the presence of Hepatitis B surface antigen and antibodies to HIV. A total of 6080 samples were analysed for hepatitis B surface antigen including 2993 males, 2807 females and 280 samples for which gender was not recorded. HBsAg was detected in 28/6067 samples giving an estimated prevalence of 0.46

This is a 3.5-year single-center observational cohort study investigating the longitudinal impact of Long Covid on the physical and mental health of patients. Patients were assessed at 3 months, 1 year, and 3.5-years post-infection using the 12-item Short Form Survey, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 scale and the Impact of Events Scale-Revised questionnaire. Additionally, a clinical symptom review was conducted for patients with persistent Long Covid at the 3.5-year follow-up. We had 149 respondents at 3 months, 94 at 1 year and 85 at 3.5-year. Of those who participated, 72% had Long Covid at the 3-month follow-up, with 26% and 25% having persistence of Long Covid symptoms at 1-year and 3.5 years, respectively. The most reported symptoms at the 3.5-year timepoint included fatigue, difficulty sleeping and easy crashing following activities. Overall, patients' Physical Composite Scores significantly improved between the 3-month and 3.5-year timepoints. However, the Physical Composite Scores of patients with persistent Long Covid were significantly lower than those of non-Long Covid patients at both the 3-month and 1-year follow-ups. The Mental Composite Score of persistent Long Covid patients remained significantly lower than individuals without Long Covid at all timepoints. At 3 months, Long Covid disproportionately met the criteria for depression, anxiety and PTSD symptoms. At 1 and 3.5 years, patients with persistent Long Covid were more likely to meet the criteria for depressive symptoms than those without Long Covid. Between the 3-months and 3.5-year timepoints, there was a significant reduction in the number of patients with persistent Long Covid who met the criteria for PTSD and anxiety symptoms. Although patients with Long Covid for 3.5 years had shown improvements in both their physical and mental health over time, they continue to lag behind those without Long Covid.

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), a chronic inflammatory skin disease, is associated with reduced quality of life (QoL) and work productivity.1,2 The association between increasingly stringent efficacy responses and changes in patient-reported pain, health-related QoL (HRQoL), and work productivity was examined in patients with moderate to severe HS.

WHAT IS THIS SUMMARY ABOUT?:This is a summary of an article about an ongoing study called the BICSTaR study.The BICSTaR study includes people with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) who are taking a medicine called bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (shortened to B/F/TAF). B/F/TAF is a single tablet that contains 3 different drugs for the treatment of HIV. The drugs work together to reduce the levels of HIV so that the virus can no longer be detected by a blood test.People taking part in the study are adults with HIV living in Europe, Canada, Israel, Japan, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan. People take 1 tablet of B/F/TAF once a day. They are either taking B/F/TAF as their first treatment for HIV, or they have switched to B/F/TAF from another HIV treatment.Researchers looked at how well B/F/TAF worked and how safe it was in people who took B/F/TAF for a year. WHAT ARE THE KEY TAKEAWAYS?:Researchers found that B/F/TAF worked well in almost all people in the study by reducing levels of HIV in the blood. The virus could not be found in the blood of more than 9 out of 10 (94%) people who were taking B/F/TAF as their first HIV medicine and more than 9 out of 10 people (97%) who had taken another HIV medicine before starting B/F/TAF. This is known as having an 'undetectable viral load' and is a major goal for HIV treatment success. Researchers did not find any evidence of HIV developing resistance to B/F/TAF, which might stop B/F/TAF from working properly.Around 1 out of 10 people (13%) had side effects (any unwanted sign or symptom that people have when taking a medicine that researchers think might be caused by the medicine) that might have been caused by B/F/TAF. Most of these side effects were not classified as serious. Less than 1 out of 100 (0.1%) people had serious side effects that might have been caused by B/F/TAF. Only 6 out of 100 people stopped taking B/F/TAF due to side effects caused by B/F/TAF. As a result, more than 9 out of 10 people (95%) took B/F/TAF for at least 1 year. WHAT WERE THE MAIN CONCLUSIONS REPORTED BY THE RESEARCHERS?:B/F/TAF worked well in people with HIV in this study. Most people (around 9 out of 10) did not have any side effects.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an important cause of chronic liver disease. Among at-risk populations, access to care is challenging. The French Ministry of Health has supported a seek-and-treat pilot intervention aiming at micro-elimination in Perpignan, France, to inform scale-up of elimination efforts across the whole territory. University College Dublin (UCD) led a successful EU funded project, called HepCare, focusing on the micro-elimination of HCV. UCD was contracted to evaluate and benchmark the Perpignan results against results from HepCare. Using mixed-method approaches including qualitative interviews with patients, a focus group with healthcare professionals, and quantitative analyses of the cascade of care against results obtained at other European sites, we analyse the acceptability, reproducibility, replicability, and effectiveness of the Perpignan intervention. A total of 960 participants were recruited in the Perpignan area. HCV antibody test results were obtained for 928 (96.6%), of which 150 (15.6%) were antibody-positive. Of the antibody-positive participants, 68 (45.3%) tested positive for HCV-RNA, 141 (94%) were linked to care, and of the HCV-RNA-positive participants, 60 (88%) started treatment. Of those who underwent treatment, 34 (56.7%) completed treatment and achieved a sustained viral response (SVR) at dataset closure, 18 (30%) were still in treatment, 5 (8.3%) defaulted from treatment, and 3 (5%) had a virologic failure or died. The intervention in Perpignan was acceptable to patients, but had limitations in effectiveness, as shown in comparisons with HepCare results. To engage harder-to-reach cohorts in France, future models of care in the territory should incorporate peer support.

Background Hepatitis C virus infection is often asymptomatic, and many patients may be unaware they are infected. Community-based, birth cohort screening has been advocated to identify these patients. It has been estimated that 0.7–1% of individuals born between 1965 and 1985 in Ireland are infected. The cost-effectiveness of screening is critically dependent on the population prevalence. Aims The aim is to determine the community prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the birth cohort 1965–1985. Methods Residual serum samples from blood tests ordered by community general practitioners were anonymised and analysed for the presence of hepatitis C antibody ± antigen. Twelve large general hospitals throughout the country participated. Results A total of 14,320 samples were tested, 9347 of which were from the birth cohort 1965–1985. Seventy-two samples were positive for hepatitis C antibody of which 12 were positive for hepatitis C antigen (17%). The overall prevalence of hepatitis C antigen in the birth cohort was 0.09%. A higher prevalence (0.39%) was identified in males in two urban areas of Dublin. Conclusions Hepatitis C virus seroprevalence was much lower than previously estimated. The proportion of antibody positive patients with hepatitis C antigen was also lower than expected suggesting the effects of treatment and/or high spontaneous viral clearance. Universal birth cohort screening is unlikely to be cost-effective. Targeted birth cohort screening in high prevalence areas could be considered.

IntroductionResearch suggests that general practice can play an important role in managing long COVID. However, studies investigating the perspectives of general practitioners (GPs) and patients are lacking and knowledge regarding optimal long COVID care in general practice is therefore limited.AimTo investigate GPs' and patients' perspectives on the topic of long COVID and its management in general practice.MethodsBrief questionnaires (GP n = 11, Patient n = 7) and in-depth semi-structured interviews (GP n = 10, Patient n = 7) were conducted with GPs and patients from Irish general practices during July 2022-January 2023. Interviews were conducted via telephone and audio recordings were transcribed. A phenomenological analysis involving reflexive thematic analysis and constant comparison techniques was adopted.ResultsAnalysis of interviews with GPs (male = 7, female = 3; median age = 50yrs (IQR = 39.5-56)) and patients (males = 2, female = 5; median age = 58yrs (IQR = 45-62yrs) generated four themes. These were (1) Complex presentations (2) the value of standardising care, (3) choosing the right path, and (4) supportive and collaborative doctor-patient relationships. Strong agreement was observed among GPs and patients regarding the need for holistic and integrated multidisciplinary care. Supportive and collaborative doctor-patient relationships were largely well received by GPs and patients also. GPs strongly endorsed standardising long COVID care operations.ConclusionGPs and patients indicated that structured, integrated, and collaborative care can help optimise long COVID management in general practice. GPs are advised to incorporate these elements into their long COVID care practices going forward. Future research examining stakeholder's perspectives using larger and longitudinal samples is advised to enhance the generalisability of evidence in this area.

Despite inflammation being implicated in cardiovascular disease (CVD) in people with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH), considerable heterogeneity within populations of PWH exists. Stratifying CVD risk based on inflammatory phenotype could play an important role. Using principal component analyses and unsupervised hierarchical clustering, we examined 38 biomarkers to identify inflammatory phenotypes in 2 independent cohorts of PWH. We identified 3 distinct inflammatory clusters present in both cohorts that were associated with altered risk of both subclinical CVD (cohort 1) and prevalent clinical CVD (cohort 2) after adjusting for CVD risk factors. These data support precision medicine approaches to enhance CVD risk assessment in PWH.

Introduction Nous avons étudié l’association entre le contrôle rigoureux du nombre d’articulations gonflées (NAG) et la réduction de la douleur et de la fatigue rapportées par le patient (pt) chez les pts atteints de rhumatisme psoriasique (RhuPso) à 2ans, en utilisant les données de deux études de phase III. Patients et méthodes Nous avons analysé l’association entre le NAG (0 [résolution complète], 1–3, ≥4) et les améliorations de la douleur et de la fatigue rapportées par les pts, évaluées à l’aide de l’échelle visuelle analogique (EVA) de la douleur et le FACIT-Fatigue (cas observés). Les pts ayant un NAG 1–3 ont été regroupés en raison du faible nombre de pts dans ces groupes.Les pts atteints de RhuPso ont été inclus dans deux études évaluant le bimekizumab (BKZ) administré à 160mg toutes les 4 semaines (S), BE OPTIMAL (NCT03895203 ; pts naïfs de biologiques) et BE COMPLETE (NCT03896581 ; pts avec réponse inadéquate ou intolérants aux anti-TNF [anti-TNF-IR]). Les deux études comportaient une période de 16S en double aveugle, contrôlée par placebo (PBO) ; l’étude BE OPTIMAL comportait un groupe de référence (adalimumab 40mg 2 fois/S). Les patients ayant terminé la S52 de l’étude BE OPTIMAL et la S16 de l’étude BE COMPLETE étaient éligibles à l’étude BE VITAL (NCT04009499 ; étude d’extension en ouvert), dans laquelle tous les pts ont reçu du BKZ.Les données sont rapportées ici pour tous les pts, regroupées indépendamment du bras de traitement. Les associations sont rapportées aux S16/52/104 pour BE OPTIMAL ; S16, 52/40, et S100/88 pour BE COMPLETE (FACIT-Fatigue collectée aux S40/88). Résultats Globalement, 710/852 (83,3 %) pts naïfs de biologiques et 322/400 (80,5 %) patients traités par anti-TNF-IR ont terminé la semaine 104/100. Au début de l’étude, les pts naïfs de biologiques présentaient des scores de NAG, de douleur et de fatigue légèrement inférieurs à ceux des patients traités par anti-TNF-IR : NAG moyen (écart-type) des pts naïfs de biologiques/anti-TNF-IR : 9,2 (6,7)/9,9 (7,7), EVA douleur : 55,2 (23,9)/59,5 (24,3), FACIT-Fatigue : 37,0 (9,7)/35,6 (10,3).Les pts ayant un NAG plus bas ont montré une amélioration plus importante de l’EVA de la douleur entre l’inclusion et S16 ; les tendances ont persisté jusqu’à S52/S40 et S104/S100 (Figure 1).Une plus grande proportion ayant un NAG plus faible a obtenu une amélioration≥50 % de l’EVA de la douleur (amélioration substantielle de la douleur) [1] ou un score EVA de la douleur≤15 à S16 et S52 ; ces deux tendances se sont maintenues jusqu’à S104/100 (Tableau 1). Une tendance similaire est observée pour les améliorations FACIT-Fatigue, bien que les résultats aient été moins prononcés que pour l’EVA de la douleur, probablement en raison de la nature multiforme de la fatigue dans le RhuPso (Tableau 1) [2]. Conclusion L’obtention d’un contrôle rigoureux du NAG a été associé à des améliorations plus importantes de la douleur et de la fatigue rapportées par les pts, qui se sont maintenues à 2ans chez les patients atteints de RhuPso.

Tick-borne illnesses (TBIs), especially those caused by Borrelia, are increasingly prevalent worldwide. These diseases progress through stages of initial localization, early spread, and late dissemination. The final stage often leads to post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS) or chronic Lyme disease (CLD), characterized by persistent and non-specific multisystem symptoms affecting multiple systems, lasting over six months after antibiotic therapy. PTLDS significantly reduces functional ability, with 82-96% of patients experiencing pain, including arthritis, arthralgia, and myalgia. Inflammatory markers like CRP and TNF-alpha indicate ongoing inflammation, but the link between chronic pain and other biomarkers is underexplored. This study examined the relationship between pain and biomarkers in TBI patients from an Irish hospital and their response to antibiotic treatment. Pain ratings significantly decreased after antibiotic treatment, with median pain scores dropping from 7 to 5 (U = 27215.50, p < 0.001). This suggests a persistent infection responsive to antibiotics. Age and gender did not influence pain ratings before and after treatment. The study found correlations between pain ratings and biomarkers such as transferrin, CD4%, platelets, and neutrophils. However, variations in these biomarkers did not significantly predict pain changes when considering biomarkers outside the study. These findings imply that included biomarkers do not directly predict pain changes, possibly indicating allostatic load in symptom variability among long-term TBI patients. The study emphasizes the need for appropriate antibiotic treatment for TBIs, highlighting human rights issues related to withholding pain relief.

Background: A key factor of biologic discontinuation in patients with plaque psoriasis is loss of response over time; long-term treatment efficacy is therefore important.[1] Objectives: To report 3-year efficacy of bimekizumab (BKZ) from a pooled analysis of patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis across three phase 3 clinical trials and their open-label extension (OLE). Methods: Data were pooled from the 52-week BE VIVID and 56-week BE SURE and BE READY phase 3 trials, and their common OLE BE BRIGHT.[2–5] Included patients received BKZ 320 mg every 4 weeks (Q4W) then switched to Q4W or every 8 weeks (Q8W) maintenance dosing from Week 16 onwards, and entered the OLE; from OLE Week 48 or the next scheduled clinic visit, all patients received BKZ 320 mg Q8W. Proportions of patients achieving ≥90% improvement from baseline in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI 90), PASI 100, and Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) 0/1 are reported through Year 3 using modified non-responder imputation: patients who discontinued treatment due to lack of efficacy or treatment-related adverse events were considered non-responders at subsequent timepoints; multiple imputation was used for all other missing data. Results: 771 patients received BKZ continuously in the feeder studies and entered the OLE. Among these, at Week 16, 90.9%, 65.8%, and 71.5% achieved PASI 90, PASI 100, and DLQI 0/1, respectively. At Year 1, 93.7%, 76.6%, and 83.1% of all BKZ-treated patients achieved PASI 90 (Week 52), PASI 100 (Week 52), and DLQI 0/1 (Week 48/52), respectively. Responses were durable to Year 3 (OLE Week 96): 91.0%, 70.3%, and 82.8% of all BKZ-treated patients achieved PASI 90, PASI 100, and DLQI 0/1, respectively. Similar trends were observed in the subset of patients that received BKZ Q4W/Q8W/Q8W (initial/maintenance/OLE). Conclusion: High and durable clinical and health-related quality of life responses were observed over 3 years of BKZ treatment across three phase 3 trials and their OLE. REFERENCES: [1] Warren RB et al. J Invest Dermatol 2015;135:2632–40.[2] Reich K et al. Lancet 2021;397:487–98, NCT03370133.[3] Warren RB et al. N Engl J Med 2021;385:130–41, NCT03412747.[4] Gordon KB et al. Lancet 2021;397:475–86, NCT03410992.[5] Strober B et al. Br J Dermatol 2023;188:749–59, NCT03598790. Acknowledgements: Funding:Studies funded by UCB Pharma. Medical writing support by Costello Medical. Disclosure of Interests: Georgios Kokolakis Received travel grants or honoraria, or has been a consultant member of advisory boards and speaker bureaus or has served as investigator for AbbVie, Actelion, Almirall, Amgen, Basilea, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Hexal-Sandoz, Janssen-Cilag, LEO Pharma, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, Takeda, and UCB Pharma, Mark Lebwohl Employee of Mount Sinai, Consultant for Almirall, AltruBio Inc., AnaptysBio, Arcutis Inc., Arena Pharmaceuticals, Aristea Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Avotres, BioMX, Boehringer Ingelheim, Brickell Biotech, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Castle Biosciences, Celltrion, CorEvitas, LLC, Dermavant Sciences, EPI, Evommune Inc., Facilitation of International Dermatology Education, Forte Biosciences, Foundation for Research and Education in Dermatology, Galderma, Genentech, Hexima Ltd, Incyte, LEO Pharma, Meiji Seika Pharma, Mindera, National Society of Cutaneous Medicine, New York College of Podiatric Medicine, Pfizer, Seanergy, Strata, SUN Pharma, Trevi, Verrica, and Vial, Receives research funds from: Abbvie, Amgen, Arcutis, Avotres, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cara Therapeutics, Dermavant Sciences, Eli Lilly and Company, Incyte, Inozyme, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Novartis, Ortho Dermatologics, Regeneron, and UCB Pharma, Bruce Strober Speaker for AbbVie, Arcutis, Dermavant, Eli Lilly, Incyte, Janssen, Regeneron, and Sanofi Genzyme, Stock options from Connect Biopharma, Mindera Health, Consultant (honoraria): AbbVie, Acelyrin, Alamar, Almirall, Alumis, Amgen, Arcutis, Arena, Aristea, Asana, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers-Squibb, Capital One, Celltrion, CorEvitas, Dermavant, Eli Lilly, Imagenebio, Janssen, Kangpu Pharmaceuticals, Leo, Maruho, Meiji Seika Pharma, Protagonist, Monte Carlo, Novartis, Pfizer, Rapt, Regeneron, Sanofi-Genzyme, SG Cowen, Sun Pharma, Takeda, UCB Pharma, Union Therapeutics, Ventyxbio, and vTv Therapeutics. Scientific Co-Director (consulting fee): CorEvitas Psoriasis Registry; investigator for CorEvitas Psoriasis Registry; editor-in-chief (honorarium): Journal of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis, Peter Foley Served as an investigator for AbbVie, Akaal, Amgen, Arcutis, Argenx, Aslan, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Botanix, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Celtaxsys, CSL, Cutanea, Dermira, Eli Lilly, Evelo, Galderma, Geneseq, Genentech, GenesisCare, GSK, Hexima, Incite, Janssen, Kymab, LEO Pharma, MedImmune, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Reistone, Roche, Sanofi, Sun Pharma, Takeda, Teva, UCB Pharma, and Valeant, Served on advisory boards for AbbVie, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Galderma, GSK, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Mayne Pharma, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, Sun Pharma, UCB Pharma, and Valeant. Served as a speaker for or received honoraria from AbbVie, Amgen, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Galderma, GSK, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, Sun Pharma, and Valeant, Served as a consultant for Aslan, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Galderma, GenesisCare, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Mayne Pharma, MedImmune, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, UCB Pharma, and Wintermute, Grant support from AbbVie, Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, and Sun Pharma. Received travel grants from AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Galderma, Janssen, LEO Pharma, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sun Pharma, and Sanofi, Richard G. Langley Principal investigator for AbbVie, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celgene, Eli Lilly, LEO Pharma, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, and UCB Pharma, Served on scientific advisory boards for AbbVie, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celgene, Eli Lilly, LEO Pharma, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, and UCB Pharma; provided lectures for AbbVie, Amgen, Celgene, Eli Lilly, LEO Pharma, Merck, Novartis, and Pfizer, Yayoi Tada Honoraria and/or grants from AbbVie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, LEO Pharma, Maruho, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Sun Pharma, Taiho Pharmaceutical, Torii Pharmaceutical, and UCB Pharma, Philip Hampton Received educational grants and advisory board fees from AbbVie, Eli Lilly, LEO Pharma, and UCB Pharma; received unrestricted development grant for mobile medical app development from UCB Pharma, Leah Davis Shareholder of UCB Pharma, Employee of UCB Pharma, Susanne Wiegratz Shareholder of UCB Pharma, Employee of UCB Pharma, Bengt Hoepken Shareholder of UCB Pharma, Employee of UCB Pharma, Jérémy Lambert Shareholder of UCB Pharma, Employee of UCB Pharma.

Standard clinical markers can improve tick-borne infection (TBI) diagnoses. We investigated immune and other clinical biomarkers in 110 patients clinically diagnosed with TBIs before (T0) and after antibiotic treatment (T2). At T0, both the initial observation group and patients without seroconversion for tick-borne pathogens exhibited notably low percentages and counts of CD3 percentage (CD3%), CD3+ cells, CD8+ suppressors, CD4 percentage (CD4%), and CD4+ helper cells, with the latter group showing reductions in CD3%, CD3+, and CD8+ counts in approximately 15-22% of cases. Following treatment at the T2 follow-up, patients typically experienced enhancements in their previously low CD3%, CD3+ counts, CD4%, and CD4+ counts; however, there was no notable progress in their low CD8+ counts, and a higher number of patients presented with insufficient transferrin levels. Moreover, among those with negative serology for tick-borne infections, there was an improvement in low CD3% and CD3+ counts, which was more pronounced in patients with deficient transferrin amounts. Among those with CD57+ (n = 37) and CD19+ (n = 101) lymphocyte analysis, 59.46% of patients had a low CD57+ count, 14.85% had a low CD19 count, and 36.63% had a low CD19 percentage (CD19%). Similar findings were observed concerning low CD57+, CD19+, and CD19% markers for negative TBI serology patients. Overall, this study demonstrates that routine standard clinical markers could assist in a TBI diagnosis.