Oversampled converters trade transmission bandwidth for resolution. An idealized model gives insight into the signal encoding and thus how signals can be manipulated. Oversampling offers a form of signal processing that requires simple processing elements capable of exploiting the growing clock speeds available in integrated solutions and avoids the need for analog circuitry. This paper reviews common operations that can be performed on oversampled signals.

⎯ In Britain engineering professional development has traditionally been seen as a three phase process consisting of a period of engineering formation, a period of training and a period during which engineering responsibilities are demonstrated. An individual could submit evidence of these activities and become registered as a Professional Engineer. Increasing numbers of people employed in the role of engineer do not have formal engineering qualifications and a part or all their engineering formation is carried out within engineering companies or organizations. These people therefore do not have the academically authenticated credentials to register as professional engineers but if they are ignored then the pool of registered engineers will cease to be representative of the profession. The Engineering Council, the body responsible for registering engineers in the UK, has acknowledged the changes in the structure of the profession and has introduced an alternative route for assessing the knowledge and understanding that underpins the competence of a professional engineer. Individual engineers can demonstrate that they have an adequate engineering formation through any combination of academic qualifications and a technical report on some aspect of their professional engineering work. The introduction of the technical report requires the Professional Engineering Bodies to carry out an assessment outside the traditional assessment framework of the Universities. This paper reviews and analyses the requirements of assessment systems and derives the components of such a system that will ensure that the results of the assessment of a work-based technical report will be respected and be seen as assuring comparable standards to the academic routes to engineering formation. By examining assessment separately from the processes of teaching and learning, the paper also reveals the extent of an assessment process and its costs. Key Words⎯ Assessment, Work-based learning, Engineering

Arrow signs find use in professional fields are a part of everyday practices exercised in public places. Both the geographical and cultural settings affect a signs utility; the focus here is on arrows in England and its North American colonies and in particular English uses of the broad arrowhead as a symbol for regal property and as a mark on convict's clothes. A semiotic analysis using Jakobson's functional categories shows that practices that incorporate signs are not unde the control of the sign maker and the geographical and historical context can change a signs use and can occasionally render an acceptable sign into one that provokes anger and bring ignominy. Such negative effects draw attention to the ethical dimension of signs.

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About the book: Information is everywhere, and defines everything in today's society. Moreover, information is a key concept in a wide range of academic disciplines, from quantum physics to public policy. However, these disciplines all interpret the concept in quite different ways. This book looks at information in several different academic disciplines - cybernetics, ICT, communications theory, semiotics, information systems, library science, linguistics, quantum physics and public policy. Perspectives on Information brings clarity and coherence to different perspectives through promoting information as a unifying concept across the disciplinary spectrum. Though conceived as a contribution to the ongoing conversation between academic disciplines into the nature of information, the deliberately accessible style of this text (reflecting the authors’ backgrounds at The Open University) will be make it valuable for anyone who needs to know something more about information. Given the ubiquity of information in the 21st century, that means everyone.

Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) have been used to control industrial processes and equipment for over 40 years, having their first commercially recognised application in 1969. Since then there have been enormous changes in the design and application of PLCs, yet developments were evolutionary rather than radical. The flexibility of the PLC does not confine it to industrial use and it has been used for disparate non-industrial control applications . This article reviews the history, development and industrial applications of the PLC.

⎯ The behaviour of engineered products is becoming less evident from their outward appearance. Thus many current engineered products have unseen properties that become evident only after protracted investigation, analysis or use. Nevertheless marketing staff, potential users, disposal experts, financiers and so on will wish to make informed decisions about products and commonly their choices will be based on more accessible descriptions, explanations, scenarios and accounts of a products use rather than their direct experience. Engineers usually work with others in enterprises that produce things or provide services. The engineer rarely provides the service or makes the goods but, as a professional, the engineer guides the rest of the enterprise and persuades others to take particular courses of action. It is clear that an engineer's central interest is the artefact. Interestingly the artefact may be in the process of design or the subject of a feasibility study and hence will have no material existence, but it will be circumscribed by a wide variety of texts including specifications, technical reports and standards. Using their specialist language and analytical techniques, the individual engineer will gain assurance about his or her view of the artefact through discussions with fellow engineers, but at some point they will have to convey that view to non-technical specialists. Within the enterprise the engineer will become either an advocate or an adversary of the artefact faced by other individuals or groups who because of their professional or cultural background will value things in different way. The role of the engineer is then as a protagonist or opponent of the artefact within, using Bruno Latour’s evocative phrase, a “Parliament of Things”. And competent engineers, as competent advocates of artifacts, need fluent linguistic and rhetorical skills as well as analytical proficiency and the knowledge that will give them the confidence to project their views. The paper examines the implications for engineering education. Key Words⎯ Language, Engineering, Documentation

In this poster we describe the use of Joe Penhall's play 'Landscape with Weapon' as a resource to teach ethics to students and practitioners in technology. 'Landscape with Weapon' is a play in three acts that revolve around issues confronting an engineer who works in the weapons industry. The play raises a number of broad questions concerning intellectual property rights, duty and responsibility in professional conduct, amongst other ethical issues. Crucially, however, although the play raises 'big' questions concerning technological development, it is in the portrayal of relationships between individual characters each with their own personal ethical stance, and it is in the development of these relationships through conversations and outbursts that vital ethical questions arise. Although it is not always clearly recognised, it is in the everyday, routine conversations and dealings of people that ethical questions are refined, developed and, on occasion, answered. Accordingly, such dialogues influence action and guide conduct. Rather than focussing on the formulation of theory, a play can demonstrate how ethical stances fare when placed alongside one another. Also, a play encourages the audience to empathise with characters thus inviting the audience to examine their own ethical positions through their reactions to the dialogue, gesture and action set out in the play script. In short, a suitable play such as 'Landscape with Weapon' can function as an allegory representing issues and questions of relevance to an audience of practitioners in a variety of areas of technology development. This poster uses 'Landscape with Weapon' as an example of one amongst several plays and dialogues used as resources for teaching ethics in the Unit 'Introducing Ethics in Information and Computer Sciences' (working title), currently under development with the support of a grant from the HEA Subject Centre for ICS. The Unit, a self-contained multi-media course, will be made available, for re-use and re-purposing under a Creative Commons License, on the LabSpace (http://labspace.open.ac.uk), the experimentation site of the Open University open content initiative OpenLearn (http://www.open.ac.uk/openlearn).

1. CHANGE Engineering is about change. Engineers play a part in designing new things, maintaining and operating things; they rectify faults and help regulate infrastructures. Change brings benefits but can cause harm and introduce costs. An engineer's task is to guide change and to evaluate it. This evaluation can be wide ranging and consider energy use, material use and disposal, visual impact, the potential users and their foibles, reliability, cost, safety, impact on health as well as the technical aspects of construction, configuration and delivery. Additionally engineers must ensure their proposals satisfy regulations, laws, standards and the constraints of company policy and public expectations. Broadly engineers ensure constructions behave inoffensively, reliably, safely and as specified. Often this requires much deliberation and discussion.

Technology and ethics was the topic of a recent experimental distance taught course using synchronous and asynchronous e-media. This pilot was offered to a restricted number of IT-literate practitioners without formal background in ethics. Offering the course across disparate time zones meant synchronised sessions were limited thus a question posed in planning was 'What resources should the students study between the synchronous sessions to ensure a lively and economical debate?i?½. In this account we describe some of the resources that were deployed and what they offered.

This paper describes four plays which illustrate ethical themes relevant to engineers and which could be used as a resource for engineers who wish to explore ethical topics and their relationship with professional practice. The plays themselves have been chosen because a character in the play is involved in engineering activities. Each play is analysed to highlight some of the ethical issues the play raises. Often ethical topics are presented in abstract terms but the plays relate ethical issues to individuals and individual actions in specific situations that connect either directly or figuratively to practical situations engineers find themselves in. The paper describes how the resources have or could be used in an educational programme.

The results of a performance analysis of mobile agents in a distributed network environment are presented. Analytical models are developed and used to compare the performance of carrying out a simple management function with mobile agents (MA) or SNMP (simple network management protocol). An examination is made of how delay is affected by the size of the management domain and how each method behaves in both a local area network (LAN) and wide area network (WAN) environment. For large domains, optimal performance is obtained if the mobile agents' size is bounded, and this may require sharing the management task among a small number of mobile agents.

Mirroring is common practice for popular sites. Geographically distributed mirrors help to load-balance network traffic. Furthermore, content downloads are faster for users accessing a nearby mirror. Users, however, may value up-to-date content over performance and network optimality, so it is important to ensure that revisions are propagated to mirrors regularly. Triggered or frequently scheduled updates can place heavy loads on the network. Furthermore, content providers may wish to schedule mirror updates during off-peak times in order to take advantage of less than best effort services. The trade-off between update frequencies of mirror sites and the likelihood of stale content is explored.