Colic commonly is thought to be a manifestation of excessive intestinal gas, and this gas commonly is attributed to the infant's diet.A recent study indicated that breast-fed infants experienced less colic than did formula-fed infants.The aim of this study was to determine if the volume or composition of gas produced by the feces of breast-fed infants differs from that of formula-fed infants.To this end, 18 healthy infants were divided into three groups according to their diets (beginning at birth): I) breast milk (n = 10); 2) milk-based formula (n = 3) and; 3) soy-based formula (n =5).Fresh fecal samples, collected at 4, 8 and 12 weeks of age, were anaerobically incubated for four hours at 37°C in a sealed container, and the production of bacterial gases (H 2S, CH 3SH, CO 2 , H 2 , and CH 4 ) was measured.Data for the one month measurement are shown in the Table .The most striking finding was that feces from breast-fed infants produced much less H 2S and CH 3SH than did feces from formula-fed infants.The extremely noxious odor of these two gases probably accounts for the well known difference in odor of breast versus formula-fed infants.In addition, the sulfur-containing gases are highly toxic and irritating to mucosal membranes.While speculative, it seems possible that the mucosal enzyme systems that detoxifies these compounds in adults are not fully developed in infants.Inadequate detoxification might result in colonic irritation and symptoms of colic.

Pore and surface water sulfide variation near artificial ditches and a natural creek are examined in salt marshes bordering the Indian River Lagoon in east-central Florida. Pore water sulfide concentrations ranged from 0 μg-at I−1 to 1,640 μg-at I−1. On average, the natural creek had the lowest sulfide concentrations (mean <1.0 μ-at I−1) and the perimeter ditch of a managed salt marsh impoundment the highest (436.5 μg-at I−1). There was a trend of increasing sulfide concentration in the summer, and sharp peaks in late fall-early winter which correspond with peak litter input into the sediments. Significant differences in sulfide concentration between sites are attributed to differences in water flow and in organic matter content. Delaying the seasonal opening of culverts (which connect impounded marshes with the lagoon) until lagoon water levels rise in fall may prevent massive fish kills that have been associated with high sulfide levels in the impoundment perimeter ditches.

Yearly above-ground production estimates in natural, ditched, and impounded high salt marshes along the Indian River Lagoon in east central Florida ranged from 834.9 g/m2 in the impounded marsh to 2.316.5 g/m2 in the natural one. Mosquito control activities in the impounded marsh prior to the start of this study resulted in larger stocks of dead and litter biomass there during the first year than at the other two marshes. High soil temperature and salinity during the summer may have caused a decrease in production during that season. Annual tumover rales varied from 5.8 at the impounded marsh during the first year to 1.1 at the impounded marsh and at a nearby ditched marsh during the second year. Prduction was inversely correlated with flooding frequency. No significant differences were found in the rates of litter loss from any of the sites, but litter from the impounded marsh had greater organic content than litter from the open and the ditched marshes. The data suggest that flooding for mosquito control during the summer can curtail production, but the effects upon yearly production are minor, as production during the summer is naturally low.

The effects of reestablishing a marsh-lagoon connection through culverts upon the fish populations and the physical conditions of two impounded sub-tropical marshes are examined. After installation of the culverts, mean salinities in the two marshes increased from approximately 13 ppt to 25 ppt and pH from 7.1 to 7.3. The abundance of marsh resident species, particularly those that forage in the upper marsh, decreased significantly after connection, but utilization of the marshes by transient species increased by almost two orders of magnitude. Modification of the marsh hydroperiod seems to be most important in influencing the changes in the patterns of fish utilization, abundance, and diversity observed at the study sites.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFlow-through spectroelectrochemical detector based on diffraction at a cylindrical electrodeTshenge. Demana, Dean. Peterman, John. Shaffer, and Paula R. MelaragnoCite this: Anal. Chem. 1989, 61, 11, 1216–1221Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00186a008https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00186a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views50Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

Studies with experimental animals first showed that dietary lipids in excess have a very large stimulatory effect on the development of breast tumors either induced by carcinogens or occurring spontaneously. These observations took on added significance when epidemiologists found a strong positive correlation between breast cancer incidence and the level of dietary fat. Although not unequivocably established, the total observations concerning this phenomenon suggest a cause and effect relationship between high dietary lipids and breast cancer development. In an attempt to understand how the lipids might be acting, we have begun to assess the effects of various fatty acids on the growth and function of breast epithelium from both normal and neoplastic tissue. The results to date suggest that the unsaturated fatty acids are needed for mammary cell division and that they may play roles in this process by serving as substrates for prostaglandin synthesis, as membrane structural elements or possibly as activators of C kinase when they are in the form of diglycerides. Whatever the mechanism of growth stimulation, it appears that the fatty acids are rate limiting for growth and that physiologic mechanisms for recruiting fatty acids from proximal fat cells exist within the mammary gland. It thus appears that the fat cell serves as a physiologic buffer and that exceeding this buffer such as by consuming excessive lipids may override this buffering capacity and thus favor the division of normal or neoplastic breast cells.

Educational TheoryVolume 17, Issue 1 p. 32-39 Professionalization of Power in Education JOHN SHAFFER, JOHN SHAFFER Professor of Education, State University College, Cortland, New York.Search for more papers by this author JOHN SHAFFER, JOHN SHAFFER Professor of Education, State University College, Cortland, New York.Search for more papers by this author First published: January 1967 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-5446.1967.tb00282.xCitations: 1Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume17, Issue1January 1967Pages 32-39 RelatedInformation